Dhumucyadu waa qaab-dhismeedka qalfoofka iyo aasaaska aasaasiga ah ee qaababka qurxinta kala duwan, waxayna muhiim u yihiin muuqaalka, sifooyinka rheological, xasilloonida, iyo dareenka maqaarka ee alaabta.Dooro kuwa sida caadiga ah loo isticmaalo oo ka wakiil ah noocyada kala duwan ee dhumucyada, u diyaari xalal aqueous leh oo kala duwan, tijaabi sifooyinka jirkooda iyo kiimikaad sida viscosity iyo pH, oo adeegso falanqaynta tirade si loo hubiyo muuqaalkooda, hufnaanta, iyo dareemo badan oo maqaarka ah inta lagu jiro iyo ka dib. isticmaal.Tijaabooyinka dareenka ayaa lagu sameeyay tilmaamayaasha, waxaana la raadiyay suugaanta si loo soo koobo oo loo soo koobo noocyada kala duwan ee dhumucyada, kuwaas oo bixin kara tixraac gaar ah oo loogu talagalay naqshadaynta caanaha qurxinta.
1. Sharaxaada dhumucda
Waxaa jira walxo badan oo loo isticmaali karo dhumuc ahaan.Marka laga eego dhinaca miisaanka unugyadu, waxaa jira dhumucyo-molecular hooseeya iyo dhumucyada-molecular-sare;Marka laga eego dhinaca kooxaha shaqada, waxaa jira electrolytes, alcohols, amides, karboksylic acids iyo esters, iwm Sug.Dhumucyada waxaa loo kala saaraa iyadoo loo eegayo habka kala soocida alaabta ceeriin ee la isku qurxiyo.
1. Dhumucdiisuna waxay yar tahay
1.1.1 Cusbada aan dabiiciga ahayn
Nidaamka u isticmaala milix aan noolaha ahayn sida dhumuc ahaan guud ahaan waa habka xalinta aqueous surfactant.Dhumucda milixda ee ugu badan ee la isticmaalo waa chloride sodium, kaas oo leh saamayn dhumuc muuqda.Surfactants waxay sameeyaan miceles ee xalka aqueous, iyo joogitaanka electrolytes waxay kordhisaa tirada ururada ee miceles, taasoo keentay in isbeddelka ee miceles spherical galay miceles usha-qaabeeya, kordhinta caabiga dhaqdhaqaaqa, oo sidaas daraaddeed kordhinta viscosity ee nidaamka.Si kastaba ha noqotee, marka korantadu ay xad dhaaf tahay, waxay saameyn doontaa qaab dhismeedka micellar, waxay yaraynaysaa caabbinta dhaqdhaqaaqa, waxayna yaraynaysaa viscosity ee nidaamka, taas oo loo yaqaan "salting out".Sidaa darteed, qadarka elektrolytka lagu daray guud ahaan waa 1% -2% cufka, waxayna la shaqeysaa noocyada kale ee dhumucyada si ay nidaamku u xasilaan.
1.1.2 Khamriga dufanka leh, acids dufanka leh
Aalkolada dufanka leh iyo asiidhyada dufanka leh waa walxo organic polar ah.Maqaallada qaarkood waxay u tixgeliyaan inay yihiin surfactants nonionic sababtoo ah waxay leeyihiin labadaba kooxaha lipophilic iyo kooxaha hydrophilic.Jiritaanka qadar yar oo ka mid ah walxaha dabiiciga ah ayaa saameyn weyn ku leh xiisadda dusha sare, omc iyo sifooyinka kale ee surfactant, iyo xajmiga saameyntu waxay kordhisaa dhererka silsiladda kaarboonka, guud ahaan xiriirka tooska ah.Mabda'eeda ficilku waa in alkolada dufanka leh iyo asiidhyada dufanka leh ay gelin karaan (ku biiraan) miceles surfactant si kor loogu qaado samaynta miceles.Saamaynta isku xidhka hydrogen ee ka dhexeeya madaxyada dabaysha) waxay ka dhigaysaa labada molecule ee si dhow loogu habeeyey dusha sare, taas oo si weyn u beddesha sifooyinka miceles-ka surfactant oo gaadha saamaynta dhumucda.
