Ama-thickeners ayisakhiwo sohlaka lwamathambo kanye nesisekelo esiyisisekelo sokubunjwa kwezimonyo okuhlukahlukene, futhi abalulekile ekubukekeni, izakhiwo ze-rheological, ukuzinza, kanye nomuzwa wesikhumba wemikhiqizo.Khetha izinhlobo ezivame ukusetshenziswa nezimelela izinhlobo ezihlukene zokujiya, zilungiselele zibe izixazululo ezinamanzi ezinokugxila okuhlukahlukene, zivivinye izici zazo ezingokomzimba nezamakhemikhali ezifana ne-viscosity ne-pH, futhi usebenzise ukuhlaziya okuchazayo obuningi ukuze uhlole ukubukeka kwazo, ukubonakala kwazo, kanye nokuzwa okuningi kwesikhumba phakathi nangemuva. sebenzisa.Ukuhlolwa kwezinzwa kwenziwa ezinkomba, futhi izincwadi zaseshwa ukuze kufinyezwe futhi kufinyezwe izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zama-thickeners, ezinganikeza ireferensi ethile yokuklama ifomula yezimonyo.
1. Incazelo ye-thickener
Ziningi izinto ezingasetshenziswa njengama-thickeners.Ngokombono wesisindo samangqamuzana ahlobene, kukhona ama-thickeners aphansi-amangqamuzana kanye nama-high-molecular thickeners;ngokombono wamaqembu asebenzayo, kukhona ama-electrolyte, ama-alcohol, ama-amide, ama-carboxylic acid nama-esters, njll. Linda.Ama-thickeners ahlukaniswa ngokuya ngendlela yokuhlukaniswa kwezinto zokusetshenziswa kwezimonyo.
1. Isisindo esiphansi samangqamuzana okuqina
1.1.1 Usawoti we-Inorganic
Uhlelo olusebenzisa usawoti wezinto ezingaphili njenge-thickener ngokuvamile luwuhlelo lwesisombululo se-aqueous surfactant.I-salt thickener esetshenziswa kakhulu yi-sodium chloride, enomphumela osobala wokujiya.Ama-surfactants akha ama-micelles esixazululweni samanzi, futhi ukuba khona kwama-electrolyte kukhulisa inani lezinhlangano zama-micelles, okuholela ekuguqulweni kwama-micelles ayindilinga abe ama-micelles amise okwenduku, okwandisa ukumelana nokunyakaza, futhi ngaleyo ndlela kwandise i-viscosity yesistimu.Kodwa-ke, lapho i-electrolyte idlulele, izothinta isakhiwo se-micellar, inciphise ukumelana nokunyakaza, futhi inciphise i-viscosity yesistimu, ebizwa ngokuthi "isalting out".Ngakho-ke, inani le-electrolyte elengeziwe livamise ukuba ngu-1% -2% ngobuningi, futhi lisebenza kanye nezinye izinhlobo zokujiya ukwenza uhlelo luzinze kakhudlwana.
1.1.2 Utshwala obunamafutha, ama-fatty acids
Utshwala obunamafutha kanye nama-acids anamafutha yizinto eziphilayo ezitholakala ezindaweni ezishisayo.Ezinye izindatshana zibabheka njengama-nonionic surfactants ngoba anamaqembu womabili ama-lipophilic namaqembu angama-hydrophilic.Ukuba khona kwenani elincane lalezo zinto eziphilayo kunomthelela omkhulu ekuqineni kwendawo, i-omc nezinye izici ze-surfactant, futhi usayizi womphumela ukhuphuka ngobude beketango lekhabhoni, ngokuvamile ebudlelwaneni bomugqa.Umgomo wayo wesenzo ukuthi ama-alcohols anamafutha nama-fatty acids angafaka (ajoyine) ama-micelles atholakalayo ukuze akhuthaze ukwakheka kwama-micelles.Umthelela we-hydrogen bonding phakathi kwamakhanda e-polar) wenza ama-molecule amabili ahlelwe eduze kwendawo, eshintsha kakhulu izakhiwo ze-surfactant micelles futhi afinyelele umphumela wokuqina.
