Thickeners nuburyo bwa skeleton nishingiro ryibanze ryamavuta yo kwisiga, kandi ni ingenzi kumiterere, imiterere ya rheologiya, ituze, hamwe nuruhu rwibicuruzwa.Hitamo ibisanzwe bikoreshwa kandi bihagararire ubwoko butandukanye bwibibyibushye, ubitegure mubisubizo byamazi hamwe nibitekerezo bitandukanye, gerageza imiterere yumubiri nubumashini nka viscosity na pH, hanyuma ukoreshe isesengura ryerekana ibisobanuro kugirango ugaragaze isura yabo, umucyo, hamwe nuruhu rwinshi rwuruhu mugihe na nyuma yacyo. Koresha.Ibizamini bya sensory byakorewe ku bipimo, kandi ibitabo byashakishijwe kugira ngo bivuge mu ncamake incamake y'ubwoko butandukanye bw'ibyimbye, bishobora gutanga ibisobanuro bimwe na bimwe byo kwisiga.
1. Ibisobanuro byimbaraga
Hariho ibintu byinshi bishobora gukoreshwa nkibibyimbye.Urebye uburemere bugereranije, hariho umubyimba muto wa molekuline hamwe na molekile ndende;ukurikije amatsinda akora, hariho electrolytike, alcool, amide, acide karubike na esters, nibindi Tegereza.Inkoko zishyirwa mubikorwa ukurikije uburyo bwo gutondekanya ibikoresho byo kwisiga.
1. Uburemere buke bwa molekile
1.1.1 Umunyu udasanzwe
Sisitemu ikoresha umunyu udasanzwe nkumunyu mwinshi mubisanzwe sisitemu yo gukemura amazi.Ikoreshwa cyane mubyunyunyu ngugu ni sodium chloride, ifite ingaruka zigaragara.Surfactants ikora micelles mu gisubizo cy’amazi, kandi kuba hari electrolytite byongera umubare w’amashyirahamwe ya micelles, biganisha ku guhindura mikorobe ya serefegitire ihinduka mikorobe imeze nkinkoni, bikongera imbaraga zo kurwanya ingendo, bityo bikongerera ububobere bwa sisitemu.Ariko, mugihe electrolyte irenze urugero, bizagira ingaruka kumiterere ya micellar, bigabanye kurwanya ingendo, kandi bigabanye ubukonje bwa sisitemu, aribyo bita "gusohora".Kubwibyo, ingano ya electrolyte yongeweho muri rusange ni 1% -2% kubwinshi, kandi ikorana nubundi bwoko bwibibyibushye kugirango sisitemu ihamye.
1.1.2 Inzoga zirimo amavuta, aside irike
Inzoga zirimo ibinure na aside irike ni polar organic organic.Ingingo zimwe zibifata nka surfactants zidasanzwe kuko zifite amatsinda ya lipofilique hamwe na hydrophilique.Kubaho kwinshi mubintu nkibi kama bifite ingaruka zikomeye kumiterere yubuso, omc nibindi bintu bya surfactant, kandi ingano yingaruka yiyongera hamwe nuburebure bwurunigi rwa karubone, mubisanzwe mubusabane.Ihame ryibikorwa ni uko alcool zibyibushye hamwe na aside irike ishobora gushyiramo (gufatanya) micrale surfactant kugirango iteze imbere micelles.Ingaruka yo guhuza hydrogène hagati yimitwe ya polar) ituma molekile zombi zitondekanya neza hejuru, bigahindura cyane imiterere ya micelles ya surfactant kandi bikagera ku ngaruka zo kubyimba.