2. Kala soocida dhumucda
2.1 Surfactants aan-ionic ahayn
2.1.1 Cusbada aan dabiiciga ahayn
Sodium chloride, chloride potassium, ammonium chloride, monoethanolamine chloride, diethanolamine chloride, sodium sulfate, trisodium phosphate, disodium hydrogen phosphate iyo sodium tripolyphosphate, iwm;
2.1.2 Khamriga dufanka leh iyo asiidhyada dufanka leh
Khamriga Lauryl, Khamriga Myristyl, C12-15 Khamriga, C12-16 Khamriga, Khamriga Decyl, Khamriga Hexyl, Khamriga Octyl, Khamriga Cetyl, Khamriga Stearyl, Khamriga Behenyl, Lauric Acid, C18-36 Acid, Linoleic acid, Linoleic acid, Linoleic acid , stearic acid, behenic acid, iwm;
2.1.3 Alkanolamides
Coco Diethanolamide, Coco Monoethanolamide, Coco Monoisopropanolamide, Cocamide, Lauroyl-Linoleoyl Diethanolamide, Lauroyl-Myristoyl Diethanolamide, Isostearyl Diethanolamide lamide, Sisinta Diethanolamide, Soybean Diethanolamide, Stearyl Diethanolamide, Stearin Monoethanolamide, stearyl monoethanolamide stearate, stearamide, tallow monoethanolamide, jeermiska qamadiga diethanolamide, PEG (polyethylene glycol) -3 lauramide, PEG-4 oleamide, PEG-50 tallow amide, iwm.;
2.1.4 Ether
Cetll polonoxyyyyyyyllene (3) Ether, Isocetyl Ponooloxylethylene (10) Isourl, Isocell Poloyoxyyyyllene (10) Ethexylated polonoxyletyylen (10), 185, 185, 238, 338, 338 ,38, , 407), iwm;
2.1.5 Esters
PEG-80 Glyceryl Tallow Ester, PEC-8PPG (Polypropylene Glycol)-3 Diisostearate, PEG-200 Hydrogenated Glyceryl Palmitate, PEG-n (n=6, 8, 12) Beeswax, PEG -4 isostearate, PEG-n (n= 3, 4, 8, 150) khalkhalsan, PEG-18 glyceryl oleate/kookaha, PEG-8 dioleate, PEG-200 Glyceryl Stearate, PEG-n (n=28, 200) Glyceryl Shea Butter, PEG-7 Saliid Castor Hydrogenated, PEG-40 Saliida Jojoba, PEG-2 Laurate, PEG-120 Methyl glucose dioleate, PEG-150 pentaerythritol stearate, PEG-55 propylene glycol oleate, PEG-160 sorbitan triisostearate, PEG-n (n=8, 75, 100) , PEG-150/Decyl/SMDI Copolymer (Polyethylene Glycol-150/Decyl/Methacrylate Copolymer) -36 Ethylene Glycol Acid, Pentaerythritol Stearate, Pentaerythritol Behenate, propylene glycol stearate, behenyl ester, cetyl ester, glyceryl tribehenate, glyceryl trihydroxystearate, iwm.;
2.1.6 Amine oxides
Myristyl amine oxide, isostearyl aminopropyl amine oxide, saliid qumbaha aminopropyl amine oxide, jeermiga qamadiga aminopropyl amine oxide, soybean aminopropyl amin oxide, PEG-3 lauryl amine oxide, iwm.;
2.2 Amphoteric surfactants
Cetyl Betaine, Coco Aminosulfobetaine, iwm;
2.3 Anionic surfactants
Potassium oleate, stearate potassium, iwm;
2.4 polymers-ka biyaha ku milma