2. Ukuhlukaniswa kwama-thickeners
2.1 Ama-surfactants angewona ama-ionic
2.1.1 Usawoti ongaphili
I-sodium chloride, i-potassium chloride, i-ammonium chloride, i-monoethanolamine chloride, i-diethanolamine chloride, i-sodium sulfate, i-trisodium phosphate, i-disodium hydrogen phosphate ne-sodium tripolyphosphate, njll.;
2.1.2 Utshwala obunamafutha nama-acids anamafutha
Lauryl Alcohol, Myristyl Alcohol, C12-15 Alcohol, C12-16 Alcohol, Decyl Alcohol, Hexyl Alcohol, Octyl Alcohol, Cetyl Alcohol, Stearyl Alcohol, Behenyl Alcohol, Lauric Acid, C18- Acidno3 Yami, Licenic Acid, C18-3 Yami , i-stearic acid, i-benic acid, njll.;
2.1.3 Ama-Alkanolamide
I-Coco Diethanolamide, i-Coco Monoethanolamide, i-Coco Monoisopropanolamide, i-Cocamide, i-Lauroyl-Linoleoyl Diethanolamide, i-Lauroyl-Myristoyl Diethanolamide, i-Isostearyl Diethanolamide, i-Linoleic Diethanolamide, i-Cardamom Diethanolamide, i-Cardamom Diethanolamide, i-Cardamom Diethanolamide, i-Monoethal Monoeil thanolamide, Sesame Diethanolamide, Soybean Diethanolamide, Stearyl I-Diethanolamide, i-Stearin Monoethanolamide, i-stearyl monoethanolamide stearate, i-stearamide, i-tallow monoethanolamide, igciwane likakolweni i-diethanolamide, i-PEG (i-polyethylene glycol) -3 lauramide, i-PEG-4 oleamide, i-PEG-50 tallow amide, njll.;
2.1.4 Ama-Ether
I-Cetyl polyoxyethylene (3) i-ether, i-isocetyl polyoxypropylene (10) i-ether, i-lauryl polyoxyethylene (3) i-ether, i-lauryl polyoxyethylene (10) i-ether, i-Poloxamer-n (ethoxylated Polyoxypropylene ether) (n=105, 38, 28, 124 , 407), njll.;
2.1.5 Esta
I-PEG-80 Glyceryl Tallow Ester, PEC-8PPG (Polypropylene Glycol)-3 Diisostearate, PEG-200 Hydrogenated Glyceryl Palmitate, PEG-n (n=6, 8, 12) Beeswax, PEG -4 isostearate, PEG-n (n= 3, 4, 8, 150) distearate, PEG-18 glyceryl oleate/cocoate, PEG-8 dioleate, PEG-200 Glyceryl Stearate, PEG-n (n=28, 200) Glyceryl Shea Butter, PEG-7 Hydrogenated Castor Oil, I-PEG-40 Jojoba Oil, PEG-2 Laurate, PEG-120 Methyl glucose dioleate, PEG-150 pentaerythritol stearate, PEG-55 propylene glycol oleate, PEG-160 sorbitan triisostearate, PEG-n (n=8, 75, 75) Stearate , PEG-150/Decyl/SMDI Copolymer (Polyethylene Glycol-150/Decyl/Methacrylate Copolymer), PEG-150/Stearyl/SMDI Copolymer, PEG- 90. Isostearate, PEG-8PPG-3 Dilaurate, Cetyl8 Palma, Cetyl1 My -36 Ethylene Glycol Acid, Pentaerythritol Stearate, Pentaerythritol Behenate, propylene glycol stearate, behenyl ester, cetyl ester, glyceryl tribehenate, glyceryl trihydroxystearate, njll.;
2.1.6 Ama-amine oxides
I-Myristyl amine oxide, isostearyl aminopropyl amine oxide, uwoyela kakhukhunathi i-aminopropyl amine oxide, igciwane likakolweni i-aminopropyl amine oxide, i-soybean aminopropyl amine oxide, i-PEG-3 lauryl amine oxide, njll.;
2.2 Ama-amphoteric surfactants
I-Cetyl Betaine, i-Coco Aminosulfobetaine, njll.;
2.3 Ama-Anionic surfactants
