O mea mafiafia o le auivi fa'avae ma le fa'avae autu o mea teuteu eseese, ma e taua tele i foliga vaaia, mea fa'aleagaga, mautu, ma lagona pa'u o oloa.Filifili e masani ona faʻaaogaina ma faʻaalia ituaiga eseese o mafiafia, saunia i latou i vaifofo vai ma faʻasalalauga eseese, faʻataʻitaʻi a latou mea faʻaletino ma vailaʻau e pei o le viscosity ma le pH, ma faʻaoga faʻamatalaga faʻamatalaga e siaki ai o latou foliga vaaia, manino, ma le tele o lagona paʻu i le taimi ma le maeʻa. fa'aoga.Na faia suʻega faʻapitoa i luga o faʻailoga, ma suʻesuʻeina tusitusiga e tauaofai ma tauaofai ituaiga eseese o mafiafia, lea e mafai ona maua ai se faʻamatalaga patino mo le mamanu faʻataʻitaʻiga.
1. Fa'amatalaga o le mafiafia
E tele mea e mafai ona faʻaaogaina e fai ma mafiafia.Mai le vaʻaiga o le mamafa mole mole, o loʻo i ai faʻamaʻi mole mole maualalo ma faʻamalosi mole maualuga;mai le vaaiga o vaega galue, o loʻo i ai electrolytes, ava malosi, amides, carboxylic acids ma esters, ma isi Faatali.E fa'avasegaina mafiafia e tusa ai ma le fa'avasegaga o mea fa'amatagofie.
1. Low molecular mamafa mafiafia
1.1.1 Masima e le fa'aletino
O le faiga e fa'aogaina ai le masima e pei o se mafiafia e masani lava o se vaifofo vai.Ole vaila'au fa'amalo ole masima e masani ona fa'aogaina ole sodium chloride, lea e iai sona aafiaga mafiafia.Surfactants fausia micelles i vaifofo vai, ma o le i ai o electrolytes faateleina le numera o sootaga o micelles, taitai atu i le suiga o micelles spherical i micelles e pei o le tootoo, faateleina le tetee i gaoioiga, ma faapea ona faateleina ai le viscosity o le faiga.Ae peitaʻi, pe a tele le eletise, o le a aʻafia ai le fausaga o le micellar, faʻaitiitia le tetee o le gaioiga, ma faʻaitiitia le viscosity o le tino, lea e taʻua o le "salting out".O le mea lea, o le aofaʻi o le electrolyte faʻaopoopo e masani lava 1% -2% i le tele, ma e galulue faʻatasi ma isi ituaiga o mafiafia e faʻaleleia atili ai le faiga.
1.1.2 Ga'o 'ava malosi, ga'o ga'o
O 'ava malosi ma ga'o ga'o o mea fa'aola.O nisi tala e manatu i latou o ni mea e le ninionic surfactants aua e iai uma vaega lipophilic ma vaega hydrophilic.O le i ai o se vaega itiiti o ia mea faʻaletino e iai se aafiaga taua i luga o le faʻalavelave, omc ma isi mea totino o le surfactant, ma o le tele o le aʻafiaga e faʻateleina i le umi o le filifili carbon, e masani lava i se sootaga laina.O lona fa'atatauga o le ga'o ga'o ma ga'o ga'o e mafai ona fa'aofi (fa'atasi) micelles surfactant e fa'alauiloa ai le fa'atupuina o micelles.O le a'afiaga o le fa'aogaina o le hydrogen i le va o ulu polar) e fa'apipi'i vavalalata ai mole e lua i luga o le fogā'ele'ele, lea e matua'i suia ai meatotino a micelles surfactant ma maua ai le aafiaga o le mafiafia.
