Thickeners ndiyo skeleton dhizaini uye musimboti hwaro hweakasiyana ezvizorwa magadzirirwo, uye akakosha pakuonekwa, rheological zvimiro, kugadzikana, uye kunzwa kweganda rezvigadzirwa.Sarudza anowanzo shandiswa uye anomiririra marudzi akasiyana-siyana ehukobvu, vagadzirire mumhinduro dzine mvura ine huwandu hwakasiyana, edza yavo yemuviri nemakemikari zvimiro senge viscosity uye pH, uye shandisa yehuwandu inotsanangura ongororo kutarisa chitarisiko chavo, pachena, uye akawanda ganda sensations panguva uye shure. use.Miedzo yekunzwa yakaitwa pazviratidzi, uye zvinyorwa zvakatsvakwa kupfupisa uye kupfupisa marudzi akasiyana-siyana emakobvu, ayo anogona kupa imwe referensi yezvizorwa fomula dhizaini.
1. Tsanangudzo ye thickener
Pane zvinhu zvakawanda zvinogona kushandiswa semakobvu.Kubva pakuona kwehuremu hwema molecular huremu, kune yakaderera-molecular thickeners uye high-molecular thickeners;kubva pakuona kwemapoka anoshanda, kune electrolytes, alcohols, amides, carboxylic acids uye esters, etc. Mira.Mathickeners anokamurwa zvinoenderana neyakagadzika nzira yezvizora mbishi zvinhu.
1. Low molecular weight thickener
1.1.1 Inorganic munyu
Iyo sisitimu inoshandisa inorganic munyu semukobvu kazhinji ndeye surfactant aqueous solution system.Iyo inonyanya kushandiswa inorganic munyu thickener is sodium chloride, iyo ine pachena kukora mhedzisiro.Masurfactants anoumba micelles mune aqueous solution, uye kuvapo kwe electrolytes kunowedzera nhamba yekubatana kwe micelles, zvichiita kuti kushandurwa kwema spherical micelles kuita micelles ane tsvimbo, kuwedzera kuramba kufamba, uye nokudaro kuwedzera viscosity yehurongwa.Zvisinei, kana electrolyte yakawandisa, inokanganisa chimiro chemicellar, kuderedza kupikisa kwekufamba, uye kuderedza viscosity yegadziriro, iyo inonzi "salting out".Naizvozvo, huwandu hwe electrolyte hwakawedzerwa hunowanzo 1% -2% nehuwandu, uye hunoshanda pamwe chete nemamwe marudzi ehukobvu kuita kuti sisitimu igadzikane.
1.1.2 Fatty alcohols, fatty acids
Fatty alcohols uye fatty acids zvinhu zvepolar organic.Zvimwe zvinyorwa zvinovatora sevasina nonionic surfactants nekuti vane ese ari maviri lipophilic mapoka uye hydrophilic mapoka.Kuvepo kwehushoma hwezvinhu zvakadai seorganic zvinhu zvine chekuita kwakakura pakunetsana kwepasi, omc uye zvimwe zvinhu zveiyo surfactant, uye saizi yemhedzisiro inowedzera nehurefu hwekabhoni cheni, kazhinji muhukama hwemutsara.Nheyo yayo yekuita ndeyekuti mafuta anodhaka uye mafuta acids anogona kuisa (join) surfactant micelles kukurudzira kuumbwa kwe micelles.Mhedzisiro yehydrogen bonding pakati pemisoro yepolar) inoita kuti mamorekuru maviri arongedzwe zvakanyanya pamusoro pepamusoro, izvo zvinoshandura zvakanyanya zvimiro zve surfactant micelles uye zvinowana mhedzisiro yekukora.