i-potassium oleate, i-potassium stearate, njll.;
2.4 Ama-polymers ancibilika emanzini
2.4.1 I-Cellulose
I-cellulose, i-cellulose gum,i-carboxymethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose, i-cetyl hydroxyethyl cellulose, i-ethyl cellulose, i-hydroxyethyl cellulose, i-hydroxypropyl cellulose, i-hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose, i-formazan Base cellulose, i-carboxymethyl cellulose, njll.;
2.4.2 I-Polyoxyethylene
I-PEG-n (n=5M, 9M, 23M, 45M, 90M, 160M), njll.;
2.4.3 I-Polyacrylic acid
Acrylates/C10-30 Alkyl Acrylate Crosspolymer, Acrylates/Cetyl Ethoxy(20) Itaconate Copolymer, Acrylates/Cetyl Ethoxy(20) Methyl Acrylates Copolymer, Acrylates/Tetradecyl Ethoxy(25) Acrylate Copolymer2/Oxycomer, Acrylate Copolymer/Oxy Acrylates/Octadecane Ethoxy(20) Methacrylate Copolymer, Acrylate/Ocaryl Ethoxy(50) Acrylate Copolymer, Acrylate/VA Crosspolymer, PAA (Polyacrylic Acid), Sodium Acrylate/Vinyl isodecanoate crosslinked polymer, Carbomer (poly salt, acrylic yayo njll) .;
2.4.4 Irabha yemvelo kanye nemikhiqizo yayo eguquliwe
I-Alginic acid kanye nosawoti wayo (i-ammonium, i-calcium, i-potassium), i-pectin, i-sodium hyaluronate, i-guar gum, i-cationic guar gum, i-hydroxypropyl guar gum, i-tragacanth gum, i-carrageenan kanye nosawoti wayo (i-calcium, i-sodium ), i-xanthan gum, i-sclerotin gum, njll. ;
2.4.5 Ama-polymer e-Inorganic kanye nemikhiqizo yawo eshintshiwe
I-Magnesium aluminium silicate, i-silica, i-sodium magnesium silicate, i-hydrated silica, i-montmorillonite, i-sodium lithium magnesium silicate, i-hectorite, i-stearyl ammonium montmorillonite, i-stearyl ammonium hectorite, i-quaternary ammonium usawoti -90 montmorillonite, i-quaternary ammonium , i-quaternary ammonium 18 ammonium, njll. .;
2.4.6 Abanye
I-PVM/MA decadiene crosslinked polymer (i-polymer crosslinked ye-polyvinyl methyl ether/methyl acrylate ne-decadiene), i-PVP (i-polyvinylpyrrolidone), njll.;
2.5 Ama-surfactants
2.5.1 Ama-Alkanolamide
Okuvame ukusetshenziswa kakhulu yi-coconut diethanolamide.Ama-alkanolamide ahambisana nama-electrolyte ukuze ajiye futhi anikeze imiphumela engcono kakhulu.Indlela yokujiya ye-alkanolamides ukusebenzisana nama-micelles e-anionic surfactant ukuze akhe uketshezi olungewona olwase-Newton.Ama-alkanolamide ahlukahlukene anomehluko omkhulu ekusebenzeni, futhi imiphumela yawo ihlukile futhi uma isetshenziswa yodwa noma ihlangene.Ezinye izindatshana zibika ukujiya nokukhipha amagwebu kwama-alkanolamide ahlukene.Muva nje, kubikwe ukuthi ama-alkanolamide anengozi engaba khona yokukhiqiza ama-nitrosamine e-carcinogenic uma enziwa izimonyo.Phakathi kokungcola kwe-alkanolamides kukhona ama-amine amahhala, okuyimithombo engaba yi-nitrosamine.Okwamanje awukho umbono osemthethweni ovela embonini yokunakekelwa komuntu siqu mayelana nokuthi kufanele kuvinjelwe ama-alkanolamide ezimonyoni.
