I-Rheology kunye nokuhambelana kweHPMC/HPSIntsonkothile
Amagama aphambili: ihydroxypropyl methylcellulose; isitashi se-hydroxypropyl; iimpawu zerheological; ukuhambelana; ukuguqulwa kweekhemikhali.
IHydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) yipolymer yepolysaccharide esetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo ekulungiseni iifilimu ezityiwayo. Isetyenziswa kakhulu kwintsimi yokutya kunye namayeza. Ifilimu inokungafihli kakuhle, iipropati zomatshini kunye neempawu zokuthintela ioli. Nangona kunjalo, i-HPMC i-gel eyenziwe nge-thermal, ekhokelela ekusebenzeni kwayo kakubi kwiqondo lokushisa eliphantsi kunye nokusetyenziswa kwamandla aphezulu; ukongeza, ixabiso layo lezinto ezibiza imali ekrwada linciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwayo okubanzi kubandakanywa nentsimi yoxubo-mayeza. I-Hydroxypropyl starch (HPS) yinto etyiwayo esetyenziswa kakhulu kwindawo yokutya namayeza. Inoluhlu olubanzi lwemithombo kunye nexabiso eliphantsi. Yimpahla efanelekileyo ukunciphisa iindleko ze-HPMC. Ngaphezu koko, iimpawu zejeli ezibandayo ze-HPS zinokulungelelanisa i-viscosity kunye nezinye iimpawu ze-rheological ze-HPMC. , ukuphucula ukusebenza kwayo kwiqondo lokushisa eliphantsi. Ukongeza, ifilimu etyiwayo ye-HPS ineempawu ezibalaseleyo zomqobo weoksijini, ngoko inokuphucula kakhulu iipropathi zesithintelo se-oksijini yefilimu etyiwayo yeHPMC.
I-HPS yongezwa kwi-HPMC yokudibanisa, kunye ne-HPMC/HPS ebandayo kunye ne-hot reversed-phase system compound yejeli yakhiwa. Umthetho wempembelelo yeepropati waxoxwa, indlela yokusebenzisana phakathi kwe-HPS kunye ne-HPMC kwisisombululo, ukuhambelana kunye nokutshintshwa kwesigaba senkqubo ye-compound kwaxoxwa, kunye nobudlelwane phakathi kweepropati ze-rheological kunye nesakhiwo senkqubo ye-compound yasekwa. Iziphumo zibonisa ukuba inkqubo ye-compound ine-concentration ebaluleke kakhulu (8%), ngaphantsi kwe-concentration ebalulekileyo, i-HPMC kunye ne-HPS zikhona kumatyathanga azimeleyo eemolekyuli kunye nemimandla yesigaba; ngaphezu koxinaniso olubalulekileyo, isigaba se-HPS senziwe kwisisombululo njengeziko le-gel, Isakhiwo se-microgel, esidityaniswe ngokudibanisa kwamaketanga eemolekyuli ze-HPMC, sibonisa ukuziphatha okufana ne-polymer melt. Iipropati ze-rheological zenkqubo yekhompawundi kunye ne-compound ratio ihambelana nomgaqo we-logarithmic sum rule, kwaye ibonisa iqondo elithile lokutenxa okulungileyo kunye nokubi, ebonisa ukuba amacandelo amabini ahambelana kakuhle. Inkqubo ye-compound yisigaba esiqhubekayo se-dispersed phase "sea-island" isakhiwo kwiqondo lokushisa eliphantsi, kwaye ukuguqulwa kwesigaba esiqhubekayo kwenzeka kwi-4: 6 kunye nokunciphisa umlinganiselo we-HPMC / HPS.
Njengenxalenye ebalulekileyo yempahla yokutya, ukupakishwa kokutya kunokuthintela ukutya ekonakalisweni nasekungcolisweni yimiba yangaphandle kwinkqubo yokujikeleza kunye nokugcinwa, ngaloo ndlela ukwandisa ubomi beshelufu kunye nexesha lokugcinwa kokutya. Njengohlobo olutsha lwezinto zokupakisha ukutya ezikhuselekileyo nezityiwayo, kwaye zinexabiso elithile lesondlo, ifilimu etyiwayo inethuba elibanzi lesicelo ekupakishweni kokutya kunye nokugcinwa, ukutya okukhawulezayo kunye nee-capsules zamayeza, kwaye iye yaba yindawo yophando ekutyeni kwangoku. iindawo ezinxulumene nokupakishwa.
I-HPMC/HPS inwebu edibeneyo yalungiswa ngendlela yokuphosa. Ukuhambelana kunye nokwahlulwa kwesigaba senkqubo ehlanganisiweyo kwaphononongwa ngakumbi ngokuskena i-electron microscopy, uhlalutyo lwepropathi eguqukayo ye-thermomechanical kunye nohlalutyo lwe-thermogravimetric, kunye neempawu zomatshini ze-membrane edibeneyo zafundwa. kunye ne-oxygen permeability kunye nezinye iimpawu ze-membrane. Iziphumo zibonisa ukuba akukho jongano olucacileyo lwesigaba esibini lufumaneka kwimifanekiso ye-SEM yazo zonke iifilimu ezihlanganisiweyo, kukho indawo enye kuphela yokutshintsha kweglasi kwiziphumo ze-DMA uninzi lweefilimu ezidibeneyo, kwaye inye kuphela incopho yokuthotywa kwe-thermal ibonakala kwi-curves ye-DTG. uninzi lweefilimu ezihlanganisiweyo. I-HPMC inokuhambelana okuthile kunye ne-HPS. Ukongezwa kwe-HPS kwi-HPMC kuphucula kakhulu iipropati zesithintelo se-oksijini ye-membrane edibeneyo. Iimpawu zomatshini we-membrane edibeneyo ziyahluka kakhulu kunye ne-compounding ratio kunye nomswakama ohambelana nokusingqongileyo, kwaye ubonise i-crossover point, enokubonelela ngesalathiso sokulungiswa kwemveliso kwiimfuno ezahlukeneyo zesicelo.
I-microscopic morphology, ukuhanjiswa kwesigaba, ukutshintshwa kwesigaba kunye nezinye i-microstructures ze-HPMC / HPS inkqubo yekhompawundi zaphononongwa ngohlalutyo olulula lwe-iodine yokudaya nge-microscope yokukhanya, kunye nokungafihli kunye neempawu zoomatshini zenkqubo yekhompawundi zaphononongwa nge-ultraviolet spectrophotometer kunye nomhloli wepropathi yomatshini. Ubudlelwane phakathi kobume bemophological microscopic kunye nokusebenza okubanzi kwe-HPMC/HPS kwenkqubo yekhompawundi iye yasekwa. Iziphumo zibonisa ukuba inani elikhulu le-mesophases likhona kwi-compound system, enokuhambelana kakuhle. Kukho indawo yokutshintsha kwesigaba kwi-compound system, kwaye le ndawo yokutshintsha kwesigaba inomlinganiselo othile wekhompawundi kunye nokuxhomekeka kwisisombululo. Eyona ndawo isezantsi elubala yenkqubo ehlanganisiweyo ihambelana nenqanaba lenguqu ye-HPMC ukusuka kwisigaba esiqhubekayo ukuya kwisigaba esisasaziweyo kunye nenqanaba elisezantsi lemodyuli yokuqina. Imodyuli ye-Young kunye ne-elongation ngexesha lekhefu yehla ngokunyuka koxinzelelo lwesisombululo, esinobudlelwane be-causal kunye nokutshintshwa kwe-HPMC ukusuka kwisigaba esiqhubekayo ukuya kwisigaba esisasazwayo.
I-rheometer yayisetyenziselwa ukufunda umphumo wokuguqulwa kweekhemikhali ze-HPS kwiipropati ze-rheological kunye neempawu zejeli ze-HPMC / HPS ebandayo kunye ne-hot reversed-phase gel compound system. Amandla kunye nokuguqulwa kwesigaba kwafundwa, kwaye ubudlelwane phakathi kwe-microstructure kunye ne-rheological kunye neempawu ze-gel zasekwa. Iziphumo zophando zibonisa ukuba i-hydroxypropylation ye-HPS inokunciphisa i-viscosity ye-compound system kwiqondo lokushisa eliphantsi, iphucule i-fluidity yesisombululo se-compound, kunye nokunciphisa i-phenomenon ye-shear thinning; i-hydroxypropylation ye-HPS inokunciphisa i-viscosity yomgca wenkqubo edibeneyo. Kwingingqi ye-elastic, iqondo lokushisa lokutshintsha kwesigaba se-HPMC / HPS inkqubo yekhompiyutha iyancitshiswa, kwaye ukuziphatha okuqinileyo kwenkqubo ye-compound kwiqondo lokushisa eliphantsi kunye ne-fluidity kwiqondo lokushisa eliphezulu liphuculwe. I-HPMC kunye ne-HPS zenza izigaba eziqhubekayo kumaqondo aphantsi kunye aphezulu, ngokulandelelana, kwaye njengoko izigaba ezisasaziweyo zigqiba iimpawu ze-rheological kunye neempawu zejel zenkqubo edibeneyo kumaqondo aphezulu kunye namaqondo aphantsi. Zombini inguqu ekhawulezileyo kwigophe le-viscosity yenkqubo edityanisiweyo kunye nencopho ye-tan delta kwigophe lelahleko ibonakala kwi-45 °C, ephinda isenzeko sesigaba esiqhubekayo esibonwa kwi-micrographs ene-iodine kwi-45 °C.