2.4.1 Cellulose
Cellulose, xanjo cellulose,Carboxymethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose, cetyl hydroxyethyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose, formazan Base cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, iwm.;
2.4.2 Polyoxyethylene
PEG-n (n=5M, 9M, 23M, 45M, 90M, 160M), iwm;
2.4.3 Polyacrylic acid
Acrylates/C10-30 Alkyl Acrylate Crosspolymer, Acrylates/Cetyl Ethoxy(20) Itaconate Copolymer, Acrylates/Cetyl Ethoxy(20) Methyl Acrylates Copolymer Acrylates/Octadecane Ethoxy(20) Methacrylate Copolymer, Acrylate/Ocaryl Ethoxy(50) Acrylate Copolymer, Acrylate/VA Crosspolymer, PAA (Polyacrylic Acid), Sodium Acrylate/ Vinyl isodecanoate crosslinked polymer, Carbomer (polyacry) iwm .;
2.4.4 caag dabiici ah iyo alaabteeda wax laga beddelay
Alginic acid iyo (ammonium, calcium, potassium) cusbada, pectin, sodium hyaluronate, guar xanjo, cationic guar xanjo, hydroxypropyl guar xanjo, tragacanth xanjo, carrageenan iyo (calcium, sodium) cusbo, xanthan xanjo, xanjo sclerotin, iwm. ;
2.4.5 polymers-ka aan organic iyo alaabtooda la bedelay
Silicate aluminium aluminium, silica, sodium magnesium silicate, silica hydrated, montmorillonite, sodium lithium magnesium silicate, hectorite, stearyl ammonium montmorillonite, stearyl ammonium hectorite, quaternary ammonium cusbo -90 montmorillonite, quaternary ammonium -18. .;
2.4.6 Kuwa kale
PVM/MA decadiene polymer crosslinked (polymer iskutallaabta ah ee polyvinyl methyl ether/methyl acrylate iyo decadiene), PVP (polyvinylpyrrolidone), iwm.;
2.5 Surfactants
2.5.1 Alkanolamides
Inta badan la isticmaalo waa qumbaha diethanolamide.Alkanolamides waxay la jaan qaadayaan korantada si ay u dhumucdaan waxayna bixiyaan natiijooyinka ugu fiican.Habka dhumucdi ee alkanolamides waa dhexgalka miceles surfactant anionic si ay u sameeyaan dareere aan Newtonian ahayn.Alkanolamides kala duwan ayaa leh kala duwanaansho weyn xagga waxqabadka, saameyntoodu sidoo kale way ka duwan tahay marka keligood la isticmaalo ama la isku daro.Maqaallada qaarkood waxay ka warbixiyaan dhumucda iyo xumboynta sifooyinka alkanolamide kala duwan.Dhawaan, waxaa la sheegay in alkanolamides ay leeyihiin khatarta suurtagalka ah ee soo saarista nitrosamine-ka kansarka marka laga sameeyo qurxinta.Wasakhyada alkanolamides waxaa ka mid ah aminyada bilaashka ah, kuwaas oo ah ilaha suurtagalka ah ee nitrosamines.Hadda ma jiro ra'yi rasmi ah oo ka soo baxay warshadaha daryeelka shakhsi ahaaneed ee ku saabsan in alkanolamides laga mamnuuco qurxinta.