2. Faavasegaina o mafiafia
2.1 Surfactants e le-ionic
2.1.1 Masima e le fa'a-organic
Sodium chloride, potassium chloride, ammonium chloride, monoethanolamine chloride, diethanolamine chloride, sodium sulfate, trisodium phosphate, disodium hydrogen phosphate ma sodium tripolyphosphate, ma isi;
2.1.2 Ga'o ava malosi ma ga'o ga'o
Lauryl Alcohol, Myristyl Alcohol, C12-15 Alcohol, C12-16 Alcohol, Decyl Alcohol, Hexyl Alcohol, Octyl Alcohol, Cetyl Alcohol, Stearyl Alcohol, Behenyl Alcohol, Lauric Acid, C18-36 Acid, Linoleic Acid, My Linolenic acid , stearic acid, behenic acid, ma isi;
2.1.3 Alkanolamides
Coco Diethanolamide, Coco Monoethanolamide, Coco Monoisopropanolamide, Cocamide, Lauroyl-Linoleoyl Diethanolamide, Lauroyl-Myristoyl Diethanolamide, Isostearyl Diethanolamide, Linoleic Diethanolamide, Cardamom Diethanolamide, Cardamom Monoethanolamide, Oil Diethanolamide, Diethanolamide Diethanolamide, Diethanolamide Diethanolamide, Diethanolamide Diethanolamide, Diethanolamide Diethanolamide, Diethanolamide Diethanolamide amide, Stearyl Diethanolamide, Stearin Monoethanolamide, stearyl monoethanolamide stearate, stearamide, tallow monoethanolamide, saito germ diethanolamide, PEG (polyethylene glycol) -3 lauramide, PEG-4 oleamide, PEG-50 tallow amide, ma isi;
2.1.4 Eteru
Cetyl polyoxyethylene (3) eter, isocetyl polyoxyethylene (10) eter, lauryl polyoxyethylene (3) eter, lauryl polyoxyethylene (10) eter, Poloxamer-n (ethoxylated Polyoxypropylene eter) (n=105, 124, 124, 1785, 24 , 407), ma isi;
2.1.5 Ester
PEG-80 Glyceryl Tallow Ester, PEC-8PPG (Polypropylene Glycol)-3 Diisostearate, PEG-200 Hydrogenated Glyceryl Palmitate, PEG-n (n=6, 8, 12) Beeswax, PEG -4 isostearate, PEG-n (n=) 3, 4, 8, 150) distearate, PEG-18 glyceryl oleate/cocoate, PEG-8 dioleate, PEG-200 Glyceryl Stearate, PEG-n (n=28, 200) Glyceryl Shea Butter, PEG-7 Hydrogenated Castor Oil, PEG-40 Jojoba Oil, PEG-2 Laurate, PEG-120 Methyl glucose dioleate, PEG-150 pentaerythritol stearate, PEG-55 propylene glycol oleate, PEG-160 sorbitan triisostearate, PEG-n (n=8, 75, 100) Stearate , PEG-150/Decyl/SMDI Copolymer (Polyethylene Glycol-150/Decyl/Methacrylate Copolymer), PEG-150/Stearyl/SMDI Copolymer, PEG- 90. Isostearate, PEG-8PPG-3 Dilaurate, Cetyl18 Myristate, Cetyl Palmitate -36 Ethylene Glycol Acid, Pentaerythritol Stearate, Pentaerythritol Behenate, propylene glycol stearate, behenyl ester, cetyl ester, glyceryl tribehenate, glyceryl trihydroxystearate, ma isi;
2.1.6 Amine oxides
Myristyl amine oxide, isostearyl aminopropyl amine oxide, suauu popo aminopropyl amine oxide, saito germ aminopropyl amine oxide, soya aminopropyl amine oxide, PEG-3 lauryl amine oxide, ma isi;
2.2 Amphoteric surfactants
Cetyl Betaine, Coco Aminosulfobetaine, ma isi;
2.3 Anionic surfactants
Oleate ole potassium, potassium stearate, ma isi;
2.4 Polymers solu vai
2.4.1 Selulosa
Cellulose, pulupulu sela,carboxymethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose, cetyl hydroxyethyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose, formazan Base cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, ma isi;
2.4.2 Polyoxyethylene
PEG-n (n=5M, 9M, 23M, 45M, 90M, 160M), ma isi;
2.4.3 Polyacrylic acid
Acrylates/C10-30 Alkyl Acrylate Crosspolymer, Acrylates/Cetyl Ethoxy(20) Itaconate Copolymer, Acrylates/Cetyl Ethoxy(20) Methyl Acrylates Copolymer, Acrylates/Tetradecyl Ethoxy(25) Acrylate Copolymer, Acrylates/Oxylates Acrylates/Octadecane Ethoxy(20) Methacrylate Copolymer, Acrylate/Ocaryl Ethoxy(50) Acrylate Copolymer, Acrylate/VA Crosspolymer, PAA (Polyacrylic Acid), Sodium Acrylate/ Vinyl isodecanoate crosslinked polymer, Carbomer (polyacrylic acid) ma isi mea faapena. .;