Isiphumo sokuguqulwa kweekhemikhali ze-HPS kwisakhiwo sekristale kunye ne-micro-divisional structure yefilimu ehlanganisiweyo yaphononongwa yi-synchrotron radiation encinci ye-X-ray yokusabalalisa iteknoloji, kunye neempawu zomatshini, iipropati zesithintelo se-oksijini kunye nokuzinza kwe-thermal yefilimu edibeneyo. ifunde ngokucwangcisiweyo impembelelo yotshintsho lwesakhiwo sekhemikhali yamacandelo ahlanganisiweyo kwi-microstructure kunye neempawu ze-macroscopic ze-compound systems. Iziphumo zemitha ye-synchrotron zibonise ukuba i-hydroxypropylation ye-HPS kunye nokuphuculwa kokuhambelana kwamacandelo amabini kunokuthintela ngokubonakalayo ukuguqulwa kwestatshi kwi-membrane kunye nokukhuthaza ukubunjwa kwesakhiwo esifanayo esifanayo kwi-membrane edibeneyo. Iimpawu ze-macroscopic ezifana neempawu zomatshini, ukuzinza kwe-thermal kunye ne-oxygen permeability ye-HPMC / i-HPS ye-membrane edibeneyo ihambelana ngokusondeleyo nesakhiwo sayo sangaphakathi se-crystalline kunye nesakhiwo sengingqi ye-amorphous. Isiphumo esidibeneyo semiphumo emibini.
Isahluko sokuqala Intshayelelo
Njengenxalenye ebalulekileyo yempahla yokutya, izinto zokupakisha ukutya zinokukhusela ukutya kumonakalo obonakalayo, iikhemikhali kunye nebhayoloji kunye nongcoliseko ngexesha lokujikeleza nokugcinwa, ukugcina umgangatho wokutya ngokwawo, ukuququzelela ukusetyenziswa kokutya, kunye nokuqinisekisa ukutya. Ukugcinwa kwexesha elide kunye nokugcinwa, kunye nokunika imbonakalo yokutya ukutsala ukusetyenziswa kunye nokufumana ixabiso elingaphezu kweendleko eziphathekayo [1-4]. Njengohlobo olutsha lwezinto zokupakisha ukutya ezikhuselekileyo nezityiwayo, kwaye zinexabiso elithile lesondlo, ifilimu etyiwayo inethuba elibanzi lesicelo ekupakishweni kokutya kunye nokugcinwa, ukutya okukhawulezayo kunye nee-capsules zamayeza, kwaye iye yaba yindawo yophando ekutyeni kwangoku. iindawo ezinxulumene nokupakishwa.
Iifilimu ezidliwayo ziifilimu ezinobume bothungelwano olunabileyo, ezidla ngokufunyanwa ngokucubungula iipolima ezityiwayo zendalo. Iipolymers ezininzi zendalo ezikhoyo kwindalo zineempawu ze-gel, kwaye izisombululo zabo ezinamanzi zingenza i-hydrogels phantsi kweemeko ezithile, ezifana nezinye ze-polysaccharides zendalo, iiprotheni, i-lipids, njl. I-polysaccharides yendalo yendalo efana ne-starch kunye ne-cellulose, ngenxa yesakhiwo esikhethekileyo se-molecular helix ye-long-chain kunye neempawu zemichiza ezizinzileyo, zinokufaneleka kwixesha elide kunye neendawo ezahlukeneyo zokugcina, kwaye ziye zafundwa ngokubanzi njengezinto ezidliwayo ezenza ifilimu. Iifilimu ezidliwayo ezenziwe kwi-polysaccharide enye zihlala zinemida ethile ekusebenzeni. Ngoko ke, ukwenzela ukuphelisa ukulinganiselwa kweefilimu ezidliwayo ze-polysaccharide enye, ukufumana iipropati ezikhethekileyo okanye ukuphuhlisa imisebenzi emitsha, ukunciphisa amaxabiso emveliso, kunye nokwandisa izicelo zabo, ngokuqhelekileyo iindidi ezimbini ze-polysaccharides zisetyenziswa. Okanye i-polysaccharides yendalo engentla idibaniswe ukuze ifezekise umphumo weempawu ezincedisayo . Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yomahluko kulwakhiwo lwemolekyuli phakathi kweepolima ezahlukeneyo, kukho i-entropy ethile ehambelanayo, kwaye uninzi lwezakhiwo zepolymer ziyahambelana okanye azihambelani. I-morphology yesigaba kunye nokuhambelana kwe-polymer complex iya kugqiba iimpawu zezinto ezidibeneyo. Ukuguqulwa kunye nembali yokuhamba ngexesha lokucubungula kunempembelelo ebalulekileyo kwisakhiwo. Ngoko ke, iimpawu ze-macroscopic ezifana neempawu ze-rheological ze-polymer complex system zifundwa. Unxulumano phakathi kolwakhiwo lwemopholoji emikroskopu efana nemofiloji yesigaba kunye nokuhambelana kubalulekile ekulawuleni ukusebenza, ukuhlalutya kunye nohlengahlengiso lwemathiriyeli edibeneyo, iteknoloji yokucubungula, uyilo lwefomula ekhokelayo kunye noyilo lokwenziwa koomatshini, kunye nokuvavanya imveliso. Ukusebenza kokulungiswa kwemveliso kunye nophuhliso kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezinto ezintsha zepolymer zibaluleke kakhulu.
Kwesi sahluko, imeko yophando kunye nenkqubela phambili yesicelo sezinto zefilimu ezidliwayo zihlaziywa ngokubanzi; imeko yophando yee-hydrogel zendalo; injongo kunye nendlela yokudibanisa i-polymer kunye nenkqubela yophando yokudibanisa i-polysaccharide; indlela yophando lwerheological yenkqubo yokudibanisa; Iipropati ze-rheological kunye nokwakhiwa kwemodeli yenkqubo yejel ebandayo kunye neshushu ye-reverse iyahlalutywa kwaye ixoxwe, kunye nokubaluleka kophando, injongo yophando kunye nophando lwalo mxholo wephepha.
1.1 Ifilimu etyiwayo
Ifilimu edliwayo ibhekisela ekongezwa kweplastiki kunye ne-agent edibanisa i-cross-link esekelwe kwizinto ezidliwayo zendalo (ezifana ne-polysaccharides yesakhiwo, i-lipids, iiprotheni), ngokusebenzisa i-intermolecular interactions, ngokudibanisa, ukufudumeza, ukugquma, ukomisa, njl. ulwakhiwo olwenziwe ngonyango . Inokubonelela ngemisebenzi eyahlukeneyo efana neepropati ezikhethiweyo zomqobo kwigesi, ukufuma, imixholo kunye nezinto ezinobungozi zangaphandle, ukuze kuphuculwe umgangatho woluvo kunye nesakhiwo sangaphakathi sokutya, kunye nokwandisa ixesha lokugcina okanye ubomi beshelufu yeemveliso zokutya.
1.1.1 Imbali yoPhuhliso lweeFilimu ezityiwayo
Ukuphuhliswa kwefilimu edliwayo kunokulandelwa emva kwe-12 kunye ne-13 leminyaka. Ngelo xesha, amaTshayina asebenzisa indlela elula yokugcoba i-citrus kunye ne-lemons, eyanciphisa ngokufanelekileyo ukulahlekelwa kwamanzi kwiziqhamo kunye nemifuno, ukwenzela ukuba iziqhamo kunye nemifuno zigcine ukukhanya kwazo kwangaphambili, ngaloo ndlela zandisa ixesha leshelufu yeziqhamo kunye nemifuno. imifuno, kodwa ithintela ngokugqithisileyo ukuphefumla kweziqhamo nemifuno, okukhokelela ekuvundeni kweziqhamo. Ngenkulungwane ye-15, abantu base-Asiya babesele beqalile ukwenza ifilimu enokutyiwa kubisi lwesoya, kwaye bayisebenzisela ukukhusela ukutya kunye nokwandisa imbonakalo yokutya [20]. Ngenkulungwane ye-16, amaBritane asebenzisa amanqatha ukugquma umphezulu wokutya ukunciphisa ilahleko yokufuma kokutya. Ngenkulungwane ye-19, i-sucrose yaqala ukusetyenziswa njengento etyiwayo kwiindongomane, iialmondi kunye neehazelnuts ukuthintela i-oxidation kunye nerancidity ngexesha lokugcinwa. Ngeminyaka yee-1830, iifilimu zeparafini ezinyibilikayo zorhwebo zavela kwiziqhamo ezifana nama-apile namapere. Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-19, iifilimu zeGelatin zitshizwa kumphezulu wemveliso yenyama kunye nokunye ukutya ukuze kugcinwe ukutya. Ekuqaleni kwee-1950, i-carnauba wax, njl., yayenziwe i-emulsions ye-oyile emanzini ukuze igqunywe kwaye igcinwe iziqhamo kunye nemifuno emitsha. Ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yee-1950, uphando lweefilimu ezityiwayo ezisetyenziswa kwimveliso yenyama lwaqala ukukhula, kwaye owona mzekelo ubanzi nonempumelelo ziimveliso ze-enema ezicutshungulwa ukusuka kumathumbu amancinane esilwanyana ukuya kwicasings.
Ukusukela ngeminyaka yee-1950s, kunokutshiwo ukuba umbono wefilimu etyiwayo ucetywe ngokwenene. Ukususela ngoko, abaphandi abaninzi baye bahlakulela umdla omkhulu kwiifilimu ezidliwayo. Ngo-1991, uNisperes wasebenzisa i-carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) ekugqumeni nasekugcinweni kweebhanana kunye nezinye iziqhamo, ukuphefumla kweziqhamo kwancitshiswa, kwaye ilahleko ye-chlorophyll yalibaziseka. Park et al. ngo-1994 ingxelo esebenzayo yomqobo yeprotein ye-zein film kwi-O2 kunye ne-CO2, ephucule ukulahleka kwamanzi, ukubuna kunye nokuguquka kwemibala yeetumato. Ngo-1995, u-Lourdin wasebenzisa isisombululo se-alkaline edibeneyo ukunyanga isitashi, kwaye wongeza i-glycerin yokugqoka amaqunube ukuze ahlaziyeke, eyanciphisa izinga lokulahlekelwa kwamanzi kwi-strawberries kunye nokulibaziseka ukubola. I-Baberjee iphucule iipropathi zefilimu ezidliwayo kwi-1996 nge-micro-liquefaction kunye nonyango lwe-ultrasonic ye-film-forming liquid, ngoko ke ubukhulu be-particle ye-film-forming liquid yancitshiswa kakhulu kwaye i-homogeneous stability ye-emulsion yaphuculwa. Kwi-1998, uPadegett et al. yongeza i-lysozyme okanye i-nisin kwifilimu etyiwayo yeprotein yesoya kwaye isebenzise ukusonga ukutya, kwaye yafumanisa ukuba ukukhula kwebhaktheriya ye-lactic acid ekutyeni kwathintelwa ngokufanelekileyo [30]. Kwi-1999, uYin Qinghong et al. isetyenzisiwe i-bewax ukwenza i-agent yokugqoka ifilimu yokugcina kunye nokugcinwa kwama-apula kunye nezinye iziqhamo, ezinokuthintela ukuphefumla, ukuthintela ukuncipha kunye nokunciphisa umzimba, kunye nokuthintela ukuhlasela kwe-microbial.