2. Gutondekanya kubyimbye
2.1 Ibikoresho bitari ionic
2.1.1 Umunyu udasanzwe
Sodium chloride, chloride potasiyumu, chloride ya amonium, chloride ya monoethanolamine, chloride diethanolamine, sodium sulfate, trisodium fosifate, disodium hydrogen fosifate na sodium tripolyphosphate, nibindi.;
2.1.2 Amavuta ya alcool hamwe na aside irike
Inzoga za Lauryl, Inzoga za Myristyl, C12-15 Inzoga, C12-16 Inzoga, Decyl Alcool, Hexyl Alcool, Octyl Alcool, Cetyl Alcool, Inzoga ya Stearyl, Inzoga ya Behenyl, Acide Lauric, C18-36 Acide, Linoleque Acide, , aside stearic, aside ya behenic, nibindi.;
2.1.3 Alkanolamide
Coco Diethanolamide, Coco Monoethanolamide, Coco Monoisopropanolamide, Cocamide, Lauroyl-Linoleoyl Diethanolamide, Lauroyl-Myristoyl Diethanolamide, Isostearyl Diethanolamide, Linoleic Diethanolamide, Cardamom Diethanolamano, Cardamom Diethanolamhano Monoethanolamide, Sesame Diethanolamide, Soya Diethanolamide, Stearyl Diethanolamide, Stearin Monoethanolamide, stearyl monoethanolamide stearate, stearamide, ndende monoethanolamide, ingano ya mikorobe diethanolamide, PEG (polyethylene glycol) -3 lauramide, PEG-4 oleamide, PEG-50 muremure amide, nibindi.;
2.1.4
Cetyl polyoxyethylene (3) ether, isocetyl polyoxyethylene (10) ether, lauryl polyoxyethylene (3) ether, lauryl polyoxyethylene (10) ether, Poloxamer-n (ethoxylated Polyoxypropylene ether) (n = 105, 124, 1858 , 407), n'ibindi.;
2.1.5
PEG-80 Glyceryl Tallow Ester, PEC-8PPG (Polypropylene Glycol) -3 Diisostearate, PEG-200 Hydrogenated Glyceryl Palmitate, PEG-n (n = 6, 8, 12) Ibishashara, PEG -4 isostearate, PEG-n (n = 3, 4, 8, 150) itandukanye, PEG-18 glyceryl oleate / cocoate, PEG-8 dioleate, PEG-200 Glyceryl Stearate, PEG-n (n = 28, 200) Amavuta ya Glyceryl Shea, PEG-7 Amavuta ya Hydrogenated Castor, PEG-40 Amavuta ya Jojoba, PEG-2 Laurate, PEG-120 Methyl glucose dioleate, PEG-150 pentaerythritol stearate, PEG-55 propylene glycol oleate, PEG-160 sorbitan triisostearate, PEG-n (n = 8, 75, 100) Stearate . -36 Acide ya Ethylene Glycol, Pentaerythritol Stearate, Pentaerythritol Behenate, propylene glycol stearate, behenyl ester, cetyl ester, glyceryl tribehenate, glyceryl trihydroxystearate, nibindi.;
2.1.6
Myristyl amine oxyde, isostearyl aminopropyl amine oxyde, amavuta ya cocout aminopropyl amine oxyde, ingano ya germine aminopropyl amine oxyde, soya aminopropyl amine oxyde, PEG-3 lauryl amine oxyde, nibindi.;
2.2 Amashanyarazi
Cetyl Betaine, Coco Aminosulfobetaine, nibindi.;
2.3 Surfactants
Potasiyumu oleate, potasiyumu stearate, nibindi.;
2.4 Amazi ashonga
2.4.1 Cellulose
Cellulose, amase ya selile,carboxymethyl hydroxyethyl selulose, cetyl hydroxyethyl selulose, Ethyl selulose, hydroxyethyl selulose, hydroxypropyl selile, hydroxypropyl methyl selulose, formazan Base selile, carboxymethyl selulose, nibindi.;
2.4.2 Polyoxyethylene
PEG-n (n = 5M, 9M, 23M, 45M, 90M, 160M), nibindi.;
2.4.3 Acide polyacrylic
Acrylates / C10-30 Alkyl Acrylate Crosspolymer, Acrylates / Cetyl Ethoxy (20) Itaconate Copolymer, Acrylates / Cetyl Ethoxy (20) Methyl Acrylates Copolymer, Acrylates / Tetradecyl Ethoxy (25) Acrylate Copolymer, Acrylates / Octadecyl Ethoxyl (20) Acrylates / Octadecane Ethoxy (20) Methacrylate Copolymer, Acrylate / Ocaryl Ethoxy (50) Acrylate Copolymer, Acrylate / VA Crosspolymer, PAA (Acide Polyacrylic Acide), Sodium Acrylate / Vinyl isodecanoate ihujwe na polymer, Carbomer (acide polyacrylic) .;