2.5.2 Ether
Samaynta alkolada dufanka leh ee polyoxyethylene ether sodium sulfate (AES) oo ah walaxda firfircoon ee ugu muhiimsan, guud ahaan kaliya cusbada aan organic ahayn ayaa loo isticmaali karaa si loo hagaajiyo viscosity habboon.Daraasaduhu waxay muujiyeen in tani ay sabab u tahay joogitaanka aalkolada dufanka leh ee aan sulfada lahayn ee AES, taas oo si weyn gacan uga geysata dhumucda xalka surfactant.Cilmi-baaris qoto-dheer ayaa lagu ogaaday: celceliska heerka ethoxylation wuxuu ku saabsan yahay 3EO ama 10EO si uu u ciyaaro doorka ugu fiican.Intaa waxaa dheer, saameynta dhumucda alkolada dufanka leh ee etoxylates waxay leedahay wax badan oo la sameeyo ballaca qaybinta khamriga iyo homologues ee ku jira alaabtooda.Marka qaybinta homologs-ku ballaaran tahay, saameynta dhumucda alaabadu waa mid liidata, iyo sida loo qaybiyo qaybinta homologues, saameynta dhumucda weyn ayaa la heli karaa.
2.5.3 Esters
Dhumucyada ugu badan ee la isticmaalo waa esters.Dhowaan, PEG-8PPG-3 disostearate, PEG-90 disostearate iyo PEG-8PPG-3 dilaurate ayaa laga soo sheegay dibadda.Dhumucyada noocan oo kale ah waxaa iska leh dhumuc yar oo aan ahayn ionic, oo inta badan loo isticmaalo habka xalinta aqueous aqueous.Dhumucyadan si sahal ah looma nadiifiyo oo waxay leeyihiin viscosity deggan marka loo eego pH iyo heerkul ballaadhan.Hadda inta badan la isticmaalo waa PEG-150 distearate.Esters-yada loo isticmaalo sida dhumucyada guud ahaan waxay leeyihiin miisaanyo unugyo ah oo aad u weyn, sidaas darteed waxay leeyihiin waxyaabo ka mid ah xeryahooda polymer.Habka dhumucdiisuna waxay sabab u tahay samaynta shabakad fuuqbax saddex-geesood ah oo ku jirta marxaladda aqueous, taas oo lagu daro miceles surfactant.Iskudhisyada noocan oo kale ah waxay u dhaqmaan sida emollients iyo moisturizers marka lagu daro isticmaalkooda dhumucyada qurxinta.
2.5.4 Amine oxides
Amine oxide waa nooc ka mid ah surfactant polar non-ionic, kaas oo lagu gartaa: in xal aqueous, ay sabab u tahay kala duwanaanshaha qiimaha pH ee xalka, waxa ay muujinaysaa sifooyinka non-ionic, iyo sidoo kale muujin kara sifooyinka ionic xooggan.Marka la eego xaaladaha dhexdhexaadka ah ama alkaline, taas oo ah, marka pH ay ka weyn tahay ama le'eg tahay 7, amine oxide waxay u jirtaa sida hydrate aan ionized ahayn ee xalka aqueous, oo muujinaya non-ionity.Xalka aashitada, waxay muujinaysaa cationicity daciif ah.Marka pH ee xalku ka yar yahay 3, cationicity of amine oxide ayaa si gaar ah u muuqda, markaa waxay si fiican u shaqeyn kartaa cationic, anionic, nonionic iyo zwitterionic surfactants oo ku jira xaalado kala duwan.Waafaqid wanaagsan oo muuji saamayn isku-dhafan.Amine oxide waa dhumuc waxtar leh.Marka pH-ku yahay 6.4-7.5, alkyl dimethyl amine oxide wuxuu ka dhigi karaa viscosity xarunta inuu gaaro 13.5Pa.s-18Pa.s, halka alkyl amidopropyl dimethyl oxide Amines ay ka dhigi karto viscosity xarunta ilaa 34Pa.s-49Pa.s, iyo in cusbo lagu daro tan dambe ma yarayn doonto viscosity.