Kangangeminyaka emininzi, iibhekile zokubhaka umbona zokupakishwa kwe-ayisikrimu, iphepha lerayisi elityebileyo lokupakisha iilekese, kunye nezikhumba zetofu zezitya zenyama ziyipakethe eqhelekileyo enokutyiwa. Kodwa usetyenziso lwentengiso lweefilimu ezityiwayo lwalungekho kwaphela ngo-1967, kwaye nokugcinwa kweziqhamo eziqatywe ngewax kwakunosetyenziso olulinganiselweyo lwezorhwebo. Ukuza kuthi ga ngo-1986, iinkampani ezimbalwa zaqalisa ukubonelela ngeemveliso zefilimu ezityiwayo, yaye ngo-1996, inani leenkampani zefilimu ezityiwayo liye lakhula laya kutsho ngaphezu kwama-600. ingeniso yonyaka ngaphezu kwe-100 lezigidi zeedola zase-US .
1.1.2 Iimpawu kunye neentlobo zeefilimu ezityiwayo
Ngokophando olufanelekileyo, ifilimu etyiwayo ineenzuzo ezibalaseleyo ezilandelayo: ifilimu etyiwayo inokuthintela ukuhla kunye nokuwohloka komgangatho wokutya okubangelwa kukufuduka okufanayo kwezinto ezahlukeneyo zokutya; amanye amacandelo efilimu anokutyiwa ngokwawo anexabiso elikhethekileyo lesondlo kunye nomsebenzi wokhathalelo lweMpilo; ifilimu etyiwayo ineepropathi zomqobo ozikhethelayo kwi-CO2, i-O2 kunye nezinye iigesi; ifilimu etyiwayo ingasetyenziselwa i-microwave, ukubhaka, ukutya okuthosiweyo kunye nefilimu yeyeza kunye nokwaleka; ifilimu edliwayo ingasetyenziselwa njenge-antioxidants kunye ne-preservatives kunye nabanye abathwali, ngaloo ndlela ukwandisa ubomi beshelufu yokutya; ifilimu edliwayo ingasetyenziselwa njenge-carrier ye-colorants kunye ne-nutrifiers yezondlo, njl., Ukuphucula umgangatho wokutya kunye nokuphucula iimpawu zokuziva zokutya; ifilimu etyiwayo ikhuselekile kwaye iyatyiwa, kwaye inokutyiwa kunye nokutya; Iifilimu zokupakisha ezityiwayo zinokusetyenziselwa ukupakishwa kwezinto ezincinci okanye iiyunithi zokutya, kwaye zenze uluhlu oluxubileyo lokupakisha ngezinto zokupakisha zemveli, eziphucula ukusebenza komqobo jikelele wezinto zokupakisha.
Isizathu sokuba iifilimu zokupakisha ezidliwayo zineempawu ezisebenzayo ezingentla zisekelwe ikakhulu ekubunjweni kwesakhiwo senethiwekhi ye-dimensional-dimensional ethile ngaphakathi kubo, ngaloo ndlela ibonisa amandla athile kunye neempawu zokuthintela . Iimpawu ezisebenzayo zefilimu yokupakisha ezidliwayo zichaphazeleka kakhulu kwiipropati zamacandelo ayo, kunye neqondo le-polymer crosslinking yangaphakathi, ukufana kunye nobuninzi besakhiwo senethiwekhi nazo zichaphazelekayo kwiinkqubo ezahlukeneyo zokwenza ifilimu. Kukho umahluko ocacileyo ekusebenzeni [15, 35]. Iifilimu ezityiwayo zikwanazo nezinye iimpawu ezifana nokunyibilika, umbala, ukungafihli, njl. njl. Izinto ezifanelekileyo zokupakisha iifilim ezityiwayo zinokukhethwa ngokweemeko ezahlukeneyo zokusetyenziswa kunye nomahluko kwizinto zemveliso ekufuneka zipakishwe.
Ngokwendlela yokwenza ifilimu edliwayo, inokwahlulwa ibe yifilimu kunye neengubo: (1) Iifilimu ezizimeleyo ezilungiselelwe ngaphambili zibizwa ngokuba ziifilimu. (2) Umaleko obhityileyo owenziwe kumphezulu wokutya ngokutyabeka, ukudipha, nokutshiza kuthiwa yicoating. Iifilimu ikakhulu zisetyenziselwa ukutya okunezithako ezahlukeneyo ezifuna ukupakishwa ngokwahlukeneyo (ezifana neepakethi zesinongo kunye neepakethe zeoyile kukutya okulula), ukutya okunezithako ezifanayo kodwa kufuneka kupakishwe ngokwahlukeneyo (njengeepakethe ezincinci zekofu, umgubo wobisi, njl.), kunye namayeza okanye iimveliso zokhathalelo lwempilo. Izinto zeCapsule; ukugquma kusetyenziselwa kakhulu ukugcinwa kokutya okutsha okufana neziqhamo kunye nemifuno, iimveliso zenyama, ukutyabeka kweziyobisi kunye nendibano ye-microcapsules elawulwayo.
Ngokwezinto zokwenza ifilimu yefilimu yokupakisha enokutyiwa, inokwahlulwa ibe: ifilimu etyiwayo ye-polysaccharide, ifilimu etyiwayo yeprotheyini, ifilimu etyiwayo ene-lipid, ifilimu etyiwayo ye-microbial kunye nefilimu edibeneyo enokutyiwa.
1.1.3 Ukusetyenziswa kwefilimu etyiwayo
Njengohlobo olutsha lwezinto zokupakisha ukutya ezikhuselekileyo nezityiwayo, kwaye zinexabiso elithile lesondlo, ifilimu etyiwayo isetyenziswa kakhulu kwishishini lokupakisha ukutya, intsimi yamayeza, ukugcinwa kunye nokugcinwa kweziqhamo kunye nemifuno, ukusetyenzwa kunye nokugcinwa. kwenyama kunye neemveliso zasemanzini, ukuveliswa kokutya okukhawulezayo, kunye nokuveliswa kweoli. Inamathemba esicelo esibanzi ekugcinweni kokutya okufana neelekese eziqhotsiweyo ezibhakiweyo.
1.1.3.1 Ukusetyenziswa ekupakishweni kokutya
Isisombululo sokwenza ifilimu sigutyungelwe kukutya okuza kupakishwa ngokutshiza, ukuxubha, ukuntywila, njl., Ukuthintela ukungena komswakama, i-oksijeni kunye nezinto eziqholiweyo, ezinokunciphisa ngokufanelekileyo ukulahleka kokupakisha kunye nokunciphisa inani leengqimba zokupakisha. ; ukunciphisa kakhulu umaleko wangaphandle wokutya Ukuntsonkotha kwamacandelo okupakishwa kweplastiki kuququzelela ukurisayikilishwa kwayo nokusetyenzwa kwayo, nokunciphisa ukungcoliseka kwendalo; isetyenziselwa ukupakishwa okuhlukeneyo kwamanye amacandelo e-multi-component complex foods ukunciphisa ukufuduka okufanayo phakathi kwamacandelo ahlukeneyo, ngaloo ndlela kuncitshiswe ukungcoliseka kwendalo. Ukunciphisa ukonakala kokutya okanye ukuhla komgangatho wokutya. Ifilimu edliwayo icutshungulwa ngokuthe ngqo kwiphepha lokupakisha okanye iingxowa zokupakisha zokupakisha ukutya, ezingaphumeleli kuphela ukhuseleko, ukucoceka kunye nokulula, kodwa kunciphisa uxinzelelo lokungcola okumhlophe kwindalo.