2.5.2 Ama-Ether
Ekwakheni okunamafutha utshwala i-polyoxyethylene ether sodium sulfate (AES) njengento eyinhloko esebenzayo, ngokuvamile usawoti we-inorganic kuphela ongasetshenziswa ukulungisa i-viscosity efanele.Ucwaningo luye lwabonisa ukuthi lokhu kungenxa yokuba khona kwe-ethoxylates yotshwala obunamafutha angaxutshiwe ku-AES, afaka isandla kakhulu ekuqinisweni kwesisombululo se-surfactant.Ucwaningo olujulile luthole ukuthi: izinga elimaphakathi le-ethoxylation limayelana ne-3EO noma i-10EO ukuze lidlale indima engcono kakhulu.Ngaphezu kwalokho, umphumela wokuqina we-fatty alcohol ethoxylates uhlobene kakhulu nobubanzi bokusabalalisa utshwala obungaphenduliwe kanye nama-homologues aqukethwe emikhiqizweni yawo.Uma ukusatshalaliswa kwama-homolog kubanzi, umphumela wokujiya womkhiqizo uba mubi, futhi ukuncipha kokusabalalisa kwama-homologue, kulapho umphumela wokujiya ungatholakala.
2.5.3 Esta
Ama-thickeners asetshenziswa kakhulu ama-esters.Muva nje, i-PEG-8PPG-3 diisostearate, PEG-90 diisostearate kanye ne-PEG-8PPG-3 dilaurate kubikwe phesheya.Lolu hlobo lwe-thickener lungolwe-non-ionic thickener, olusetshenziswa kakhulu ohlelweni lwesisombululo se-aqueous surfactant.Lawa ma-thieners awancishiswa kalula i-hydrolyzed futhi ane-viscosity ezinzile phezu kwebanga elibanzi le-pH nezinga lokushisa.Okwamanje esetshenziswa kakhulu yi-PEG-150 distearate.Ama-esters asetshenziswa njengama-thickeners ngokuvamile anesisindo esikhulu samangqamuzana, ngakho-ke anezakhiwo ezithile ze-polymer compounds.Indlela yokuqina ibangelwa ukwakheka kwenethiwekhi ye-hydration enezinhlangothi ezintathu esigabeni esinamanzi, ngaleyo ndlela ihlanganise ama-micelles aphuma ngaphandle.Izinhlanganisela ezinjalo zisebenza njengama-emollients kanye nama-moisturizers ngaphezu kokusetshenziswa kwazo njengama-thickeners ezimonyoni.
2.5.4 Ama-amine oxides
I-amine oxide iwuhlobo lwe-polar non-ionic surfactant, ebonakala ngokuthi: kusisombululo esinamanzi, ngenxa yomehluko wenani le-pH yesisombululo, ikhombisa izakhiwo ezingezona i-ionic, futhi ingabonisa izici ezinamandla ze-ionic.Ngaphansi kwezimo ezingathathi hlangothi noma ze-alkaline, okungukuthi, lapho i-pH inkulu noma ilingana no-7, i-amine oxide ikhona njenge-hydrate engeyona i-ionized kusisombululo esinamanzi, ekhombisa ukungeyona i-ionicity.Kusixazululo se-acidic, kukhombisa i-cationicity ebuthakathaka.Lapho i-pH yesisombululo ingaphansi kuka-3, i-cationicity ye-amine oxide ibonakala ikakhulukazi, ngakho-ke ingasebenza kahle ngama-cationic, i-anionic, i-nonionic ne-zwitterionic surfactants ngaphansi kwezimo ezahlukene.Ukuhambisana okuhle nokubonisa umphumela we-synergistic.I-amine oxide iwugqinsi osebenzayo.Lapho i-pH ingu-6.4-7.5, i-alkyl dimethyl amine oxide ingenza i-viscosity yenhlanganisela ifinyelele ku-13.5Pa.s-18Pa.s, kuyilapho i-alkyl amidopropyl dimethyl oxide Amines ingenza i-viscosity yenhlanganisela ifike ku-34Pa.s-49Pa.s, futhi ukwengeza usawoti kokugcina ngeke kunciphise i-viscosity.
