Thickeners ndi mapangidwe a mafupa ndi maziko oyambira a zodzoladzola zosiyanasiyana, ndipo ndizofunikira pamawonekedwe, mawonekedwe a rheological, kukhazikika, komanso kumva kwa khungu kwa zinthu.Sankhani mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zokhuthala zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito komanso zoyimilira, zikonzekeretseni kuti zikhale zothira madzi mosiyanasiyana, yesani mawonekedwe awo akuthupi ndi mankhwala monga kukhuthala ndi pH, ndipo gwiritsani ntchito kusanthula kofotokozera kuti muwone mawonekedwe awo, kuwonekera, komanso kukhudzika kwapakhungu kangapo panthawi ndi pambuyo pake. ntchito.Mayesero ozindikira adachitidwa pazizindikiro, ndipo mabukuwo adafufuzidwa kuti afotokoze mwachidule mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya thickeners, yomwe ingapereke chidziwitso chokhudza kapangidwe ka zodzoladzola.
1. Kufotokozera za thickener
Pali zinthu zambiri zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati thickeners.Kuchokera pakuwona kulemera kwachibale, pali otsika-maselo thickeners ndi mkulu-maselo thickeners;kuchokera kumagulu ogwira ntchito, pali electrolytes, alcohols, amides, carboxylic acids ndi esters, etc. Dikirani.Thickeners amagawidwa malinga ndi gulu njira zodzikongoletsera zopangira.
1. Low molecular weight thickener
1.1.1 Mchere wa Inorganic
Dongosolo lomwe limagwiritsa ntchito mchere wa inorganic ngati chowonjezera nthawi zambiri ndi njira yamadzi yopangira madzi.Chothira mchere chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi sodium chloride, chomwe chimakhala ndi kukhuthala koonekeratu.Ma surfactants amapanga micelles mu njira yamadzimadzi, ndipo kupezeka kwa electrolytes kumawonjezera kuchuluka kwa mayanjano a micelles, zomwe zimatsogolera ku kusintha kwa ma micelles ozungulira kukhala ma micelles owoneka ngati ndodo, kumawonjezera kukana kuyenda, motero kumawonjezera kukhuthala kwa dongosolo.Komabe, electrolyte ikachuluka, idzakhudza mapangidwe a micellar, kuchepetsa kukana kwa kayendetsedwe kake, ndi kuchepetsa kukhuthala kwa dongosolo, lomwe limatchedwa "salting out".Chifukwa chake, kuchuluka kwa ma electrolyte omwe amawonjezedwa nthawi zambiri ndi 1% -2% mwa misa, ndipo amagwira ntchito limodzi ndi mitundu ina ya thickeners kuti dongosolo likhale lokhazikika.
1.1.2 Zakumwa zoledzeretsa, mafuta acids
Mafuta oledzeretsa ndi mafuta acids ndi zinthu za polar organic.Zolemba zina zimawawona ngati osagwiritsa ntchito ma nonionic chifukwa ali ndi magulu onse a lipophilic ndi magulu a hydrophilic.Kukhalapo kwa kachulukidwe kakang'ono kazinthu zachilengedwe kotereku kumakhudza kwambiri kugwedezeka kwapamtunda, omc ndi zinthu zina za surfactant, ndipo kukula kwake kumawonjezeka ndi kutalika kwa unyolo wa kaboni, nthawi zambiri paubwenzi wozungulira.Mfundo yake ndi yakuti mafuta oledzeretsa ndi mafuta acids amatha kuyika (kujowina) ma surfactant micelles kuti apititse patsogolo mapangidwe a micelles.Zotsatira za kugwirizana kwa haidrojeni pakati pa mitu ya polar) kumapangitsa kuti mamolekyu awiriwa apangidwe kwambiri pamtunda, zomwe zimasintha kwambiri katundu wa surfactant micelles ndikukwaniritsa zotsatira za thickening.