Ukusebenzisa umbona, iimbotyi zesoya kunye nengqolowa njengezona zixhobo ziphambili, iifilimu ezinje ngecereal zingalungiswa kwaye zisetyenziselwe ukupakishwa kweesoseji nokunye ukutya. Emva kokusetyenziswa, nokuba zilahlwe kwindawo yendalo, ziyakwazi ukubola kwaye zinokuguqulwa zibe zizichumisi zomhlaba ukuphucula umhlaba. . Ukusebenzisa isitashi, i-chitosan kunye ne-bean dregs njengezona zinto ziphambili, iphepha lokusonga elinokutyiwa linokulungiselelwa ukupakisha ukutya okukhawulezayo okufana ne-noodle yokutya okukhawulezayo kunye neefries zaseFransi, ezifanelekileyo, ezikhuselekileyo kwaye zithandwa kakhulu; esetyenziselwa iipakethi zesinongo, iisuphu eziqinileyo Ukupakishwa kokutya okulula okunjengezinto eziluhlaza, ezinokuphekwa ngokuthe ngqo embizeni xa zisetyenziswa, kunokuthintela ukungcoliseka kokutya, ukwandisa ukondla kokutya, kwaye kube lula ukucoca. I-avokhado eyomileyo, iitapile, kunye nerayisi eyaphukileyo ziyabiliswa kwaye ziguqulwe zibe ziipolysaccharides, ezinokuthi zisetyenziswe ukulungisa izinto ezintsha ezityiwayo zangaphakathi zokupakisha ezingenambala nezicacileyo, ezineempawu ezintle zesithintelo seoksijini kunye neempawu zomatshini, kwaye zisetyenziselwa ukupakisha umgubo wobisi. , ioli yesaladi kunye nezinye iimveliso [19]. Ukutya komkhosi, emva kokuba imveliso isetyenzisiwe, izinto zokupakisha zeplastiki zemveli zilahlwa kwindawo kwaye zibe ngumqondiso wokulandela utshaba, ekulula ukutyhila indawo. Kwizinto ezikhethekileyo zokutya ezifana nepizza, i-pastry, i-ketchup, i-ayisikrimu, iyogathi, iikeyiki kunye nezimuncumuncu, izinto zokupakisha zeplastiki azinakongezwa ngokuthe ngqo ukuba zisetyenziswe, kwaye ifilimu yokupakisha enokutyiwa ibonisa iingenelo zayo ezizodwa, ezinokunciphisa inani lamaqela. ukufuduka kwezinto zencasa kuphucula umgangatho wemveliso kunye nobuhle [21]. Ifilimu yokupakisha enokutyiwa ingasetyenziswa kwi-microwave yokulungisa ukutya kwenkqubo yebatter. Iimveliso zenyama, imifuno, itshizi kunye neziqhamo zipakishwe kwangaphambili ngokutshiza, ukudipha okanye ukuxukuxa, njl., ikhenkcezisiwe kwaye igcinwe, kwaye kufuneka ifakwe kwi-microwave ukuze isetyenziswe.
Nangona amaphepha okupakisha kunye neebhegi ezimbalwa zorhwebo zikhoyo, amalungelo awodwa abenzi bamachiza abhalisiwe ekuqulunqweni nasekusetyenzisweni kwezinto ezinokutyiwa zokupakishwa. Iziphathamandla ezilawula ukutya zaseFransi zivume ingxowa yokupakisha etyekayo ebizwa ngokuba yi “SOLUPAN”, eyenziwe ngehydroxypropyl methylcellulose, isitatshi kunye nesodium sorbate, kwaye ifumaneka kurhwebo.
1.1.3.2 Ukusetyenziswa kweMedicine
I-Gelatin, i-cellulose derivatives, isitashi kunye ne-gum edliwayo ingasetyenziselwa ukulungiselela iigobolondo ze-capsule ezithambileyo kunye ezinzima zamayeza kunye neemveliso zempilo, ezinokuqinisekisa ngokufanelekileyo ukusebenza kwamayeza kunye neemveliso zempilo, kwaye zikhuselekile kwaye ziyadliwa; amanye amayeza anencasa ekrakra yendalo, ekunzima ukuba isetyenziswe zizigulana. Iifilimu ezivunyiweyo, ezidliwayo zinokusetyenziswa njengeengubo zokufihla incasa kumachiza anjalo; ezinye iipolymers ze-enteric azinyibiliki esiswini (pH 1.2) bume, kodwa zinyibilika kwindawo yamathumbu (pH 6.8) kwaye zingasetyenziswa kwi-intestinal Sustained-release drug coating; inokusetyenziswa kwakhona njengomphathi wamachiza ekujoliswe kuwo.
UBlanco-Fernandez et al. ilungiselele ifilimu edibeneyo ye-chitosan acetylated monoglyceride kwaye iyisebenzise ukukhululwa okuqhubekayo kwe-antioxidant ye-vitamin E, kwaye umphumo wawuphawulekayo. Izinto zokupakisha zexesha elide ze-antioxidant. UZhang et al. i-starch edibeneyo kunye ne-gelatin, yongeza i-polyethylene glycol plasticizer, kwaye isetyenziswe yendabuko. Ii-capsules ezinzima ezingenanto zalungiswa yinkqubo yokudipha ifilimu edibeneyo, kunye nokungafihli, iimpawu zomatshini, iimpawu ze-hydrophilic kunye ne-morphology yesigaba sefilimu ehlanganisiweyo zaphononongwa. impahla capsule elungileyo [52]. Lal et al. yenza i-kafirin ibe yinto edliwayo yokugqoka i-enteric ye-capsules ye-paracetamol, kwaye yafunda iipropati zomatshini, iipropati zokushisa, iipropati zomqobo kunye neepropati zokukhutshwa kweziyobisi zefilimu edliwayo. Iziphumo zibonise ukuba ukutyabeka kwe-sorghum Ii-capsules ezahlukeneyo ezinzima zefilimu ye-gliadin azizange zophukile esiswini, kodwa zikhuphe iyeza emathunjini kwi-pH 6.8. Paik et al. walungisa amasuntswana e-phthalate e-HPMC aqatywe nge-indomethacin, kwaye watshiza ulwelo olwenziwa yifilimu etyiwayo ye-HPMC kumphezulu wamasuntswana echiza, kwaye wafunda inqanaba lokubanjwa kweziyobisi, ubungakanani bamasuntswana amayeza, ifilimu etyiwayo iziphumo zabonisa ukuba i-HPMCN-coated. Ichiza lomlomo le-indomethacin linokuphumeza injongo yokufihla incasa ekrakra yechiza kwaye lijolise ekuhanjisweni kwechiza. Oladzadabbasabadi et al. Isitashi se-sago esilungisiweyo esilungisiweyo kunye ne-carrageenan ukulungiselela ifilimu edibeneyo enokutyiwa njengethathela i-gelatin capsules yemveli, kwaye yafunda i-kinetics yayo yokomisa, iipropathi ze-thermomechanical, iipropathi ze-physicochemical kunye ne-barrier properties, Iziphumo zibonisa ukuba ifilimu edibeneyo enokutyiwa ineepropati ezifanayo ne-gelatin zisetyenziswe kwimveliso yee-capsules zamachiza.
1.1.3.3 Ukusetyenziswa kugcino lweziqhamo nemifuno
Kwiziqhamo kunye nemifuno emitsha emva kokuvunwa, ukuphendulwa kwe-biochemical kunye nokuphefumla kusaqhubeka ngamandla, okuya kukhawulezisa ukonakala kwezicubu zeziqhamo kunye nemifuno, kwaye kulula ukubangela ukulahleka kokufuma kwiziqhamo kunye nemifuno kwiqondo lobushushu begumbi, okukhokelela ekubeni umgangatho wezicubu zangaphakathi kunye neempawu zeemvakalelo zeziqhamo kunye nemifuno. ukuhla. Ngoko ke, ukugcinwa kuye kwaba yinto ebaluleke kakhulu ekugcinweni nasekuthuthweni kweziqhamo kunye nemifuno; iindlela zogcino zemveli zinesiphumo esibi sogcino kunye neendleko eziphezulu. Ukugcinwa kokugquma kweziqhamo kunye nemifuno okwangoku yeyona ndlela isebenzayo ekugcinweni kobushushu begumbi. Ulwelo olwenziwa ifilimu etyiwayo lugqunywe phezu kweziqhamo kunye nemifuno, enokuthintela ngokufanelekileyo ukuhlasela kwe-microorganisms, ukunciphisa ukuphefumla, ukulahleka kwamanzi kunye nokulahleka kwezondlo zeziqhamo kunye nemifuno, ukulibazisa ukuguga komzimba kweziqhamo kunye nezicubu zemifuno, kwaye ugcine izihlunu zeziqhamo kunye nemifuno Eyokuqala ityebile kwaye igudileyo. Imbonakalo ekhazimlayo, ukuze kufezekiswe injongo yokugcina entsha kunye nokwandisa ixesha lokugcina. Abantu baseMelika basebenzisa i-acetyl monoglyceride kunye netshizi ekhutshwe kwi-oyile yemifuno njengezona zixhobo ziphambili zokulungiselela ifilimu etyiwayo, kwaye ziyisebenzise ukusika iziqhamo kunye nemifuno ukuze zihlale zintsha, zithintele ukuphelelwa ngamanzi emzimbeni, zibe mdaka kunye nokuhlasela kwe-microorganisms, ukuze igcinwe ixesha elide. ixesha elide. Ilizwe elitsha . IJapan isebenzisa inkunkuma yesilika njengesixhobo sokwenza ifilimu egcina iitapile, enokuthi igcine imveliso entsha xa ithelekiswa nokugcinwa okubandayo. Abantu baseMelika basebenzisa ioli yemifuno kunye neziqhamo njengezona zinto ziphambili ekrwada ukwenza ulwelo lokugquma, kwaye ugcine isiqhamo esisikiweyo sisitsha, kwaye safumanisa ukuba isiphumo sogcino silungile.