2.4.4 Pa'u fa'anatura ma ana oloa fa'aleleia
Alginic acid ma ona (ammonium, calcium, potassium) masima, pectin, sodium hyaluronate, guar gum, cationic guar gum, hydroxypropyl guar gum, tragacanth gum, carrageenan ma lona (calcium, sodium) masima, xanthan gum, sclerotin gum, ma isi. ;
2.4.5 Polymers inorganic ma a latou oloa fa'aleleia
Manesium alumini silicate, silica, sodium magnesium silicate, silica hydrated, montmorillonite, sodium lithium magnesium silicate, hectorite, stearyl ammonium montmorillonite, stearyl ammonium hectorite, quaternary ammonium masima -90 montmorillonite, quaternary ammonium -18 montmorillonite ammonium, etc. .;
2.4.6 O isi
PVM/MA decadiene crosslinked polymer (crosslinked polymer of polyvinyl methyl ether/methyl acrylate and decadiene), PVP (polyvinylpyrrolidone), ma isi;
2.5 Surfactants
2.5.1 Alkanolamides
Ole fa'aoga masani ole popo diethanolamide.Alkanolamides e fetaui ma electrolytes mo le mafiafia ma tuʻuina atu iʻuga sili ona lelei.O le masini mafiafia o alkanolamides o le fegalegaleai ma micelles surfactant anionic e fausia ai vai e le o ni Newtonian.Alkanolamides eseese e tele eseesega i le faatinoga, ma o latou aafiaga e ese foi pe a faʻaaogaina naʻo ia pe faʻatasi.O nisi tala o lo'o lipotia mai le mafiafia ma le fa'afu'a o mea o alkanolamides eseese.Talu ai nei, ua lipotia mai o alkanolamides e iai le lamatiaga o le gaosia o nitrosamines carcinogenic pe a fai e fai ma mea teuteu.Faatasi ai ma le eleelea o alkanolamides o amine saoloto, o mea ia e mafai ona maua ai nitrosamines.I le taimi nei e leai se faʻamatalaga aloaia mai le pisinisi o le tausiga o le tagata lava ia pe faʻasaina alkanolamides i mea teuteu.
2.5.2 Eteru
I le faʻatulagaina ma le gaʻo gaʻo polyoxyethylene eter sodium sulfate (AES) o le mea autu galue malosi, e masani lava naʻo masima inorganic e mafai ona faʻaaogaina e fetuunai ai le viscosity talafeagai.O suʻesuʻega ua faʻaalia ai e mafua ona o le i ai o le gaʻo gaʻo ethoxylates i totonu o le AES, lea e saofagā tele i le mafiafia o le vaifofo o le surfactant.O suʻesuʻega loloto na maua ai e faapea: o le averesi tikeri o le ethoxylation e tusa ma le 3EO poʻo le 10EO e fai ai le sao sili ona lelei.E le gata i lea, o le faʻafefeteina o le gaʻo ethoxylates o loʻo i ai le tele o fesoʻotaʻiga ma le lautele o le tufatufaina o ava e leʻi faʻaalia ma homologues o loʻo i totonu oa latou oloa.Pe a lautele le tufatufaina o homologs, o le mafiafia aafiaga o le oloa e le lelei, ma le vaapiapi o le tufatufaina o homologues, o le sili atu o le mafiafia aafiaga e mafai ona maua.
2.5.3 Ester
O mea fa'amalo e masani ona fa'aaogaina o esters.Talu ai nei, PEG-8PPG-3 diisostearate, PEG-90 diisostearate ma PEG-8PPG-3 dilaurate ua lipotia i fafo.O lenei ituaiga o mafiafia e patino i non-ionic mafiafia, e masani ona faʻaaogaina i le surfactant aqueous solution system.O nei mea mafiafia e le faigofie ona faʻafefeteina ma e mautu le viscosity i luga o le tele o pH ma le vevela.I le taimi nei o le sili ona faʻaaogaina o le PEG-150 distearate.O esters o lo'o fa'aaogaina e fai ma mafiafia e masani lava ona i ai ni mamafa mole mole tetele, o lea e iai a latou mea totino o polymer compound.O le masini mafiafia e mafua ona o le faʻavaeina o se fesoʻotaʻiga hydration e tolu-dimensional i le vaega aqueous, faʻapea ona faʻapipiʻiina ai micelles surfactant.O ia mea faʻapipiʻi e galue o ni emollients ma moisturizers faʻaopoopo i lo latou faʻaaogaina e fai ma mea faʻamalo i mea teuteu.