2. Gulu la thickeners
2.1 Zopanda ma ionic
2.1.1 Mchere wa Inorganic
Sodium kolorayidi, potaziyamu kolorayidi, ammonium kolorayidi, monoethanolamine kolorayidi, diethanolamine kolorayidi, sodium sulfate, trisodium mankwala, disodium hydrogen mankwala ndi sodium tripolyphosphate, etc.;
2.1.2 Mowa wamafuta ndi mafuta acids
Mowa wa Lauryl, Mowa wa Myristyl, C12-15 Mowa, C12-16 Mowa, Decyl Mowa, Hexyl Mowa, Mowa wa Octyl, Mowa wa Cetyl, Mowa wa Stearyl, Mowa wa Behenyl, Lauric Acid, Lauric Acid, C18-Liceic Acid, C18-Liceic Acid, C18-3 , stearic acid, behenic acid, etc.;
2.1.3 Alkanolamides
Coco Diethanolamide, Coco Monoethanolamide, Coco Monoisopropanolamide, Cocamide, Lauroyl-Linoleoyl Diethanolamide, Lauroyl-Myristoyl Diethanolamide, Isostearyl Diethanolamide, Linoleic Diethanolamide, Cardamom Diethanolamide, Cardamom Diethanolamide, Palmamom Diethanolamide, Palmethanomide Oil thanolamide, Sesame Diethanolamide, Soya Diethanolamide, Stearyl Diethanolamide, Stearin Monoethanolamide, stearyl monoethanolamide stearate, stearamide, tallow monoethanolamide, nyongolosi ya tirigu diethanolamide, PEG (polyethylene glycol) -3 lauramide, PEG-4 oleamide, PEG-50 tallow amide, etc.;
2.1.4 Ether
Cetyl polyoxyethylene (3) etha, isocetyl polyoxypropylene (10) ether, lauryl polyoxyethylene (3) ether, lauryl polyoxyethylene (10) ether, Poloxamer-n (ethoxylated Polyoxypropylene ether) (n=105, 318, 725, 28, 72, 31, 28, 72, 28, 28, 28, 28, 28, 28, 28, 28, 24). , 407), etc.;
2.1.5 Esters
PEG-80 Glyceryl Tallow Ester, PEC-8PPG (Polypropylene Glycol) -3 Diisostearate, PEG-200 Hydrogenated Glyceryl Palmitate, PEG-n (n=6, 8, 12) Sera, PEG -4 isostearate, PEG-n (n= 3, 4, 8, 150) distearate, PEG-18 glyceryl oleate/cocoate, PEG-8 dioleate, PEG-200 Glyceryl Stearate, PEG-n (n=28, 200) Glyceryl Shea Butter, PEG-7 Hydrogenated Castor Mafuta, PEG-40 Jojoba Mafuta, PEG-2 Laurate, PEG-120 Methyl glucose dioleate, PEG-150 pentaerythritol stearate, PEG-55 propylene glycol oleate, PEG-160 sorbitan triisostearate, PEG-n (n=8, 75) Stearate 10 , PEG-150/Decyl/SMDI Copolymer (Polyethylene Glycol-150/Decyl/Methacrylate Copolymer), PEG-150/Stearyl/SMDI Copolymer, PEG- 90. Isostearate, PEG-8PPG-3 Dilaurate, Cetyl8 Palmitate, Cetyl8 Palmieri -36 Ethylene Glycol Acid, Pentaerythritol Stearate, Pentaerythritol Behenate, propylene glycol stearate, behenyl ester, cetyl ester, glyceryl tribehenate, glyceryl trihydroxystearate, etc.;
2.1.6 Amine oxides
Myristyl amine okusayidi, isostearyl aminopropyl amine okusayidi, kokonati mafuta aminopropyl amine okusayidi, tirigu nyongolosi aminopropyl amine okusayidi, soya aminopropyl amine okusayidi, PEG-3 lauryl amine okusayidi, etc.;
2.2 Amphoteric surfactants
Cetyl Betaine, Coco Aminosulfobetaine, etc.;
2.3 Anionic surfactants
potaziyamu oleate, potaziyamu stearate, etc.;
2.4 Ma polima osungunuka ndi madzi
2.4.1 Ma cellulose
Cellulose, chingamu cha cellulose,carboxymethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose, cetyl hydroxyethyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl mapadi, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose, formazan Base cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, etc.;
2.4.2 Polyoxyethylene
PEG-n (n=5M, 9M, 23M, 45M, 90M, 160M), ndi zina zotero;
2.4.3 Polyacrylic acid
Acrylates/C10-30 Alkyl Acrylate Crosspolymer, Acrylates/Cetyl Ethoxy(20) Itaconate Copolymer, Acrylates/Cetyl Ethoxy(20) Methyl Acrylates Copolymer, Acrylates/Tetradecyl Ethoxy(25) Acrylate Copolymer2/Oxycomer, Acrylate Copolymer/Oxy Acrylates/Octadecane Ethoxy(20) Methacrylate Copolymer, Acrylate/Ocaryl Ethoxy(50) Acrylate Copolymer, Acrylate/VA Crosspolymer, PAA (Polyacrylic Acid), Sodium Acrylate/Vinyl isodecanoate crosslinked polima, Carbomer (polyacrylic salt yake) .;