UMarquez et al. isebenzise iprotheni ye-whey kunye ne-pectin njengezinto eziluhlaza, kwaye yongeza i-glutaminase yokudibanisa ukunqumla ukulungiselela ifilimu edibeneyo enokutyiwa, eyayisetyenziselwa ukugqoka ii-apula ezitsha, iitumato kunye neekherothi, ezinokunciphisa kakhulu izinga lokunciphisa umzimba. , inqanda ukukhula kwee-microorganisms ebusweni beziqhamo ezitsha kunye nemifuno, kunye nokwandisa ixesha leshelufu kwisiseko sokugcina i-taste and flavour of fresh-cut cut fruit and vegetables. UShi Lei et al. iidiliya ezigqunywe ngeglowubhu ebomvu ngefilimu etyiwayo ye-chitosan, enokunciphisa ukwehla kobunzima kunye nesantya sokubola kweediliya, igcine umbala kunye nokuqaqamba kweediliya, kwaye ilibazise ukuthotywa kwezinto eziqinileyo ezinyibilikayo. Ukusebenzisa i-chitosan, i-alginate ye-sodium, i-sodium carboxymethylcellulose kunye ne-polyacrylate njengezinto eziluhlaza, uLiu et al. iifilimu ezidliwayo ezilungiselelwe nge-multilayer coating ukuze zigcinwe ngokutsha iziqhamo kunye nemifuno, kwaye zifunde i-morphology yazo, ukunyibilika kwamanzi, njl. Sun Qingshen et al. wafunda ifilimu ehlanganisiweyo yeprotheni yesoya yodwa, esetyenziselwa ukugcinwa kwamaqunube, anokunciphisa kakhulu ukuhanjiswa kwamaqunube, athintele ukuphefumla kwawo, kwaye anciphise izinga leziqhamo ezibolileyo . Ferreira et al. kusetyenziswa umgubo wentsalela yeziqhamo kunye nemifuno kunye nomgubo wexolo letapile ukulungisa ifilimu ediyiweyo edityanisiweyo, wafunda ukunyibilika kwamanzi kunye neempawu zoomatshini zefilimu edibeneyo, kwaye wasebenzisa indlela yokwaleka ukugcina i-hawthorn. Iziphumo zabonisa ukuba ubomi beshelufu ye-hawthorn bande. I-50%, izinga lokulahlekelwa kwesisindo liyancipha ngo-30-57%, kwaye i-asidi ye-organic kunye nomswakama awuzange utshintshe kakhulu. UFu Xiaowei et al. wafunda ukugcinwa kweepepile ezintsha ngefilimu ye-chitosan etyiwayo, kwaye iziphumo zabonisa ukuba zinokunciphisa kakhulu ukuphefumla kwepepile entsha ngexesha lokugcinwa kunye nokulibazisa ukuguga kweepepile. Navarro-Tarazaga et al. kusetyenziswe ifilimu etyiwayo ye-HPMC eyenziwe ngeenyosi ukuze igcine iiplamu. Iziphumo zabonisa ukuba i-bewax inokuphucula i-oksijini kunye neempawu zokuthintela ukufuma kunye neempawu zemishini yeefilimu ze-HPMC. Izinga lokulahlekelwa kwesisindo se-plums lancitshiswa kakhulu, ukuthambisa kunye nokopha kwesiqhamo ngexesha lokugcinwa kwaphuculwa, kwaye ixesha lokugcinwa kweeplamu landiswa ixesha elide . Tang Liying et al. isebenzise isisombululo se-alkali ye-shellac kwi-starch modification, ilungiselelwe ifilimu yokupakisha enokutyiwa, kwaye yafunda iimpawu zayo zefilimu; kwangaxeshanye, ukusebenzisa ulwelo lwayo lokubumba ifilimu ukugquma iimango zokutsha kunokunciphisa ngokufanelekileyo ukuphefumla Kunokuthintela ukwenzeka kwe-browning ngexesha lokugcinwa, ukunciphisa izinga lokulahleka kobunzima kunye nokwandisa ixesha lokugcina.
1.1.3.4 Ukusetyenziswa ekusetyenzweni nasekugcinweni kweemveliso zenyama
Imveliso yenyama enezondlo ezityebileyo kunye nomsebenzi ophezulu wamanzi zihlaselwa lula yi-microorganisms kwinkqubo yokucubungula, ukuthutha, ukugcinwa kunye nokusetyenziswa, okubangelwa ubumnyama bombala kunye ne-oxidation yamafutha kunye nokunye ukuchithwa. Ukuze ukwandise ixesha lokugcinwa kunye nobomi beshelufu yeemveliso zenyama, kuyimfuneko ukuzama ukuthintela umsebenzi wee-enzyme kwiimveliso zenyama kunye nokuhlasela kwe-microorganisms kumphezulu, kunye nokuthintela ukuwohloka kombala kunye nevumba elibangelwa yi-oxidation yamafutha. Okwangoku, ukugcinwa kwefilimu edliwayo yenye yeendlela eziqhelekileyo ezisetyenziswa ngokubanzi ekugcinweni kwenyama ekhaya nakwamanye amazwe. Ukuthelekisa kunye nendlela yendabuko, kufunyenwe ukuba ukuhlaselwa kwee-microorganisms zangaphandle, i-oxidative rancidity yamafutha kunye nokulahlekelwa kwejusi kuye kwaphuculwa kakhulu kwiimveliso zenyama ezipakishwe kwifilimu edliwayo, kwaye umgangatho weemveliso zenyama uphuculwe kakhulu. Ubomi beshelufu bandisiwe.
Uphando lwefilimu etyiwayo yeemveliso zenyama lwaqala ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yee-1950, kwaye eyona meko iphumeleleyo yesicelo yayiyifilimu etyiwayo ye-collagen, esetyenziswa kakhulu kwimveliso yesoseji kunye nokusetyenzwa kwayo. Emiroglu et al. yongeza ioyile yesesame kwiprotein yesoya ifilimu etyiwayo ukwenza ifilimu ye-antibacterial, kwaye yafunda nefuthe layo le-antibacterial kwinyama yenkomo ekhenkcezisiweyo. Iziphumo zibonise ukuba ifilimu ye-antibacterial inokuthintela kakhulu ukuveliswa nokukhula kwe-Staphylococcus aureus. Wook et al. ulungiselele ifilimu etyiwayo yeproanthocyanidin kwaye wayisebenzisa ukugquma inyama yehagu efrijini ukuze ibentsha. Umbala, i-pH, ixabiso le-TVB-N, i-thiobarbituric acid kunye ne-microbial count ye-pork chops emva kokugcinwa kweentsuku ze-14 zafundwa. Iziphumo zabonisa ukuba ifilimu etyiwayo ye-proanthocyanidins inokunciphisa ngokufanelekileyo ukubunjwa kwe-thiobarbituric acid, ithintele ukubola kwe-asidi enamafutha, inciphise ukuhlasela kunye nokuveliswa kwee-microorganisms kumphezulu wemveliso yenyama, iphucule umgangatho weemveliso zenyama, kwaye yandise ixesha lokugcinwa kunye. ubomi beshelufu . Jiang Shaotong et al. yongeza iti i-polyphenols kunye ne-allicin kwisisombululo se-starch-sodium alginate composite inwebu, kwaye isetyenziswe ukugcina ukutsha kwehagu epholileyo, enokugcinwa ku-0-4 °C ngaphezu kweentsuku ezili-19. Cartagena et al. ingxelo yempembelelo ye-antibacterial ye-collagen etyiwayo yefilimu eyongezwe kunye ne-nisin antimicrobial agent ekugcinweni kwezilayi zehagu, ebonisa ukuba ifilimu etyiwayo ye-collagen inokunciphisa ukufuduka komswakama wezilayi zehagu efrijiweyo, ukulibazisa i-rancidity yeemveliso zenyama, kwaye yongeze i-2 Ifilimu ye-collagen nge% I-nisin ibe neyona siphumo silungileyo sokugcina . Wang Rui et al. wafunda utshintsho lwe-sodium alginate, i-chitosan kunye ne-carboxymethyl fiber ngohlalutyo oluthelekisayo lwe-pH, isiseko esiguquguqukayo se-nitrogen, ubomvu kunye nenani elipheleleyo lamakholoni enyama yenkomo phakathi kweentsuku ezili-16 zokugcinwa. Iindidi ezintathu zeefilimu ezityiwayo zesodium vitamin zazisetyenziselwa ukugcina ukutsha kwenyama yenkomo ebandayo. Iziphumo zabonisa ukuba ifilimu etyiwayo yesodium alginate inesiphumo esifanelekileyo sokugcina ubutsha. Caprioli et al. isongelwe isifuba se-turkey esiphekiweyo ngefilimu ye-sodium caseinate etyiwayo kwaye emva koko ifakwe efrijini kwi-4 °C. Uphononongo lubonise ukuba ifilimu edliwayo ye-sodium caseinate inokunciphisa inyama ye-turkey ngexesha lefriji. yoburhalarhume .
1.1.3.5 Ukusetyenziswa kogcino lweemveliso zasemanzini
Ukwehla komgangatho weemveliso zasemanzini kubonakaliswa ikakhulu ekunciphiseni ukufuma kwamahhala, ukuwohloka kwencasa kunye nokuwohloka kobume bemveliso yasemanzini. Ukubola kweemveliso zasemanzini, i-oxidation, i-denaturation kunye nokusetyenziswa okomileyo okubangelwa yi-microbial invasion yiyo yonke imiba ebalulekileyo echaphazela ubomi beshelufu yeemveliso zasemanzini. Ukugcinwa komkhenkce yindlela eqhelekileyo yokugcinwa kweemveliso zasemanzini, kodwa kuya kubakho iqondo elithile lokuthotywa komgangatho kwinkqubo, nto leyo eyingozi kakhulu kwiintlanzi zasemanzini acwengileyo.