2. Classification of thickeners
2.1 Non-ionic surfactants
2.1.1 Inorganic munyu
Sodium chloride, potassium chloride, ammonium chloride, monoethanolamine chloride, diethanolamine chloride, sodium sulfate, trisodium phosphate, disodium hydrogen phosphate uye sodium tripolyphosphate, nezvimwewo;
2.1.2 Fatty alcohols uye fatty acids
Lauryl Doro, Myristyl Doro, C12-15 Doro, C12-16 Doro, Decyl Doro, Hexyl Doro, Octyl Doro, Cetyl Doro, Stearyl Doro, Behenyl Doro, Lauric Acid, C18-Acidno 3 Lirinic Acid, Lirinic Acid , stearic acid, behenic acid, nezvimwewo;
2.1.3 Alkanolamides
Coco Diethanolamide, Coco Monoethanolamide, Coco Monoisopropanolamide, Cocamide, Lauroyl-Linoleoyl Diethanolamide, Lauroyl-Myristoyl Diethanolamide, Isostearyl Diethanolamide, Linoleic Diethanolamide, Cardamom Diethanolamide, Cardamom Diethanolamide, Palma Diethanolamide, Cardamom Diethanolamide, Monoel Monoe thanolamide, Sesame Diethanolamide, Soybean Diethanolamide, Stearyl Diethanolamide, Stearin Monoethanolamide, stearyl monoethanolamide stearate, stearamide, tallow monoethanolamide, germ germ diethanolamide, PEG (polyethylene glycol) -3 lauramide, PEG-4 oleamide, PEG-50 tallow amide, nezvimwewo;
2.1.4 Ethers
Cetyl polyoxyethylene (3) ether, isocetyl polyoxypropylene (10) ether, lauryl polyoxyethylene (3) ether, lauryl polyoxyethylene (10) ether, Poloxamer-n (ethoxylated Polyoxypropylene ether) (n=105, 3 8, 28, 75, 31, 72, 31 , 407), zvichingodaro;
2.1.5 Esters
PEG-80 Glyceryl Tallow Ester, PEC-8PPG (Polypropylene Glycol) -3 Diisostearate, PEG-200 Hydrogenated Glyceryl Palmitate, PEG-n (n=6, 8, 12) Wakisi, PEG -4 isostearate, PEG-n (n= 3, 4, 8, 150) distearate, PEG-18 glyceryl oleate/cocoate, PEG-8 dioleate, PEG-200 Glyceryl Stearate, PEG-n (n=28, 200) Glyceryl Shea Butter, PEG-7 Hydrogenated Castor Oil, PEG-40 Jojoba Mafuta, PEG-2 Laurate, PEG-120 Methyl glucose dioleate, PEG-150 pentaerythritol stearate, PEG-55 propylene glycol oleate, PEG-160 sorbitan triisostearate, PEG-n (n=8, 75, 75, 10) Stearate , PEG-150/Decyl/SMDI Copolymer (Polyethylene Glycol-150/Decyl/Methacrylate Copolymer), PEG-150/Stearyl/SMDI Copolymer, PEG- 90. Isostearate, PEG-8PPG-3 Dilaurate, Cetyl8 Palmieri, Cetyl8 -36 Ethylene Glycol Acid, Pentaerythritol Stearate, Pentaerythritol Behenate, propylene glycol stearate, behenyl ester, cetyl ester, glyceryl tribehenate, glyceryl trihydroxystearate, nezvimwewo;
2.1.6 Amine oxides
Myristyl amine oxide, isostearyl aminopropyl amine oxide, kokonati mafuta aminopropyl amine oxide, gorosi germ aminopropyl amine oxide, soybean aminopropyl amine oxide, PEG-3 lauryl amine oxide, nezvimwewo;
2.2 Amphoteric surfactants
Cetyl Betaine, Coco Aminosulfobetaine, nezvimwewo;
2.3 Anionic surfactants
Potassium oleate, potassium stearate, nezvimwewo;
2.4 Mapolima anonyungudika nemvura
2.4.1 Cellulose
Cellulose, cellulose chingamu,carboxymethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose, cetyl hydroxyethyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose, formazan Base cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, nezvimwewo;
2.4.2 Polyoxyethylene
PEG-n (n=5M, 9M, 23M, 45M, 90M, 160M), nezvimwewo;
2.4.3 Polyacrylic asidhi
Acrylates/C10-30 Alkyl Acrylate Crosspolymer, Acrylates/Cetyl Ethoxy(20) Itaconate Copolymer, Acrylates/Cetyl Ethoxy(20) Methyl Acrylates Copolymer, Acrylates/Tetradecyl Ethoxy(25) Acrylate Copolymer2/Oxycomer, Acrylate Copolymer/Oxy Acrylates/Octadecane Ethoxy(20) Methacrylate Copolymer, Acrylate/Ocaryl Ethoxy(50) Acrylate Copolymer, Acrylate/VA Crosspolymer, PAA (Polyacrylic Acid), Sodium Acrylate/ Vinyl isodecanoate crosslinked polymer, Carbomer (poly sodium munyu, acrylic ayo etc) .;