2.5.5 Kuwa kale
Dhowr betaines iyo saabuun ayaa sidoo kale loo isticmaali karaa dhumuc ahaan.Habka dhumucdiisu waxay la mid tahay kuwa kale ee molecules yar yar, waxayna dhamaantood ku gaadhaan saamaynta dhumucda iyaga oo la falgalaya miceles-firfircoon oo dusha sare ah.Saabuunta waxaa loo isticmaali karaa dhumucyada waxyaabaha la isku qurxiyo ee usha, betaine-na waxaa inta badan loo adeegsadaa hababka biyaha korka ka baxa.
2.6 dhumucdiisuna waxay ku milmay biyaha
Nidaamyada dhumucdiisuna waxay badan yihiin dhumucyada polymeric ma saameeyaan pH ee xalka ama xoogga saarista elektrolytka.Intaa waxaa dheer, dhumucyada polymer waxay u baahan yihiin qadar yar si loo gaaro viscosity-ka loo baahan yahay.Tusaale ahaan, alaabtu waxay u baahan tahay dhumuc weyn sida saliidda qumbaha diethanolamide oo leh jajab ballaaran oo ah 3.0%.Si loo gaaro saameyn isku mid ah, kaliya fiber 0.5% ee polymer cad ayaa ku filan.Inta badan xeryahooda polymer-ka ee biyaha ku milma looma isticmaalo oo kaliya dhumucyada warshadaha isqurxinta, laakiin sidoo kale waxaa loo isticmaalaa wakiilada hakinta, kala firdhinta iyo wakiilada qaabaynta.
2.6.1 Cellulose
Cellulose waa dhumuc aad waxtar u leh nidaamyada biyaha ku salaysan waxaana si weyn loogu isticmaalaa qaybaha kala duwan ee qurxinta.Cellulose waa maaddada dabiiciga ah ee dabiiciga ah, oo ka kooban unugyo glucosides oo soo noqnoqda, unug kasta oo glucoside ah wuxuu ka kooban yahay 3 kooxood oo hydroxyl ah, kuwaas oo laga samayn karo noocyo kala duwan.Dhumucyada unugyadu waxay ku dhumudaan silsilado dhaadheer oo fuuq-barar leh, iyo nidaamka dhumucda cellulose-ku wuxuu muujiyaa qaab-dhismeedka rheological rseudoplastic cad.Tirada guud ee isticmaalka waa ilaa 1%.
2.6.2 Polyacrylic acid
Waxaa jira laba hab oo dhumuc ah oo ah dhumucyada aashitada polyacrylic, kuwaas oo kala ah dhumucdi dhexdhexaadinta iyo dhumucdda curaarta hydrogen.Dhexdhexaadinta iyo dhumucdiisu waa in la baabi'iyo dhumucda acidic polyacrylic acid si ionize molecules-keeda oo ay dhaliso kharashyo taban oo la socda silsiladda ugu weyn ee polymerka.Naceybka u dhexeeya eedeymaha isku jinsiga ah waxay kor u qaadaa molecules si ay u toosaan oo ay u furaan si ay u sameeyaan shabakad.Qaab-dhismeedku wuxuu gaadhay saamaynta dhumucda;Dhumucnimada hydrogen waa in dhumucda polyacrylic acid marka hore lagu daro biyo si ay u sameeyaan unug fuuqbaxa, ka dibna lagu daro ku-deeqaha hydroxyl oo leh jajab tiro ah 10%-20% (sida isagoo leh 5 ama in ka badan kooxaha ethoxy) Non-ionic surfactants) oo la isku daray si ay u leexiyaan unugyaraha curdinka ah ee nidaamka aqueous si ay u sameeyaan qaab-dhismeedka shabakad si loo gaaro saameyn dhumuc leh.Qiimaha pH ee kala duwan, dhexdhexaadiyeyaasha kala duwan iyo joogitaanka milixdu waxay saameyn weyn ku leeyihiin viscosity ee nidaamka dhumucda.Marka qiimaha pH uu ka yar yahay 5, viscosity wuxuu kordhiyaa kororka qiimaha pH;marka qiimaha pH uu yahay 5-10, viscosity ayaa ku dhawaad isbeddelin;laakiin marka qiimaha pH uu sii wado inuu kordho, waxtarka dhumucdiisu mar kale ayay hoos u dhici doontaa.Iions monovalent kaliya waxay yareeyaan hufnaanta dhumuc ee nidaamka, halka kala duwanaansho ama trivalent ions kaliya ma khafiifin karaan nidaamka, laakiin sidoo kale waxay soo saari karaan roobab aan la milmi karin marka ka kooban yahay ku filan.