2.5.4 Amine oxides
Amine oxide o se ituaiga o polar non-ionic surfactant, lea o loʻo faʻaalia e: i le vai vaifofo, ona o le eseesega o le tau o le pH o le vaifofo, e faʻaalia ai mea e le o ni ionic, ma e mafai foi ona faʻaalia ai le malosi o le ionic.I lalo o tulaga le mautonu poʻo alkaline, o lona uiga, pe a sili atu pe tutusa le pH i le 7, o le amine oxide o loʻo i ai o se vai e le ionized i le vai, e faʻaalia ai le le-ionicity.I le vaifofo acidic, e faʻaalia ai le vaivai cationicity.A oʻo i le pH o le vaifofo e itiiti ifo i le 3, o le cationicity o le amine oxide e matua manino lava, o lea e mafai ai ona galue lelei i cationic, anionic, nonionic ma zwitterionic surfactants i lalo o tulaga eseese.Le fetaui lelei ma faʻaalia aafiaga synergistic.Amine oxide o se mafiafia lelei.A o le pH 6.4-7.5, alkyl dimethyl amine oxide e mafai ona faia le viscosity o le tuufaatasiga e oo atu i le 13.5Pa.s-18Pa.s, ao alkyl amidopropyl dimethyl oxide Amines e mafai ona faia le viscosity tuufaatasia e oo atu i le 34Pa.s-49Pa.s, ma le fa'aopoopoina o le masima i le mea mulimuli o le a le fa'aitiitia ai le viscosity.
2.5.5 Isi
O nai betaines ma fasimoli e mafai foi ona faʻaaogaina e fai ma faʻamalo.O latou masini mafiafia e tutusa ma isi molelaiti laiti, ma latou ausia uma le aafiaga mafiafia e ala i le fegalegaleai ma micelles galue i luga.E mafai ona fa'aoga fasimoli mo le mafiafia i mea teuteu laau, ma o le betaine e masani ona fa'aaogaina i vai fa'afefete.
2.6 Vai-soluble polymer mafiafia
O faiga fa'amalo e le tele o polymeric mafiafia e le a'afia i le pH o le vaifofo po'o le fa'aogaina o le electrolyte.E le gata i lea, o polymer mafiafia e manaʻomia le itiiti ifo o le aofaʻi e ausia ai le viscosity manaʻomia.Mo se faʻataʻitaʻiga, o se oloa e manaʻomia se mea faʻafefete faʻafefete pei ole suauʻu popo diethanolamide faʻatasi ai ma se vaega o le 3.0%.Ina ia ausia le aafiaga tutusa, naʻo le fiber 0.5% o le polymer manino e lava.Ole tele ole vai-soluble polymer compounds e le gata e faʻaaogaina e fai ma mea mafiafia i totonu ole fale teuteu, ae faʻaaogaina foi e fai ma sui faʻamalolo, faʻasalalau ma mea faʻapipiʻi.
2.6.1 Selulosa
O le Cellulose o se mafiafia lelei tele i faiga faʻavae vai ma e faʻaaogaina lautele i vaega eseese o mea teuteu.O le cellulose o se mea faʻalenatura faʻanatura, lea o loʻo i ai faʻasologa o le glucoside iunite, ma o vaega taʻitasi glucoside o loʻo i ai vaega 3 hydroxyl, lea e mafai ai ona faʻavaeina mea eseese.Ole mafiafia ole cellulosic e mafiafia e ala ile fa'asusu-fufula filifili uumi, ma o le faiga o le cellulose-mafiafia e fa'aalia manino le pseudoplastic rheological morphology.Ole vaega lautele ole fa'aoga e tusa ole 1%.