2.5.5 Abanye
Ama-betain ambalwa nezinsipho nazo zingasetshenziswa njengeziqinisi.Indlela yawo yokujiya ifana neyamanye ama-molecule amancane, futhi wonke afinyelela umphumela wokujiya ngokusebenzisana nama-micelles asebenza phezulu.Izinsipho zingasetshenziselwa ukuqina kuzimonyo zenduku, futhi i-betaine isetshenziswa kakhulu ezinhlelweni zamanzi ezikhipha amanzi.
2.6 I-polymer thickener encibilika emanzini
Amasistimu agqinsiswe ama-polymeric thickeners amaningi awathintwa i-pH yesisombululo noma ukugxila kwe-electrolyte.Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-polymer thickeners adinga inani elincane ukuze afinyelele i-viscosity edingekayo.Isibonelo, umkhiqizo udinga i-thickener surfactant efana nowoyela kakhukhunathi i-diethanolamide enengxenye enkulu engu-3.0%.Ukufeza umphumela ofanayo, i-fiber engu-0.5% kuphela ye-polymer ecacile yanele.Izinhlanganisela eziningi ze-polymer ezincibilika emanzini azisetshenziswa nje kuphela njengama-thickeners embonini yezimonyo, kodwa futhi zisetshenziswa njengama-ejenti amisiwe, ama-disperants kanye nama-styling agents.
2.6.1 I-Cellulose
I-Cellulose iyi-thickener ephumelela kakhulu ezinhlelweni ezisekelwe emanzini futhi isetshenziswa kakhulu emikhakheni ehlukahlukene yezimonyo.I-Cellulose iyinhlangano yemvelo yemvelo, equkethe amayunithi e-glucoside aphindaphindiwe, futhi iyunithi ngayinye ye-glucoside iqukethe amaqembu angu-3 we-hydroxyl, okungakhiwa ngawo okuphuma okuhlukahlukene.Ama-cellulose thickeners ajiya ngamaketanga amade avuvukalayo, futhi uhlelo olugqize nge-cellulose lubonisa i-pseudoplastic rheological morphology esobala.Ingxenye evamile yobuningi bokusetshenziswa icishe ibe ngu-1%.
2.6.2 I-Polyacrylic acid
Kunezindlela ezimbili zokujiya zama-polyacrylic acid thickeners, okuyi-neutralization thickening kanye ne-hydrogen bond thickening.I-neutralization kanye nokuqina ukwenza i-acidic polyacrylic acid thickener ingabi namandla ukuze i-ionize ama-molecule ayo futhi ikhiqize amashaji angalungile eduze kweketango eliyinhloko le-polymer.Ukwenyanya phakathi kwamacala obulili obufanayo kukhuthaza ama-molecule ukuthi aqonde futhi avuleke ukuze akhe inethiwekhi.Isakhiwo sifeza umphumela wokuqina;i-hydrogen bonding thickening ukuthi i-polyacrylic acid thickener iqala ihlanganiswe namanzi ukuze yakhe i-molecule ye-hydration, bese ihlanganiswa nomnikezeli we-hydroxyl nengxenye enkulu engu-10% -20% (efana nokuba namaqembu e-ethoxy angu-5 noma ngaphezulu) I-non-ionic ama-surfactants) ahlanganiswe ukuze aqaqe ama-athomu asontekile ohlelweni lwamanzi ukuze akhe uhlaka lwenethiwekhi ukuze kuzuzwe umphumela wokujiya.Amanani ahlukene we-pH, ama-neutralizers ahlukene kanye nokuba khona kosawoti oncibilikayo kunethonya elikhulu ku-viscosity yesistimu yokuqina.Uma inani le-pH lingaphansi kuka-5, i-viscosity iyanda ngokunyuka kwenani le-pH;lapho inani le-pH liyi-5-10, i-viscosity cishe ayishintshile;kodwa njengoba inani le-pH liqhubeka nokukhula, ukusebenza kahle kokuqina kuzokwehla futhi.Ama-ion e-Monovalent anciphisa kuphela ukusebenza kahle kokuqina kwesistimu, kuyilapho ama-ion e-divalent noma ama-trivalent angagcini nje ngokunciphisa uhlelo, kodwa futhi akhiqize ama-precipitates angancibiliki lapho okuqukethwe kwanele.