2.4.4 Labala lachilengedwe ndi zinthu zake zosinthidwa
Alginic acid ndi mchere wake (ammonium, calcium, potaziyamu), pectin, sodium hyaluronate, guar chingamu, cationic guar chingamu, hydroxypropyl guar chingamu, tragacanth chingamu, carrageenan ndi (calcium, sodium ) mchere, xanthan chingamu, sclerotin chingamu, etc. ;
2.4.5 Ma polima a Inorganic ndi zinthu zawo zosinthidwa
Magnesium aluminium silicate, silika, sodium magnesium silicate, hydrated silica, montmorillonite, sodium lithiamu magnesium silicate, hectorite, stearyl ammonium montmorillonite, stearyl ammonium hectorite, quaternary ammonium mchere -90 montmorillonite, quaternary ammonium quaternary ammonium, etc. .;
2.4.6 Zina
PVM/MA decadiene crosslinked polima (crosslinked polima wa polyvinyl methyl ether/methyl acrylate ndi decadiene), PVP (polyvinylpyrrolidone), etc.;
2.5 Ma Surfactants
2.5.1 Alkanolamides
Chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi coconut diethanolamide.Ma alkanolamides amagwirizana ndi ma electrolyte pakukhuthala ndipo amapereka zotsatira zabwino kwambiri.Njira yokulirapo ya alkanolamides ndikulumikizana ndi ma anionic surfactant micelles kupanga madzi osakhala a Newtonian.Ma alkanolamides osiyanasiyana amasiyana kwambiri pakugwira ntchito, ndipo zotsatira zake zimakhalanso zosiyana zikagwiritsidwa ntchito payekha kapena kuphatikiza.Nkhani zina zimafotokoza za kukhuthala ndi kuchita thovu kwa ma alkanolamide osiyanasiyana.Posachedwapa, zanenedwa kuti alkanolamides ali ndi chiopsezo chopanga carcinogenic nitrosamines pamene apangidwa kukhala zodzoladzola.Pakati pa zonyansa za alkanolamides pali ma amine aulere, omwe angakhale magwero a nitrosamines.Pakalipano palibe malingaliro ovomerezeka ochokera kumakampani osamalira anthu ngati aletse ma alkanolamide mu zodzoladzola.
2.5.2 Ether
Pakupanga ndi mafuta mowa polyoxyethylene efa sodium sulfate (AES) monga waukulu yogwira mankhwala, zambiri mchere yekha zolengedwa angagwiritsidwe ntchito kusintha kukhuthala koyenera.Kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti izi zimachitika chifukwa cha kukhalapo kwa mafuta osapangidwa ndi mafuta otsekemera a ethoxylates mu AES, omwe amathandizira kwambiri kukulitsa kwa surfactant solution.Kafukufuku wozama adapeza kuti: kuchuluka kwa ethoxylation ndi pafupifupi 3EO kapena 10EO kuti agwire ntchito yabwino kwambiri.Komanso, thickening zotsatira za mafuta mowa ethoxylates ali ndi zambiri kuchita ndi kugawa m'lifupi mwa mowa wosakhudzidwa ndi homologues zili mankhwala awo.Pamene kugawidwa kwa ma homolog ndi ambiri, kukhuthala kwa mankhwalawa kumakhala kocheperako, ndipo kufalikira kwa ma homologues kumachepa, ndiye kuti kufalikira kwamphamvu kumatha kupezeka.
2.5.3 Esters
Zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi esters.Posachedwapa, PEG-8PPG-3 diisostearate, PEG-90 diisostearate ndi PEG-8PPG-3 dilaurate zanenedwa kunja.Mtundu woterewu wa thickener ndi wa non-ionic thickener, womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka mu njira yamadzimadzi ya surfactant.Ma thickeners awa samapangidwa ndi hydrolyzed mosavuta ndipo amakhala ndi kukhuthala kokhazikika pa pH ndi kutentha kosiyanasiyana.Pakadali pano omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi PEG-150 distearate.Ma esters omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zokhuthala nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi zolemera zazikulu zamamolekyulu, motero amakhala ndi zinthu zina zamagulu a polima.The thickening limagwirira ndi chifukwa mapangidwe atatu-dimensional hydration network mu amadzimadzi gawo, potero kuphatikiza surfactant micelles.Zosakaniza zoterezi zimakhala ngati emollients ndi moisturizers kuwonjezera pa ntchito monga thickeners mu zodzoladzola.