2.4.4 reberi karemano nibicuruzwa byahinduwe
Acide ya Alginic hamwe nu munyu wacyo (ammonium, calcium, potasiyumu), pectine, sodium hyaluronate, gum gum, cumic guar gum, hydroxypropyl guar gum, tragacanth gum, carrageenan hamwe na (calcium, sodium) umunyu, xanthan gum, sclerotine, nibindi. ;
2.4.5 Polimeri idasanzwe hamwe nibicuruzwa byahinduwe
Magnesium aluminium silikatike, silika, sodium magnesium silikatike, silika hydrated, montmorillonite, sodium lithium magnesium silicate, hectorite, stearyl ammonium montmorillonite, stearyl ammonium hectorite, quaternary ammonium umunyu -90 montmorillonite, quaternary ammoni .;
2.4.6 Abandi
PVM / MA decadiene ihuza polymer (polymer ihuza polyvinyl methyl ether / methyl acrylate na decadiene), PVP (polyvinylpyrrolidone), nibindi.;
2.5 Surfactants
2.5.1 Alkanolamide
Ikoreshwa cyane ni coconut diethanolamide.Alkanolamide irahujwe na electrolytite yo kubyimba no gutanga ibisubizo byiza.Uburyo bwo kubyimba bwa alkanolamide ni imikoranire ya micion surfactant micelles kugirango ibe amazi atari Newtonian.Alkanolamide zitandukanye zifite itandukaniro rinini mubikorwa, kandi ingaruka zazo nazo ziratandukanye iyo zikoreshejwe wenyine cyangwa muguhuza.Ingingo zimwe zerekana umubyimba nifuro ya alkanolamide itandukanye.Vuba aha, byavuzwe ko alkanolamide ifite ingaruka mbi zo kubyara nitrosamine ya kanseri iyo ikozwe mu kwisiga.Mu mwanda wa alkanolamide harimo amine yubusa, akaba ari isoko ya nitrosamine.Kugeza ubu nta gitekerezo cyemewe n’inganda zita ku muntu ku giti cye ku bijyanye no guhagarika alkanolamide mu mavuta yo kwisiga.
2.5.2
Mugutegura hamwe na alcool yuzuye amavuta polyoxyethylene ether sodium sulfate (AES) nkibintu byingenzi bikora, mubisanzwe imyunyu ngugu gusa irashobora gukoreshwa muguhindura ububobere bukwiye.Ubushakashatsi bwerekanye ko ibyo biterwa no kuba hari ibinyobwa bisembuye bya alcool ethoxylates muri AES, bigira uruhare runini mu kubyimba igisubizo kiboneka.Ubushakashatsi bwimbitse bwerekanye ko: impuzandengo ya ethoxylation igera kuri 3EO cyangwa 10EO kugirango igire uruhare rwiza.Byongeye kandi, umubyibuho ukabije wibinure byinzoga ethoxylates bifite byinshi byo gukora mugukwirakwiza ubugari bwa alcool idakozwe hamwe na homologues bikubiye mubicuruzwa byabo.Iyo ikwirakwizwa rya homologique ari ryagutse, ingaruka yibicuruzwa nibibi, kandi bigabanije gukwirakwiza homologues, niko ingaruka zo kubyimba zishobora kuboneka.
2.5.3
Ibikoreshwa cyane mubyimbye ni esters.Vuba aha, mu mahanga havuzwe PEG-8PPG-3 diisostearate, PEG-90 diisostearate na PEG-8PPG-3 dilaurate.Ubu bwoko bwo kubyimba ni ubwinshi butari ionic, cyane cyane bukoreshwa muri sisitemu yo gukemura amazi.Ibibyimbye ntabwo byoroshye hydrolyz kandi bifite ubukonje buhamye hejuru ya pH nubushyuhe.Kugeza ubu ikoreshwa cyane ni PEG-150 itandukanye.Esters ikoreshwa nkibibyimbye muri rusange ifite uburemere buke bwa molekile, bityo ikaba ifite ibintu bimwe na bimwe bya polymer.Uburyo bwo kubyibuha buterwa no gushiraho imiyoboro itatu-ya hydrata ya hydrasiyasi mugice cyamazi, bityo igashyiramo micelles zidasanzwe.Ibintu nkibi bikora nka emollients na moisturizers usibye kubikoresha nkibibyibushye mumavuta yo kwisiga.