2.6.2 Polyacrylic acid
E lua faiga mafiafia o polyacrylic acid mafiafia, e taʻua neutralization mafiafia ma hydrogen faʻamaufaʻailoga mafiafia.Neutralization ma mafiafia o le neutralize le acidic polyacrylic acid mafiafia e ionize ona molelaʻau ma faʻatupu moliaga le lelei i luga o le filifili autu o le polymer.O le tetee i le va o moliaga o le itupa e tasi e siitia ai mole mole e faasa'o ma tatala e fausia ai se fesootaiga.O le fausaga e ausia le aafiaga mafiafia;hydrogen fusifusia mafiafia e faapea o le polyacrylic acid mafiafia e muamua tu'ufa'atasia ma le vai e fausia ai se mole hydration, ona tu'ufa'atasia lea ma se foa'i hydroxyl ma se vaega tele o le 10% -20% (e pei o le i ai 5 pe sili atu vaega ethoxy) Non-ionic. surfactants) tu'ufa'atasia e fa'amuta le molela'au pipi'i i totonu o le vai e fausia ai se fausaga feso'ota'iga e maua ai se aafiaga mafiafia.Eseese tau pH, eseese neutralizers ma le i ai o soluble masima ei ai se aafiaga tele i le viscosity o le faiga mafiafia.A itiiti ifo le tau o le pH i le 5, e faʻateleina le viscosity i le faʻaopoopoga o le tau o le pH;pe a 5-10 le tau o le pH, e toetoe lava a le suia le viscosity;ae a o faʻaauau pea le faʻatupulaia o le tau o le pH, o le a toe faʻaitiitia le malosi o le mafiafia.Monovalent ions na o le faʻaitiitia o le mafiafia o le faʻaogaina o le faiga, aʻo le divalent poʻo le trivalent ions e le gata e mafai ona manifinifi le faiga, ae faʻapea foʻi ona maua mai le faʻafefeteina pe a lava le mea.
2.6.3 Pa'u faanatura ma ana oloa ua suia
O pulu fa'alenatura e masani ona aofia ai le collagen ma polysaccharides, ae o pulu fa'alenatura e fa'aaogaina e fai ma mafiafia o le polysaccharides.O le masini mafiafia o le fausia lea o se fausaga o fesoʻotaʻiga hydration e tolu-dimensional e ala i le fegalegaleaiga o vaega hydroxyl tolu i le iunite polysaccharide ma mole mole vai, ina ia ausia ai le aafiaga mafiafia.Ole fa'aa'oa'oga o latou vaifofo vai e tele lava ole sua ole Newtonian, peita'i ole mea fa'aola o nisi vaifofo vai e latalata ile sua ole Newtonian.O latou aafiaga mafiafia e masani ona fesoʻotaʻi ma le pH tau, vevela, faʻatonuga ma isi solutes o le faiga.Ole mea lea ole mafiafia lelei tele, ma ole fua lautele ole 0.1% -1.0%.
2.6.4 Polymers inorganic ma a latou oloa fa'aleleia
Ole mafiafia polymer inorganic e masani lava ona i ai se fausaga faʻapipiʻi tolu-vaega poʻo se faʻalautele lattice fausaga.O ituaiga e lua e sili ona aoga fa'apisinisi o le montmorillonite ma le hectorite.O le masini mafiafia e faapea, pe a salalau le polymer inorganic i le vai, o le uamea uamea o loʻo i totonu e sosolo mai le wafer, aʻo faʻagasolo le faʻamamaina, e fulafula, ma mulimuli ane ua vavae ese atoa tioata lamellar, e mafua ai le faʻavaeina o le lamellar structure anionic. tioata.ma ion u'amea i totonu o se fa'amautu fa'amalama colloidal.I lenei tulaga, o le lamellae ei ai se tau le lelei i luga ma se vaega itiiti o le totogi lelei i o latou tulimanu ona o le lattice gau.I totonu o se vaifofo faʻafefe, o tau le lelei i luga o le fogaeleele e sili atu nai lo le lelei o tau i tulimanu, ma o mea e faʻafefeteina e le tasi le isi, o lea o le a leai se aafiaga mafiafia.Faatasi ai ma le faʻaopoopoga ma le faʻaogaina o le electrolyte, o le faʻaogaina o ion i le vaifofo e faʻateleina ma faʻaitiitia le tau o lamellae.I le taimi nei, o le fesoʻotaʻiga autu e suia mai le malosi faʻafefe i le va o lamellae i le malosi faatosina i le va o tau le lelei i luga o le lamellae ma tau lelei i tulimanu pito, ma lamellae tutusa e fesoʻotaʻi faʻatasi i le tasi ma le isi. e fai ai se mea e taʻua o le "carton-like O le fausaga o le "interspace" e mafua ai le fula ma le gelation e ausia ai le aafiaga o le mafiafia.O le faʻateleina o le faʻaogaina o le ion o le a faʻaumatia ai le fausaga
Taimi meli: Tes-28-2022