2.6.3 caag dabiici ah iyo alaabteeda wax laga beddelay
Cirridka dabiiciga ah inta badan waxaa ka mid ah kolajka iyo polysaccharides, laakiin cirridka dabiiciga ah ee loo isticmaalo dhumucdi ahaan inta badan waa polysaccharides.Habka dhumucdiisuna waa in la sameeyo qaab-dhismeedka shabakada fuuq-celinta saddex-geesoodka ah iyada oo loo marayo is-dhexgalka saddexda kooxood ee hydroxyl ee unugga polysaccharide ee leh molecules biyaha, si loo gaaro saameynta dhumucda.Noocyada rheological ee xalalkooda aqueous waxay u badan yihiin dareeraha aan Newtonian ahayn, laakiin sifooyinka rheological ee xalalka milanka qaarkood waxay ku dhow yihiin dareeraha Newtonian.Saameyntooda dhumucdeedu waxay guud ahaan la xiriirtaa qiimaha pH, heerkulka, xoojinta iyo xalalka kale ee nidaamka.Tani waa dhumuc aad waxtar u leh, iyo qiyaasta guud waa 0.1% -1.0%.
2.6.4 polymers-ka aan organic iyo alaabtooda la bedelay
Dhumucyada polymer-ka aan organic guud ahaan waxay leeyihiin qaab dhismeed saddex lakab ah ama qaab dhismeed fidsan oo fidsan.Labada nooc ee ugu faa'iidada badan ganacsi ahaan waa montmorillonite iyo hectorite.Habka dhumucdiisuna waa in marka polymer-ka inorganic uu ku kala firdhiyo biyaha, ions birta ah ee ku jira ayaa ka soo baxa waferka, marka fuuqbaxa sii socdo, wuu bararaa, ugu dambeyntii crystals lamellars ayaa si buuxda u kala soocaya, taasoo keentay sameynta qaab dhismeedka anionic lamellar lamellar. crystals.iyo ion bir ah oo ku jira hakin cad oo kolloidal ah.Xaaladdan oo kale, lamellae waxay leeyihiin kharashka dusha xun iyo qadar yar oo lacag ah oo qumman oo geesahooda ah sababtoo ah jabka dillaacsan.Xalka isku-dhafka ah, kharashyada xun ee dusha sare waxay ka weyn yihiin kharashka togan ee geesaha, iyo qaybo ka mid ah midba midka kale, sidaas darteed ma jiri doonto saameyn dhumuc leh.Marka lagu daro iyo xoojinta elektrolytka, xoojinta ions ee xalka ayaa kordheysa iyo dusha sare ee lamellae ayaa hoos u dhacaya.Waqtigan xaadirka ah, isdhexgalka ugu weyni wuxuu ka beddelayaa xoogga nacaybka ee u dhexeeya lamellae ilaa xoogga soo jiidashada ee u dhexeeya eedeymaha taban ee dusha sare ee lamellae iyo eedeymaha togan ee geesaha cidhifyada, iyo lamellae isbarbar socda ayaa isku xiran si siman midba midka kale. si ay u sameeyaan waxa loogu yeero "kartoon-sida Qaabdhismeedka "interspace" wuxuu keenaa barar iyo jeexjeex si loo gaaro saameynta dhumucda.Kordhinta dheeraadka ah ee diiradda ion waxay burburin doontaa dhismaha
Waqtiga boostada: Dec-28-2022