2.5.4
Amine oxyde ni ubwoko bwa polar non-ionic surfactant, irangwa na: mugisubizo cyamazi, kubera itandukaniro ryagaciro ka pH yumuti, irerekana imiterere itari iyoni, kandi irashobora no kwerekana imiterere ikomeye ya ionic.Mubihe bidafite aho bibogamiye cyangwa alkaline, ni ukuvuga, iyo pH irenze cyangwa ingana na 7, okiside amine ibaho nka hydrat idafite ioniside mumazi wamazi, yerekana kutari ionicity.Mubisubizo bya acide, byerekana intege nke.Iyo pH yumuti iri munsi ya 3, cationicity ya amine oxyde iragaragara cyane, irashobora rero gukorana neza na cactic, anionic, nonionic na zwitterionic surfactants mubihe bitandukanye.Guhuza neza no kwerekana ingaruka zifatika.Amine oxyde ni umubyimba mwiza.Iyo pH ari 6.4-7.5, okiside ya alkyl dimethyl amine irashobora gutuma ubwiza bwikigo bugera kuri 13.5Pa.s-18Pa.s, mugihe alkyl amidopropyl dimethyl oxyde Amines irashobora gutuma ibibyimba bigera kuri 34Pa.s-49Pa.s, no kongeramo umunyu kubwa nyuma ntibizagabanya ubukonje.
2.5.5 Abandi
Betaine nkeya nisabune nabyo birashobora gukoreshwa nkibibyimbye.Uburyo bwabo bwo kubyimba busa nubwa molekile ntoya, kandi byose bigera ku ngaruka zo kubyimba bikorana na micelles ikora.Isabune irashobora gukoreshwa mubyimbye byo kwisiga, kandi betaine ikoreshwa cyane mumazi meza.
2.6 Amazi ashonga polymer
Sisitemu yabyimbye hamwe na polymeric nyinshi zibyibushye ntabwo ziterwa na pH yumuti cyangwa kwibumbira hamwe kwa electrolyte.Mubyongeyeho, umubyimba wa polymer ukenera amafaranga make kugirango ugere kubwiza bukenewe.Kurugero, igicuruzwa gisaba umubyimba udasanzwe nkamavuta ya cocout amavuta diethanolamide hamwe nigice kinini cya 3.0%.Kugirango ugere ku ngaruka zimwe, fibre gusa 0.5% ya polymer isanzwe irahagije.Amazi menshi ashonga ya polymer ntabwo akoreshwa gusa mubyimbye mu nganda zo kwisiga, ahubwo akoreshwa nkibikoresho byo guhagarika, gutatanya no gutunganya ibintu.
2.6.1
Cellulose niyongera cyane muri sisitemu ishingiye kumazi kandi ikoreshwa cyane mubice bitandukanye byo kwisiga.Cellulose ni ibintu bisanzwe kama, birimo ibice bya glucoside byongeye, kandi buri gice cya glucoside kirimo amatsinda 3 ya hydroxyl, aho hashobora kuvamo inkomoko zitandukanye.Ibibyimba bya selile bigenda byiyongera binyuze mumashanyarazi maremare, hamwe na selile yuzuye umubyimba byerekana morphologie ya pseudoplastique.Igice rusange cyimikoreshereze nikigereranyo cya 1%.