2.4.4 Natural rubber uye zvigadzirwa zvayo zvakagadziridzwa
Alginic acid uye ayo (ammonium, calcium, potassium) munyu, pectin, sodium hyaluronate, guar gum, cationic guar gum, hydroxypropyl guar gum, tragacanth gum, carrageenan uye (calcium, sodium) munyu, xanthan chingamu, sclerotin chingamu, nezvimwewo. ;
2.4.5 Inorganic polima uye zvigadzirwa zvawo zvakagadziridzwa
Magnesium aluminium silicate, silica, sodium magnesium silicate, hydrated silica, montmorillonite, sodium lithium magnesium silicate, hectorite, stearyl ammonium montmorillonite, stearyl ammonium hectorite, quaternary ammonium munyu -90 montmorillonite, quaternary ammonium, quaternary ammonium, quaternary ammonium, etc. .;
2.4.6 Zvimwe
PVM/MA decadiene crosslinked polymer (crosslinked polymer ye polyvinyl methyl ether/methyl acrylate uye decadiene), PVP (polyvinylpyrrolidone), nezvimwewo;
2.5 Surfactants
2.5.1 Alkanolamides
Inonyanya kushandiswa ndeyekokonati diethanolamide.Alkanolamides inowirirana ne electrolyte yekukora uye inopa mhedzisiro yakanaka.Iko kukora mashandiro ealkanolamides ndiko kudyidzana neanionic surfactant micelles kugadzira zvinwiwa zvisiri zveNewtonian.Akasiyana-siyana alkanolamides ane misiyano mikuru mukuita, uye mhedzisiro yawo zvakare akasiyana kana akashandiswa ega kana musanganiswa.Zvimwe zvinyorwa zvinoshuma kukora uye kupupa zvimiro zveakasiyana alkanolamides.Munguva pfupi yapfuura, zvakanzi alkanolamides ine njodzi inogona kuitika yekugadzira carcinogenic nitrosamines kana ichiitwa zvizoro.Pakati pezvisina kuchena zvealkanolamides maamines emahara, ayo anogona kuve maturusi e nitrosamines.Parizvino hapana maonero epamutemo kubva kuindasitiri yekuzvichengeta pachezvako kuti vorambidza alkanolamides muzvizoro.
2.5.2 Ethers
Mukugadzirwa nemafuta edoro polyoxyethylene ether sodium sulfate (AES) sechinhu chikuru chinoshanda, kazhinji inorganic munyu chete ndiyo inogona kushandiswa kugadzirisa viscosity yakakodzera.Zvidzidzo zvakaratidza kuti izvi zvinokonzerwa nekuvapo kwemafuta asina mafuta edoro ethoxylates muAES, ayo anobatsira zvakanyanya mukukora kweiyo surfactant solution.Tsvagiridzo yakadzama yakawana kuti: avhareji dhigirii ye ethoxylation inenge 3EO kana 10EO kuita basa rakanakisa.Uye zvakare, iyo thickening mhedzisiro yemafuta edoro ethoxylates ine zvakawanda zvekuita nehupamhi hwekugovera kwezvinwiwa zvinodhaka uye homologues dziri muzvigadzirwa zvavo.Kana kugoverwa kwehomolog kwakawedzera, kukora kwechigadzirwa kwakashata, uye kushomeka kwekugoverwa kwemahomologues, iyo yakakura mhedzisiro inogona kuwanikwa.
2.5.3 Esters
Iyo inonyanya kushandiswa thickeners ndeye esters.Munguva pfupi yapfuura, PEG-8PPG-3 diisostearate, PEG-90 diisostearate uye PEG-8PPG-3 dilaurate yakataurwa kunze kwenyika.Rudzi urwu rwekukora ndeye asiri-ionic thickener, anonyanya kushandiswa mu surfactant aqueous solution system.Aya makobvu haaite hydrolyzed nyore uye ane yakagadzikana viscosity pamusoro pehupamhi hwepH uye tembiricha.Parizvino inonyanya kushandiswa ndeye PEG-150 distearate.Maester anoshandiswa semakobvu anowanzo kuve akakura mamorekuru, saka ane zvimwe zvimiro zvepolymer compounds.The thickening mechanism inokonzerwa nekugadzirwa kwetatu-dimensional hydration network muchikamu chemvura, nekudaro ichibatanidza surfactant micelles.Mishonga yakadaro inoita se emollients uye moisturizers mukuwedzera kune kushandiswa kwayo semakobvu muzvizoro.