2.5.4 Amine oxides
Amine oxide ndi mtundu wa polar non-ionic surfactant, womwe umadziwika ndi: mu njira yamadzimadzi, chifukwa cha kusiyana kwa pH mtengo wa yankho, umasonyeza zinthu zopanda ma ionic, komanso ukhoza kusonyeza mphamvu za ionic.Pansi pa ndale kapena zamchere, ndiye kuti, pamene pH ili yaikulu kuposa kapena yofanana ndi 7, amine oxide imakhalapo ngati hydrate yopanda ionized mu njira yamadzimadzi, kusonyeza kusakhala ndi ionicity.Mu acidic yankho, zimasonyeza ofooka cationicity.Pamene pH yankho ndi zosakwana 3, ndi cationicity wa okusayidi amine makamaka zoonekeratu, kotero izo zikhoza kugwira ntchito bwino ndi cationic, anionic, nonionic ndi zwitterionic surfactants pazikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana.Kugwirizana kwabwino ndikuwonetsa zotsatira za synergistic.Amine oxide ndi thickener wogwira mtima.Pamene pH ndi 6.4-7.5, alkyl dimethyl amine oxide imatha kupangitsa kukhuthala kwa pawiri kufika 13.5Pa.s-18Pa.s, pomwe alkyl amidopropyl dimethyl oxide Amines amatha kupanga kukhuthala kwapawiri mpaka 34Pa.s-49Pa.s, ndi kuwonjezera mchere kwa otsiriza sikungachepetse mamasukidwe akayendedwe.
2.5.5 Zina
Ma betain ochepa ndi sopo amathanso kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zokhuthala.Kukula kwawo kumafanana ndi mamolekyu ena ang'onoang'ono, ndipo onse amakwaniritsa kukhuthala kwawo polumikizana ndi ma micelles omwe amagwira ntchito pamtunda.Sopo atha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kukhuthala mu zodzoladzola za ndodo, ndipo betaine amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'makina opangira madzi.
2.6 Madzi osungunuka a polima thickener
Machitidwe okhuthala ndi ma polymeric thickeners ambiri samakhudzidwa ndi pH ya yankho kapena kuchuluka kwa electrolyte.Kuphatikiza apo, ma polymer thickeners amafunikira ndalama zochepa kuti akwaniritse kukhuthala kofunikira.Mwachitsanzo, mankhwala amafuna surfactant thickener monga kokonati mafuta diethanolamide ndi misa gawo la 3.0%.Kuti mukwaniritse zomwezo, fiber 0.5% yokha ya polima wamba ndiyokwanira.Mankhwala ambiri osungunuka a polima osungunuka m'madzi samangogwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zokometsera m'makampani odzola, komanso amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati oyimitsa, omwaza ndi makongoletsedwe.
2.6.1 Ma cellulose
Ma cellulose ndi othandiza kwambiri m'makina opangira madzi ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'magawo osiyanasiyana a zodzoladzola.Ma cellulose ndi zinthu zachilengedwe, zomwe zimakhala ndi mayunitsi a glucoside mobwerezabwereza, ndipo gawo lililonse la glucoside lili ndi magulu atatu a hydroxyl, omwe amapangidwa mosiyanasiyana.Ma cellulose thickeners amakhuthala kudzera mu unyolo wotupa wa hydration, ndipo makina okhuthala a cellulose amawonetsa pseudoplastic rheological morphology.Chigawo chambiri chogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi pafupifupi 1%.