2.6.2 Acide polyacrylic
Hariho uburyo bubiri bwo kubyibuha bwa acide polyacrylic, aribyo kubyibuha no kutagira hydrogène.Kutabogama no kubyimba ni uguhindura aside aside ya acide polyacrylic kugirango yonone molekile zayo kandi bitange umuriro mubi kumurongo nyamukuru wa polymer.Kwanga hagati yubwishyu bwabahuje ibitsina biteza molekile kugorora no gufungura gukora urusobe.Imiterere igera ku ngaruka zo kwiyongera;hydrogène ihuza umubyimba ni uko umubyimba wa acide polyacrylic ubanza guhuzwa namazi kugirango ugire molekile ya hydration, hanyuma ugahuzwa numuterankunga wa hydroxyl hamwe nigice kinini cya 10% -20% (nko kugira amatsinda 5 cyangwa menshi ya ethoxy) Non-ionic surfactants) byahujwe no gukuramo molekile zigoramye muri sisitemu yo mumazi kugirango habeho imiterere y'urusobekerane kugirango igere ku ngaruka.Indangagaciro zitandukanye za pH, kutabogama gutandukanye no kuba umunyu ushonga bigira uruhare runini mubwiza bwa sisitemu yo kubyimba.Iyo agaciro ka pH kari munsi ya 5, ubwiza bwiyongera hamwe no kwiyongera kwagaciro ka pH;iyo agaciro ka pH ari 5-10, viscosity iba idahindutse;ariko nkuko pH agaciro ikomeje kwiyongera, kubyibuha bizongera kugabanuka.Ion monovalent ion igabanya gusa kubyimbye kwimikorere ya sisitemu, mugihe ion ihwanye cyangwa iringaniye ntishobora kunanura sisitemu gusa, ahubwo inatanga imvura idashonga mugihe ibirimo bihagije.
2.6.3 reberi karemano nibicuruzwa byahinduwe
Amase karemano arimo cyane cyane kolagen na polysaccharide, ariko amase asanzwe akoreshwa nkibyimbye ni polysaccharide.Uburyo bwo kubyibuha ni ugukora imiyoboro itatu-ya hydrata ya hydrata binyuze mumikoranire yitsinda rya hydroxyl mumatsinda atatu ya polysaccharide hamwe na molekile zamazi, kugirango bigere ku ngaruka zo kubyimba.Imiterere ya rheologiya yibisubizo byamazi ni amazi atari Newtonian, ariko imiterere ya rheologiya yibisubizo bimwe na bimwe byegereye amazi ya Newtonian.Ingaruka yabyimbye muri rusange ifitanye isano na pH agaciro, ubushyuhe, kwibanda hamwe nibindi bisubizo bya sisitemu.Nibibyibushye cyane, kandi dosiye rusange ni 0.1% -1.0%.
2.6.4 Polimeri idasanzwe hamwe nibicuruzwa byahinduwe
Imyunyungugu ya polymer idafite ingufu muri rusange ifite ibice bitatu byubatswe cyangwa imiterere yagutse.Ubwoko bubiri bwingirakamaro mubucuruzi ni montmorillonite na hectorite.Uburyo bwo kubyimba ni uko iyo polymer organique idakwirakwijwe mumazi, ion zicyuma zirimo ziratandukana na wafer, uko hydrasiyo igenda, irabyimba, hanyuma amaherezo kristu ya lamellar iratandukana rwose, bikavamo imiterere ya anionic lamellar structure lamellar kristu.n'ibyuma ion muburyo buboneye bwa colloidal.Muri iki gihe, lamellae ifite ubuso butari bwiza hamwe nubunini buke bwamafaranga ku mfuruka zabo kubera kuvunika kwa lattice.Mu gisubizo cyoroshye, ibiciro bibi hejuru birarenze ibirenze ibyiza ku mfuruka, kandi ibice byirukana, bityo rero nta ngaruka zo kubyimba.Hiyongereyeho hamwe no kwibanda kuri electrolyte, kwibumbira hamwe kwa ion mugisubizo byiyongera kandi hejuru yubuso bwa lamellae buragabanuka.Muri iki gihe, imikoranire nyamukuru ihinduka kuva imbaraga zanga hagati ya lamellae ikagera ku mbaraga zikurura hagati yumuriro mubi hejuru ya lamellae hamwe nuburyo bwiza ku mfuruka, kandi lamellae ibangikanye irahuzwa hagati yacyo. gukora icyo bita "ikarito-imeze Imiterere ya" interspace "itera kubyimba no guhindagurika kugirango bigere ku ngaruka zo kubyimba.Kwiyongera kwinshi kwa ion bizasenya imiterere
Igihe cyo kohereza: Ukuboza-28-2022