2.5.4 Amine oxides
Amine oxide imhando yepolar isiri-ionic surfactant, iyo inoratidzirwa ne: mune aqueous solution, nekuda kwekusiyana kwepH kukosha kwekugadzirisa, inoratidza maitiro asiri e-ionic, uye inogonawo kuratidza yakasimba ionic properties.Pasi pezvakarerekera kana kuti alkaline mamiriro, kureva, kana pH yakakura kupfuura kana yakaenzana ne7, amine oxide iripo senge isiri-ionized hydrate mune aqueous solution, inoratidza isiri-ionicity.Mune acidic mhinduro, inoratidza isina simba cationicity.Kana iyo pH yemhinduro iri pasi pe3, iyo cationicity yeamine oxide inonyanya kuoneka, saka inogona kushanda zvakanaka ne cationic, anionic, nonionic uye zwitterionic surfactants pasi pemamiriro akasiyana.Kugarisana kwakanaka uye kuratidza synergistic mhedzisiro.Amine oxide isimba rinoshanda.Kana iyo pH iri 6.4-7.5, alkyl dimethyl amine oxide inogona kuita kuti viscosity yekomboni isvike 13.5Pa.s-18Pa.s, nepo alkyl amidopropyl dimethyl oxide Amines inogona kuita kuti komputa viscosity isvike 34Pa.s-49Pa.s, uye kuwedzera munyu kune yekupedzisira hakuzoderedza viscosity.
2.5.5 Zvimwe
Mabheti mashoma uye sipo zvinogona zvakare kushandiswa sezvikobvu.Maitiro avo ekukora akafanana neemamwe mamorekuru madiki, uye ese anowana kukora mhedzisiro kuburikidza nekubatana nepamusoro-inoshanda micelles.Sipo dzinogona kushandiswa kukobvu muzvizoro zvetsvimbo, uye betaine inonyanya kushandiswa mumasisitimu emvura.
2.6 Mvura-inonyungudika polymer thickener
Masisitimu akakora neakawanda epolymeric thickeners haana kukanganiswa nepH yemushonga kana kusangana kwe electrolyte.Mukuwedzera, mapolymer thickeners anoda shoma shoma kuti awane viscosity inodiwa.Semuenzaniso, chigadzirwa chinoda surfactant thickener sekokonati mafuta diethanolamide ine chikamu chechikamu che3.0%.Kuti uwane mhedzisiro yakafanana, fiber chete 0.5% yepolymer yakajeka inokwana.Mazhinji-anonyungudika epolymer komisheni haango shandiswe seanokora muindasitiri yezvizorwa, asi zvakare anoshandiswa seanomisa maajenti, anoparadzira uye ekutaira vamiririri.
2.6.1 Cellulose
Cellulose inonyanya kushanda mukobvu mumvura-based masisitimu uye inoshandiswa zvakanyanya munzvimbo dzakasiyana dzezvizoro.Cellulose ichinhu chakasikwa organic, iyo ine yakadzokororwa glucoside units, uye yega yega glucoside unit ine 3 hydroxyl mapoka, kuburikidza ayo akasiyana siyana anogona kuumbwa.Celulosic thickeners inokora kuburikidza ne hydration-kuzvimba refu cheni, uye iyo cellulose-yakakora sisitimu inoratidza pachena pseudoplastic rheological morphology.Iyo general mass chikamu chekushandiswa chinenge 1%.