Ukugcinwa kwefilimu etyiwayo yeemveliso zasemanzini kwaqala ekupheleni kweminyaka yoo-1970 kwaye ngoku sele isetyenziswa kakhulu. Ifilimu etyiwayo inokugcina ngokufanelekileyo iimveliso zasemanzini ezinomkhenkce, ukunciphisa ukulahleka kwamanzi, kwaye inokudityaniswa ne-antioxidants ukuthintela i-oxidation yamafutha, ngaloo ndlela ifezekisa injongo yokwandisa ubomi beshelufu kunye nobomi beshelufu. Meenatchisundaram et al. walungisa ifilimu etyiwayo esekelwe kwisitatshi usebenzisa istatshi njengematrix kwaye wongeza iziqholo ezifana ne-clove nesinamon, kwaye wayisebenzisela ukugcinwa kwe-shrimp emhlophe. Iziphumo zabonisa ukuba ifilimu yesitatshi enokutyiwa inokunqanda ngokufanelekileyo ukukhula kweemicroorganisms, icothise i-oxidation yamafutha, yandise ubomi beshelufu ye-shrimp ekhenkcezisiweyo emhlophe kwi-10 °C kunye ne-4 °C ubude beentsuku ezili-14 kunye ne-12, ngokulandelanayo. U-Cheng Yuanyuan kunye nabanye bafunde ngokugcinwa kwesisombululo se-pululan kwaye baqhuba iintlanzi zamanzi ahlambulukileyo. Ukugcinwa kunokuthintela ngokufanelekileyo ukukhula kwee-microorganisms, ukucothisa i-oxidation yeprotheni yentlanzi kunye namafutha, kwaye ibe nefuthe elihle kakhulu lokulondoloza. UYunus et al. i-rainbow trout egqunywe ngefilim etyiwayo yegelatin apho igqabi le-oyile eyimfuneko yongezwa kuyo, kwaye yafunda isiphumo sokugcinwa kwefriji kwi-4 °C. Iziphumo zabonisa ukuba ifilimu etyiwayo yegelatin yayisebenza kakuhle ekugcineni umgangatho we-rainbow trout ukuya kutsho kwiintsuku ezingama-22. ixesha elide . Wang Siwei et al. isebenzise i-alginate ye-sodium, i-chitosan kunye ne-CMC njengezona zixhobo ziphambili, yongeza i-asidi ye-stearic ukulungiselela ulwelo lwefilimu etyiwayo, kwaye isetyenziswe ukumbathisa i-Penaeus vannamei yokutsha. Uphononongo lubonise ukuba ifilimu edibeneyo ye-CMC kunye ne-chitosan I-liquid inefuthe elihle lokulondoloza kwaye inokwandisa ubomi beshelufu malunga neentsuku ze-2. U-Yang Shengping kunye nabanye basebenzise ifilimu etyiwayo ye-chitosan-tea polyphenol efrijini kunye nokugcinwa kweenwele ezitsha, ezinokuthintela ngokufanelekileyo ukuveliswa kwebhaktheriya kumphezulu womsila weenwele, ukulibazisa ukubunjwa kwe-hydrochloric acid eguqukayo, kwaye yandise ubomi beshelufu yomsila ukuya. malunga neentsuku ezili-12 .
1.1.3.6 Ukusetyenziswa ekutyeni okuqhotsiweyo
Ukutya okuthosiweyo kukuthandwa ngokubanzi ukutya okulungele ukutyiwa kunye nemveliso enkulu. Ihlanganiswe ne-polysaccharide kunye nefilimu edliwayo yeprotheni, enokuthintela ukutshintsha kombala wokutya ngexesha lenkqubo yokuthosa kunye nokunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kweoli. ukungena kweoksijini kunye nokufuma [80]. Ukugquma ukutya okuthosiweyo nge-gellan gum kunokunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kweoli nge-35% -63%, njengaxa uqhotsa i-sashimi, inokunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kweoli ngama-63%; xa uqhotsa iitapile, inokunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kweoli nge-35% -63%. Ukunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwamafutha ngama-60%, njl. [81].
Singthong et al. yenza iifilimu ezidliwayo ze-polysaccharides ezifana ne-alginate ye-sodium, i-carboxymethyl cellulose kunye ne-pectin, eyayisetyenziselwa ukugquma imicu yebhanana eqhotsiweyo, kwaye yafunda izinga lokufunxa ioli emva kokuqhotsa. Iziphumo zibonise ukuba i-pectin kunye ne-carboxyl Imicu yebhanana eqhotsiweyo igqunywe nge-methylcellulose ibonise umgangatho ongcono we-sensory, phakathi kwayo ifilimu edliwayo ye-pectin ibe nefuthe elihle ekunciphiseni ukufunxa kweoli [82]. Holownia et al. iifilimi ezigqunyiweyo ze-HPMC kunye ne-MC kumphezulu weefayili zenkukhu eziqhotsiweyo ukufunda utshintsho ekusebenziseni i-oyile, umxholo we-asidi enamafutha asimahla kunye nexabiso lombala kwi-oli yokuqhotsa. Ukugquma kwangaphambili kunokunciphisa ukufunxa kweoli kunye nokuphucula ubomi beoyile [83]. Sheng Meixiang et al. yenza iifilimu ezityiwayo ze-CMC, i-chitosan kunye neprotein yesoya yodwa, iitshiphusi zetapile ezigqunyiweyo, kwaye zaqhotswa kwiqondo lobushushu eliphezulu ukuze zifunde ukufunxwa kwe-oyile, umxholo wamanzi, umbala, umxholo we-acrylamide kunye nomgangatho weemvakalelo zeechips zeetapile. , iziphumo zibonise ukuba i-protein ye-soya yodwa ifilimu edliwayo inefuthe elibalulekileyo ekunciphiseni ukusetyenziswa kweoli kwi-chips yeitapile eqhotsiweyo, kunye nefilimu edliwayo ye-chitosan inempembelelo engcono ekunciphiseni umxholo we-acrylamide [84]. Salvador et al. igqume umphezulu wamakhonkco esquid eqhotsiweyo kunye nesitatshi sengqolowa, isitashi sombona esilungisiweyo, idextrin kunye negluten, enokuphucula ukuqaqamba kwamakhonkco esquid kunye nokunciphisa izinga lokufunxa ioyile [85].
1.1.3.7 Ukusetyenziswa kwezinto ezibhakiweyo
Ifilimu edliwayo ingasetyenziswa njengengubo egudileyo yokuphucula ukubonakala kwempahla ebhakiweyo; ingasetyenziselwa njengesithintelo kumswakama, i-oksijini, igrisi, njl. umzekelo, amandongomane agcadiweyo ahlala eqatywe ngezinto zokuncamathelisa ukwambatha ityuwa kunye nezinongo [87].
UChristos et al. yenza iifilimu ezityiwayo zesodium alginate kunye neprotein ye-whey kwaye yaqatywa kumphezulu weLactobacillus rhamnosus probiotic bread. Uphononongo lubonise ukuba izinga lokusinda le-probiotics liphuculwe kakhulu, kodwa iindidi ezimbini zezonka zibonise iindlela zokugaya zifana kakhulu, ngoko ukugquma kwefilimu enokutyiwa akutshintshi ukuthungwa, incasa kunye neempawu ze-thermophysical zesonka [88]. UPanuwat et al. yongeza i-Indian gooseberry isicatshulwa kwi-methyl cellulose matrix ukulungiselela ifilimu edibeneyo enokutyiwa, kwaye isetyenziswe ukugcina ubutsha beecashews ezigcadiweyo. Iziphumo zabonisa ukuba ifilimu edibeneyo etyiwayo inokuthintela ngokufanelekileyo i-cashews egcadiweyo ngexesha lokugcinwa. Umgangatho wehlile kwaye ubomi beshelufu yee-cashews egcadiweyo bandiswa ngeentsuku ezingama-90 [89]. Schou et al. yenza ifilimu ecacileyo nethambileyo etyiwayo kunye nesodium caseinate kunye neglycerin, kwaye yafunda iipropathi zayo zoomatshini, ukufikeleleka kwamanzi kunye nefuthe layo lokupakisha kwizilayi zesonka ezibhakiweyo. Iziphumo zabonisa ukuba ifilimu etyiwayo yesodium caseinate esongwa isonka esibhakiweyo. Emva kwesonka, ukuqina kwayo kunokuncitshiswa ngaphakathi kwe-6 h yogcino kwiqondo lobushushu begumbi [90]. Du et al. kusetyenziswa ifilimu etyiwayo esekwe kwiapile kunye nefilimu etyiwayo esekwe kwitomato eyongezwe ngeoyile yesityalo eyimfuneko ukusonga inkukhu eqhotsiweyo, engazange ithintele ukukhula kweemicroorganisms ngaphambi kokuqhotsa inkukhu, kodwa iphucule incasa yenkukhu emva kokuqhotsa [91]. Javanmard et al. walungisa ifilimu etyiwayo yesitatshi sengqolowa kwaye wayisebenzisa ukusonga iinkozo zepistachio ezibhakiweyo. Iziphumo zabonisa ukuba ifilimu yesitatshi etyiwayo inokuthintela ukubola kwamandongomane, iphucule umgangatho wamandongomane, kwaye yandise ubomi babo beshelufu [92]. UMajid et al. isebenzise ifilimu etyiwayo yeprotheyini ye-whey yokwambathisa amandongomane agcadiweyo, anokunyusa umqobo weoksijini, inciphise i-peanut rancidity, iphucule i-peanut brittleness egcadiweyo, kunye nokwandisa ixesha layo lokugcina [93].
1.1.3.8 Ukusetyenziswa kwiimveliso zeconfectionery
Umzi-mveliso weelekese uneemfuno eziphezulu zokusasazwa kwamacandelo aguquguqukayo, ngoko ke itshokolethi kunye neelekese ezinendawo epholisiweyo, kuyafuneka ukuba kusetyenziswe iifilimu ezityiwayo ezinyibilikayo emanzini ukuze zithathe indawo yolwelo olugqumayo olunezinto eziguquguqukayo. Ifilimu yokupakisha etyiwayo inokwenza ifilimu ekhuselayo egudileyo kumphezulu welekese ukunciphisa ukufuduka kweoksijini kunye nokufuma [19]. Ukusetyenziswa kweefilimu ezidliwayo zeprotheyini ye-whey kwi-confectionery kunokunciphisa kakhulu ukusasazwa kwezinto zayo eziguquguqukayo. Xa itshokholethi isetyenziselwa ukufaka ukutya okuneoyile okunje ngeekuki kunye nebhotolo yamandongomane, ioyile iya kufuduka iye kumaleko angaphandle etshokholethi, yenze itshokolethi incangathi kwaye ibangele "iqabaka ebuyela umva", kodwa izinto zangaphakathi ziya komisa, kukhokelela ekubeni utshintsho kwincasa yayo. Ukongeza umaleko wezinto zokupakisha zefilimu ezityiwayo kunye nomsebenzi wokuthintelwa kwegrisi kunokusombulula le ngxaki [94].