2.6.3 Irabha yemvelo kanye nemikhiqizo yayo eguquliwe
Ushingamu wemvelo ikakhulukazi uhlanganisa i-collagen nama-polysaccharides, kodwa inhlaka yemvelo esetshenziswa njenge-thickener ikakhulukazi i-polysaccharides.Indlela yokuqinisa iwukwenza uhlaka lwenethiwekhi ye-hydration enezinhlangothi ezintathu ngokusebenzisana kwamaqembu amathathu e-hydroxyl kuyunithi ye-polysaccharide nama-molecule amanzi, ukuze kuzuzwe umphumela wokujiya.Izinhlobo ze-rheological zezixazululo zabo ezinamanzi ikakhulukazi uketshezi olungezona olwase-Newton, kodwa izakhiwo ze-rheological zezinye izixazululo ezixubile ziseduze noketshezi lwaseNewton.Umphumela wabo wokujiya ngokuvamile uhlobene nenani le-pH, izinga lokushisa, ukugxilisa ingqondo nezinye izixazululi zohlelo.Lesi yi-thickener ephumelela kakhulu, futhi umthamo ojwayelekile ngu-0.1% -1.0%.
2.6.4 Ama-polymer e-Inorganic kanye nemikhiqizo yawo eshintshiwe
Izingqimba ze-polymer ezingaphili ngokuvamile zinesakhiwo esinezendlalelo ezintathu noma isakhiwo se-lattice esinwetshiwe.Izinhlobo ezimbili eziwusizo kakhulu kwezentengiso i-montmorillonite ne-hectorite.Indlela yokuqina iwukuthi lapho i-polymer engaphili ihlakazeka emanzini, ama-ion ensimbi akuwo ahlakazeka esilucwecweni, njengoba i-hydration iqhubeka, iyakhukhumala, futhi ekugcineni amakristalu e-lamellar ahlukaniswe ngokuphelele, okuholela ekwakhekeni kwe-anionic lamellar structure lamellar. amakristalu.nama-ion ensimbi ekumisweni kwe-colloidal okusobala.Kulesi simo, i-lamellae inecala elibi elingaphezulu kanye nenani elincane lokushaja okuhle emakhoneni abo ngenxa yokuphuka kwe-lattice.Esixazululweni se-dilute, amacala amabi ebusweni makhulu kunamacala amahle emakhoneni, futhi izinhlayiya ziyaxoshana, ngakho-ke ngeke kube nomphumela wokuqina.Ngokungezwa nokugxila kwe-electrolyte, ukugcwala kwama-ion esixazululweni kuyanda futhi ukushaja okungaphezulu kwe-lamellae kuyehla.Ngalesi sikhathi, ukuxhumana okuyinhloko kushintsha kusukela emandleni aphikisayo phakathi kwe-lamellae kuya kumandla akhangayo phakathi kwamacala angalungile ebusweni be-lamellae kanye nezindleko ezinhle emakhoneni onqenqemeni, futhi i-lamellae ehambisanayo ixhunywe ngokuphambana komunye nomunye. ukwakha okuthiwa "i-carton-like Isakhiwo "se-interspace" sibangela ukuvuvukala kanye ne-gelation ukufeza umphumela wokuqina.Ukwanda okwengeziwe kokuhlushwa kwe-ion kuzobhubhisa isakhiwo
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Dec-28-2022