2.6.2 Polyacrylic asidhi
Pane nzira mbiri dzekukora dzepolyacrylic acid thickeners, dzinoti neutralization thickening uye hydrogen bond thickening.Neutralization uye kukora ndiko kudzikamisa iyo acidic polyacrylic acid thickener kuti ionise mamorekuru ayo uye kuburitsa mhosva dzisina kunaka pamwe neketani huru yepolymer.Kurambana pakati pemhosva dzepabonde imwechete kunosimudzira mamorekuru kutwasanudza uye kuvhurika kuti aumbe network.Chimiro chinozadzisa kukora mhedzisiro;hydrogen bonding thickening ndeyokuti polyacrylic acid thickener inotanga yasanganiswa nemvura kuti iite hydration molecule, yozosanganiswa ne hydroxyl donor ine chikamu chikuru che10% -20% (sekuve ne5 kana kupfuura ethoxy groups) Non-ionic surfactants) yakasanganiswa kusunungura mamorekuru ari muaqueous system kuti igadzire network network kuti iwane kukora.Yakasiyana pH kukosha, akasiyana neutralizers uye kuvapo kwemunyu unonyungudika kune simba guru pane viscosity yekukora system.Kana iyo pH kukosha isingasviki 5, viscosity inowedzera nekuwedzera kweiyo pH kukosha;apo pH kukosha iri 5-10, viscosity inenge isina kuchinja;asi sezvo kukosha kwepH kuri kuramba kuchiwedzera, iko kusimba kwesimba kunoderera zvakare.Monovalent ions inongoderedza kukora kweiyo system, nepo divalent kana trivalent ions haingogone chete kutetepa sisitimu, asi zvakare kuburitsa insoluble precipitates kana zvirimo zvakwana.
2.6.3 Natural rubber uye zvigadzirwa zvayo zvakagadziridzwa
Gamu yechisikigo inonyanya kusanganisira collagen uye mapolysaccharides, asi chingamu yepanyama inoshandiswa semukobvu inonyanya kuve nemapolysaccharides.Iyo yekukora mashandiro ndeyekugadzira matatu-dimensional hydration network dhizaini kuburikidza nekudyidzana kwemapoka matatu ehydroxyl mupolysaccharide unit ine mamorekuru emvura, kuitira kuti uwane iko kukora.Iyo rheological mafomu emhinduro dzadzo dzine aqueous kazhinji dzisiri dzeNewtonian fluid, asi rheological properties yeimwe minyungurudzo yakasvibiswa iri pedyo nemvura yeNewtonian.Kukora kwavo mhedzisiro inowanzoenderana neiyo pH kukosha, tembiricha, kusungirirwa uye mamwe masolutes ehurongwa.Ichi chikobvu chinoshanda kwazvo, uye chiyero chese 0.1% -1.0%.
2.6.4 Inorganic polima uye zvigadzirwa zvawo zvakagadziridzwa
Inorganic polymer thickeners kazhinji ane matatu-layer akaturikidzana chimiro kana yakawedzera latice chimiro.Mhando mbiri dzinonyanya kubatsira mune zvekutengeserana montmorillonite uye hectorite.Iyo yekukora nzira ndeyokuti kana iyo inorganic polymer yakaparadzirwa mumvura, iyo simbi ioni mairi inopararira kubva kune yakapfava, sezvo hydration ichienderera, inoputika, uye pakupedzisira makristasi emalamela akaparadzaniswa zvachose, zvichikonzera kuumbwa kweanionic lamellar chimiro lamellar. makristasi.uye simbi ions mune yakajeka colloidal kuturika.Muchiitiko ichi, iyo lamellae ine yakaipa pamusoro pechaji uye shoma shoma yechaji yakanaka pamakona avo nekuda kwekutsemuka kwelatisi.Mune mhinduro yakasvibiswa, mhosva dzisina kunaka pamusoro pepamusoro dzakakura kudarika zvikwereti zvakanaka pamakona, uye zvimedu zvinodzingirirana, saka hapazovi nekuita gobvu.Nekuwedzerwa uye kusungirirwa kwe electrolyte, kuwanda kweiyoni mumushonga kunowedzera uye kubhadharisa kwepamusoro kwelamellae kunodzikira.Panguva ino, kupindirana kukuru kunoshanduka kubva kune simba rinopikisa pakati pe lamellae kune simba rinokwezva pakati pemhosva dzisina kunaka pamusoro pe lamellae uye zvikwereti zvakanaka pamakona emakona, uye parallel lamellae yakabatanidzwa perpendicularly kune imwe neimwe. kuumba iyo inonzi "carton-like Chimiro che "interspace" chinokonzera kuzvimba uye gelation kuti zvibudirire mugumisiro wekukora.Kuwedzera kuwedzera kweiyo ion concentration kuchaparadza chimiro
Nguva yekutumira: Zvita-28-2022