UNelson et al. isebenzise ifilimu etyiwayo ye-methylcellulose ukwambatha iilekese ezine-lipids ezininzi kwaye ibonise ukunyameka kwe-lipid ephantsi kakhulu, ngaloo ndlela inqanda into eqabaka kwitshokholethi [95]. UMeyers wasebenzisa ifilimu etyiwayo ye-hydrogel-wax bilayer kwitshungama, enokuphucula ukuncamathelisa kwayo, ukunciphisa ukuguquguquka kwamanzi, kunye nokwandisa ubomi bayo beshelufu [21]. Amanzi alungiselelwe nguFadini et al. Ifilimu edibeneyo ye-Decollagen-cocoa yebhotolo edityanisiweyo yafundelwa iipropathi zayo zoomatshini kunye nokungena kwamanzi, kwaye yayisetyenziswa njengengubo yeemveliso zetshokholethi ezineziphumo ezilungileyo [96].
1.1.4 Iifilimu ezityiwayo eziSekwe kwiCellulose
Ifilimu etyiwayo esekwe kwiCellulose luhlobo lwefilimu etyiwayo eyenziwe ngeyona cellulose ininzi kakhulu kunye nezinto eziphuma kuyo kwindalo njengezona zinto ziphambili. Ifilimu etyiwayo esekwe kwiCellulose ayinavumba kwaye ayinancasa, kwaye inamandla omatshini alungileyo, iipropathi zokuthintela ioyile, ukungafihli, ukuguquguquka kunye neempawu ezintle zokuthintela igesi. Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yendalo ye-hydrophilic ye-cellulose, ukuchasana kwefilimu etyiwayo esekwe kwi-cellulose kukusebenza kwamanzi ngokuqhelekileyo kubi [82, 97-99].
Ifilimu etyiwayo esekwe kwiselulosi eyenziwe ngezinto ezilahlwayo kwimveliso yeshishini lokutya inokufumana iifilimu zokupakishwa ezityiwayo ezinomsebenzi ogqwesileyo, kwaye inokusebenzisa kwakhona izinto ezilahlwayo ukunyusa ixabiso elongezelelweyo leemveliso. Ferreira et al. iziqhamo ezidityanisiweyo kunye nentsalela yemifuno engumgubo kunye nexolo letapile umgubo ukulungiselela ifilimu edityanisiweyo cellulose-based ezityiwayo, kwaye wagalela ngayo ukutyabeka hawthorn ukugcina ukuhlaziyeka, kwaye bazuze iziphumo ezilungileyo [62]. Tan Huizi et al. wasebenzisa ifayibha yokutya ekhutshwe kwi-dregs yembotyi njengesiseko semathiriyeli kwaye yongeza inani elithile le-thickener ukulungiselela ifilimu etyiwayo yefayibha yesoya, eneempawu ezilungileyo zoomatshini kunye neempawu zothintelo [100], esetyenziswa ikakhulu ukupakisha ukutya okukhawulezayo kwe-noodle isinongo. , kukulungele kwaye kunomsoco ukutshabalalisa iphakheji yezinto eziphathekayo ngokuthe ngqo kumanzi ashushu.
I-derivatives ye-cellulose e-soluble yamanzi, njenge-methyl cellulose (MC), i-carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) kunye ne-hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC), inokwenza i-matrix eqhubekayo kwaye isetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo kuphuhliso lweefilimu ezidliwayo kunye nophando. Xiao Naiyu et al. isetyenziswe i-MC njengeyona nto iphambili yokwenza ifilimu, yongeza i-polyethylene glycol kunye ne-calcium chloride kunye nezinye izinto ezincedisayo, ilungiselelwe ifilimu enokutyiwa ye-MC ngokuphosa indlela, kwaye isetyenziswe ekugcinweni kwe-olecranon, enokwandisa umlomo we-olecranon. Ubomi beshelufu yepesika ziintsuku ezi-4.5 [101]. Esmaeili et al. ilungisiwe ifilimu etyiwayo ye-MC ngokuyiphosa kwaye isetyenziswe ekugqumeni kwezityalo ze-microcapsules ze-oyile ezibalulekileyo. Iziphumo zibonise ukuba ifilimu ye-MC inefuthe elihle lokuthintela ioli kwaye ingasetyenziselwa ukupakisha ukutya ukukhusela ukubola kwe-asidi enamafutha [102]. UTian et al. iifilimu ezidliwayo ze-MC ezilungisiweyo kunye ne-stearic acid kunye ne-unsaturated fatty acids, ezinokuphucula iimpawu zokuthintela amanzi kwiifilimu ezidliwayo ze-MC [103]. Lai Fengying et al. wafunda umphumo wohlobo lwe-solvent kwi-film-forming process ye-MC ifilimu edliwayo kunye neempawu zomqobo kunye neepropati zemishini yefilimu edliwayo [104].
Iinwebu ze-CMC zineempawu ezintle zomqobo kwi-O2, CO2 kunye namafutha, kwaye zisetyenziswa kakhulu kwindawo yokutya kunye namayeza [99]. Bifani et al. walungisa inwebu zeCMC kwaye wafunda isiphumo sesicatshulwa samagqabi kwiipropati zomqobo wamanzi kunye neepropati zomqobo wegesi kwiinwebu. Iziphumo zibonise ukuba ukongezwa kweencindi zamagqabi kunokuphucula kakhulu ukufuma kunye neempawu zokuthintela i-oksijini kwi-membrane, kodwa kungekhona kwi-CO2. Iimpawu zomqobo zihambelana nokugxininiswa kwesicatshulwa [105]. de Moura et al. ilungisiwe i-chitosan nanoparticles iqinise iifilimu ze-CMC, kwaye yafunda ukuzinza kwe-thermal, iipropati zomatshini kunye nokunyibilika kwamanzi kwiifilimu ezidibeneyo. Iziphumo zibonisa ukuba i-chitosan nanoparticles inokuphucula ngokufanelekileyo iipropathi zoomatshini kunye nokuzinza kwe-thermal yeefilimu ze-CMC. Ukwabelana ngesondo [98]. Ghanbarzadeh et al. ulungiselele iifilimu ezidliwayo ze-CMC kwaye wafunda iziphumo ze-glycerol kunye ne-oleic acid kwiipropati ze-physicochemical zefilimu ze-CMC. Iziphumo zabonisa ukuba iipropathi zomqobo zeefilim zaphuculwa kakhulu, kodwa iipropathi zoomatshini kunye nokungafihli kwehle [99]. UCheng et al. ilungiselele ifilimu edibeneyo ye-carboxymethyl cellulose-konjac glucomannan, kwaye yafunda umphumo weoli yesundu kwiipropati ze-physicochemical zefilimu edibeneyo. Iziphumo zibonise ukuba i-lipid microspheres encinci inokunyusa kakhulu ifilimu edibeneyo. Umphezulu we-hydrophobicity kunye ne-curvature ye-molecule yamanzi i-permeation channel inokuphucula ukusebenza komqobo womswakama we-membrane [106].
I-HPMC ineempawu ezintle zokwenza ifilimu, kwaye ifilimu yayo iguquguqukayo, icacile, ayinambala kwaye ayinavumba, kwaye ineempawu ezintle ze-oil-barrier, kodwa iimpawu zayo zomatshini kunye neempawu zokuthintela amanzi kufuneka ziphuculwe. Uphononongo olwenziwe nguZuniga et al. ibonise ukuba i-microstructure yokuqala kunye nokuzinza kwesisombululo sefilimu ye-HPMC inokuchaphazela kakhulu umgangatho kunye nesakhiwo sangaphakathi sefilimu, kunye nendlela amaconsi e-oyile angena ngayo ngexesha lokubunjwa kwefilimu inokuchaphazela kakhulu ukuhanjiswa kokukhanya kunye nomsebenzi ongaphezulu wefilimu. ifilimu. Ukongezwa kwe-arhente kunokuphucula ukuzinza kwesisombululo sokwenza ifilimu, nto leyo echaphazela isakhiwo sobuso kunye neempawu ze-optical zefilimu, kodwa iipropati zomatshini kunye nokunyanzeliswa komoya akuncitshiswanga [107]. UKlangmuang et al. isetyenziselwe udongwe oluguquliweyo kunye neenyosi zokuphucula kunye nokuguqula ifilimu etyiwayo ye-HPMC ukuphucula iipropathi zoomatshini kunye neempawu zomqobo zefilimu ye-HPMC. Uphononongo lubonise ukuba emva kwe-bewax kunye nokuguqulwa kodongwe, iimpawu zomatshini zefilimu etyiwayo ye-HPMC zithelekiseka nezo zefilimu ezidliwayo. Ukusebenza kwamacandelo okufuma kwaphuculwa [108]. Dogan et al. ilungisiwe ifilimu etyiwayo ye-HPMC, kwaye yasebenzisa i-microcrystalline cellulose ukuphucula kunye nokuguqula ifilimu ye-HPMC, kwaye yafunda ukungeneka kwamanzi kunye neempawu zoomatshini zefilimu. Iziphumo zabonisa ukuba iipropathi zokuthintela ukufuma kwefilimu eguquliweyo azizange zitshintshe kakhulu. , kodwa iimpawu zayo zomatshini ziphuculwe kakhulu [109]. Choi et al. yongeza igqabi le-oregano kunye neoli ye-bergamot eyimfuneko kwi-matrix ye-HPMC ukulungiselela ifilimu edibeneyo enokutyiwa, kwaye isetyenziswe ekugcinweni kokugquma kweeplamu ezintsha. Uphononongo lubonise ukuba ifilimu edibeneyo edliwayo inokuthintela ngokufanelekileyo ukuphefumla kwe-plums, ukunciphisa ukuveliswa kwe-ethylene, ukunciphisa izinga lokunciphisa umzimba, kunye nokuphucula umgangatho we-plums [110]. Esteghlal et al. idityaniswe i-HPMC negelatin ukulungiselela iifilimu ezidityanisiweyo ezityiwayo kunye neefilimu ezidityanisiweyo ezifundwayo. Iimpawu ze-physicochemical properties, iipropathi zoomatshini kunye nokuhambelana kwe-gelatin ye-HPMC ibonise ukuba iipropati ze-HPMC ze-gelatin ezidibeneyo zefilimu azizange zitshintshe kakhulu, ezinokusetyenziswa ekulungiseleleni iipilisi zonyango [111]. Villacres et al. wafunda iipropathi zoomatshini, iipropathi zesithintelo segesi kunye neepropathi zokulwa ne-antibacterial ye-HPMC-cassava starch enokutyiwa bhanyabhanya. Iziphumo zabonisa ukuba iifilimu ezihlanganisiweyo zineendawo ezintle zokuthintela ioksijini kunye neziphumo ze-antibacterial [112]. UByun et al. ilungiselelwe i-shellac-HPMC i-membrane edibeneyo, kwaye yafunda imiphumo yeentlobo ze-emulsifiers kunye ne-shellac yoxinaniso kwiimbumba ezidibeneyo. I-emulsifier yanciphisa iimpawu zokuthintela amanzi kwi-membrane edibeneyo, kodwa iimpawu zayo zomatshini azizange zehle kakhulu; ukongezwa kwe-shellac kuphuculwe kakhulu ukuzinza kwe-thermal ye-membrane ye-HPMC, kwaye umphumo wayo wanda ngokunyuka kwe-concentration ye-shellac [113].