2.6.2 Polyacrylic acid
Pali njira ziwiri zokulirakulira za polyacrylic acid thickeners, zomwe ndi neutralization thickening ndi hydrogen bond thickening.Neutralization ndi thickening ndi neutralize asidi polyacrylic acid thickener kuti ionize mamolekyu ake ndi kupanga zoipa mlandu pa unyolo waukulu wa polima.Kukaniza pakati pa milandu yogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kumalimbikitsa mamolekyu kuwongola ndikutsegula kuti apange maukonde.Kapangidwe amakwaniritsa thickening zotsatira;hydrogen bonding thickening ndikuti polyacrylic acid thickener amayamba kuphatikizidwa ndi madzi kuti apange molekyulu ya hydration, ndiyeno amaphatikizidwa ndi wopereka hydroxyl ndi gawo lalikulu la 10% -20% (monga kukhala ndi magulu 5 kapena kuposerapo ethoxy) Non-ionic surfactants) ophatikizidwa kuti asungunule mamolekyu opindika mumsewu wamadzi kuti apange maukonde kuti akwaniritse kukhuthala.Makhalidwe osiyanasiyana a pH, ma neutralizers osiyanasiyana komanso kupezeka kwa mchere wosungunuka kumakhudza kwambiri kukhuthala kwa dongosolo la thickening.Pamene pH mtengo uli wosakwana 5, kukhuthala kumawonjezeka ndi kuwonjezeka kwa pH mtengo;pamene pH mtengo ndi 5-10, mamasukidwe akayendedwe pafupifupi osasintha;koma pamene mtengo wa pH ukupitilirabe, kukhuthala kumatsikanso.Ma ion a Monovalent amangochepetsa kukhuthala kwadongosolo, pomwe ma ion a divalent kapena trivalent sangangowonda dongosolo, komanso kutulutsa mpweya wosasunthika pomwe zili zokwanira.
2.6.3 Labala lachilengedwe ndi zinthu zake zosinthidwa
Chingamu chachilengedwe chimakhala ndi kolajeni ndi ma polysaccharides, koma chingamu chachilengedwe chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chokhuthala chimakhala ndi ma polysaccharides.The thickening limagwirira ndi kupanga atatu-dimensional hydration network dongosolo mwa kuyanjana kwa magulu atatu hydroxyl mu polysaccharide unit ndi mamolekyu amadzi, kuti akwaniritse thickening zotsatira.Mitundu ya rheological yamayankho awo amadzimadzi nthawi zambiri si a Newtonian, koma mawonekedwe amadzimadzi amadzimadzi a Newtonian.Kukula kwawo nthawi zambiri kumakhudzana ndi mtengo wa pH, kutentha, ndende ndi njira zina zamakina.Ichi ndi thickener yothandiza kwambiri, ndipo mlingo wamba ndi 0.1% -1.0%.
2.6.4 Ma polima a Inorganic ndi zinthu zawo zosinthidwa
Ma inorganic polima thickeners nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi magawo atatu osanjikiza kapena chowonjezera cha lattice.Mitundu iwiri yothandiza kwambiri pazamalonda ndi montmorillonite ndi hectorite.The thickening limagwirira ndi kuti pamene zolengedwa polima omwazika m'madzi, ayoni zitsulo mmenemo amasiyana mu mtanda, monga hydration amapitirira, izo zimafufuma, ndipo potsiriza makhiristo lamellar ndi olekanitsidwa kotheratu, chifukwa mapangidwe anionic lamellar dongosolo lamellar. makhiristo.ndi ayoni zitsulo mu kuyimitsidwa mandala colloidal.Pachifukwa ichi, lamellae ali ndi vuto loipa pamwamba ndi ndalama zochepa zabwino pamakona awo chifukwa cha fractures ya lattice.Mu njira yochepetsera, zolakwika zomwe zili pamtunda zimakhala zazikulu kuposa zopangira zabwino pamakona, ndipo tinthu tating'onoting'ono timathamangitsirana, kotero sipadzakhalanso kuwonjezereka.Ndi kuwonjezera ndi kuchuluka kwa electrolyte, kuchuluka kwa ayoni mu yankho kumawonjezeka ndipo kuchuluka kwa lamellae kumachepa.Panthawiyi, kuyanjana kwakukulu kumasintha kuchokera ku mphamvu yonyansa pakati pa lamellae kupita ku mphamvu yokongola pakati pa milandu yolakwika pamtunda wa lamellae ndi zolakwa zabwino pamphepete mwa ngodya, ndipo lamellae yofananirayo imagwirizanitsidwa ndi wina ndi mzake. kupanga chotchedwa "katoni-ngati Mapangidwe a "interspace" amachititsa kutupa ndi gelation kuti akwaniritse zotsatira za thickening.Kuwonjezeka kwina kwa ndende ya ion kudzawononga kapangidwe kake
Nthawi yotumiza: Dec-28-2022