1.1.5 Iifilimu ezityiwayo eziSekwe kwisitatshi
Isitashi yipolymer yendalo yokulungiswa kweefilimu ezidliwayo. Ineenzuzo zomthombo obanzi, ixabiso eliphantsi, i-biocompatibility kunye nexabiso lesondlo, kwaye lisetyenziswa ngokubanzi kumashishini okutya kunye namayeza [114-117]. Kutshanje, uphando malunga neefilimu ezityiwayo zesitatshi kunye neefilimu ezidityanisiweyo ezisekelwe kwisitatshi zokugcina ukutya kunye nokugcinwa zivele enye emva kwenye [118]. Isitashi esiphezulu se-amylose kunye ne-hydroxypropylated modified starch zizinto eziphambili zokulungiswa kweefilimu ezidliwayo ezisekelwe kwi-starch [119]. Ukubuyiselwa kwesitashi sesona sizathu siphambili sokukwazi ukwenza ifilimu. Ukuphakama komxholo we-amylose, ukuqina kwe-intermolecular bonding, kulula ukuvelisa i-retrogradation, kwaye ngcono ipropati yokwenza ifilimu, kunye namandla okugqibela efilimu. inkulu. I-Amylose inokwenza iifilimu ezinyibilikayo zamanzi kunye ne-oksijini ephantsi, kunye neempawu zokuthintela iifilimu eziphezulu ze-amylose aziyi kuncipha phantsi kweendawo zokushisa eziphezulu, ezinokukhusela ngokufanelekileyo ukutya okupakishweyo [120].
Ifilimu etyiwayo yesitatshi, engenambala kwaye ayinavumba, inokucaca kakuhle, ukunyibilika kwamanzi kunye neempawu zokuthintela igesi, kodwa ibonisa i-hydrophilicity eyomeleleyo kunye neempawu zokuthintela ukufuma, ngoko isetyenziswa ikakhulu kwi-oksijini yokutya kunye ne-oyile barrier package [121-123]. Ukongezelela, i-membrane ezisekelwe kwi-starch ziyakwazi ukuguga kunye nokubuyisela emva, kwaye iimpawu zabo zomatshini zihlupheke kakhulu [124]. Ukuze unqobe ezi ntsilelo zingentla, isitashi sinokuguqulwa ngokwenyama, iikhemikhali, i-enzymatic, i-genetic kunye neendlela ezongezelelweyo zokuphucula iimpawu zefilimu ezidliwayo ezisekelwe kwi-starch [114].
UZhang Zhengmao et al. isetyenziselwe ifilimu etyiwayo yesitatshi etyiwayo ukwambatha amaqunube kwaye yafumanisa ukuba inokunciphisa ngokufanelekileyo ilahleko yamanzi, ilibazise ukuncitshiswa komxholo weswekile enyibilikayo, kwaye yandise ngokufanelekileyo ixesha lokugcinwa kwamaqunube [125]. UGarcia et al. isitatshi esilungisiweyo esinolungelelwaniso olwahlukileyo lwekhonkco ukufumana ulwelo olulungisiweyo lwefilim yesitatshi, esetyenziselwe ukugcinwa kwefilim yequnube entsha. Izinga kunye nezinga lokubola lalingcono kunelo qela elingafakwanga [126]. Ghanbarzadeh et al. isitashi esilungisiweyo nge-citric acid cross-linking kwaye yafumana ifilimu yesitatshi edibeneyo yeekhemikhali. Uphononongo lubonise ukuba emva kokuguqulwa kwe-cross-linking, iipropathi zokuthintela ukufuma kunye neempawu zemishini yeefilimu ze-starch zaphuculwa [127]. UGao Qunyu et al. iye yaqhuba unyango lwe-enzymatic hydrolysis yestatshi kwaye yafumana ifilimu etyiwayo yesitatshi, kwaye iipropathi zayo zomatshini ezinje ngokuqina, ukomelela kunye nokumelana nokusonga kunyukile, kwaye ukusebenza komqobo wokufuma kuye kwanda ngokunyuka kwexesha lesenzo se-enzyme. iphuculwe kakhulu [128]. Parra et al. wongeze i-agent edibanisa i-cross-linking kwi-tapioca starch ukulungiselela ifilimu enokutyiwa kunye neempawu ezintle zoomatshini kunye nesantya sokuhambisa umphunga wamanzi aphantsi [129]. Fonseca et al. wasebenzisa i-sodium hypochlorite ukwenza i-oxidize isitashi setapile kwaye yalungisa ifilimu etyiwayo yesitatshi esine-oxidized. Uphononongo lubonise ukuba izinga lokuhambisa umphunga wamanzi kunye nokunyibilika kwamanzi kwancitshiswa kakhulu, okungasetyenziselwa ukupakishwa kokutya komsebenzi wamanzi aphezulu [130].
Ukudibanisa isitashi kunye nezinye iipolymers ezidliwayo kunye neplastiki yindlela ebalulekileyo yokuphucula iimpawu zeefilimu ezidliwayo ezisekelwe kwi-starch. Okwangoku, iipolymers ezixhaphakileyo ezisetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo ziyi-hydrophilic colloids, njenge-pectin, i-cellulose, i-polysaccharide yolwandle, i-chitosan, i-carrageenan kunye ne-xanthan gum [131].
UMaria Rodriguez et al. kusetyenziswa isitashi seitapile kunye neplastiki okanye i-surfactants njengezona zixhobo ziphambili zokulungiselela iifilimu ezidliwayo ezisekelwe kwi-starch, ezibonisa ukuba i-plasticizers inokunyusa ukuguquguquka kwefilimu kunye ne-surfactants inokunciphisa ukunwebeka kwefilimu [132]. USatana et al. wasebenzisa i-nanofibers ukuphucula kunye nokuguqula iifilimu ezidliwayo ze-cassava starch, kwaye bafumana iifilimu ezidibeneyo ezisekelwe kwi-starch ezineempawu eziphuculweyo zomatshini, iipropathi zokuthintela, kunye nokuzinza kwe-thermal [133]. Azevedo et al. iprotein ye-whey edibeneyo kunye nesitashi se-thermoplastic ukulungiselela imathiriyeli yefilimu efanayo, ebonisa ukuba iprotheni ye-whey kunye nesitashi se-thermoplastic sinokunamathela okuqinileyo, kunye neprotheni ye-whey inokuphucula ngokubonakalayo ukufumaneka kwesitatshi. Ukuthintela amanzi kunye neempawu zemishini yeefilimu ezidliwayo [134]. Edhirej et al. walungisa ifilimu etyiwayo esekelwe kwisitatshi se-tapioca, kwaye wafunda umphumo we-plasticizer kwisakhiwo somzimba kunye neekhemikhali, iipropati zomatshini kunye neempawu zokushisa zefilimu. Iziphumo zibonisa ukuba uhlobo kunye nokugxilwa kwe-plasticizer kunokuchaphazela kakhulu ifilimu ye-tapioca starch. Xa kuthelekiswa nezinye iiplasticizers ezifana ne-urea kunye ne-triethylene glycol, i-pectin inefuthe elihle kakhulu leplastiki, kwaye ifilimu yesitashi ye-pectin-plastiki ineempawu ezintle zokuthintela amanzi [135]. USaberi et al. kusetyenziswe isitashi se-pea, i-guar gum kunye ne-glycerin ukulungiselela iifilimu ezidibeneyo ezidliwayo. Iziphumo zabonisa ukuba isitashi se-pea sidlale indima enkulu kubunzima befilimu, ukuxinana, ukudityaniswa, ukungeneka kwamanzi kunye namandla okuqina. I-Guar gum Inokuchaphazela amandla okuqina kunye ne-elastic modulus ye-membrane, kwaye i-glycerol inokuphucula ukuguquguquka kwe-membrane [136]. Ji et al. i-chitosan edibeneyo kunye ne-corn starch, kwaye yongeza i-calcium carbonate nanoparticles ukulungiselela ifilimu ye-antibacterial esekelwe kwi-starch. Uphononongo lubonise ukuba iibhondi ze-hydrogen ze-intermolecular zenziwa phakathi kwesitashi kunye ne-chitosan, kwaye iipropathi zomatshini zefilimu zaye zaphuculwa iipropathi ze-antibacterial [137]. UMeira et al. ifilimu ye-antibacterial ephuculweyo kunye netshintshiweyo ye-corn starch etyiwayo kunye ne-kaolin nanoparticles, kunye neempawu zomatshini kunye ne-thermal yefilimu edibeneyo zaphuculwa, kwaye umphumo we-antibacterial awuchaphazelekanga [138]. Ortega-Toro et al. wongeze i-HPMC kwistatshi kwaye yongeza i-citric acid ukulungiselela ifilimu enokutyiwa. Uphononongo lubonise ukuba ukongezwa kwe-HPMC kunye ne-citric acid kunokuthintela ngokufanelekileyo ukuguga kwesitashi kunye nokunciphisa ukunyanzeliswa kwamanzi kwifilimu edliwayo, kodwa iipropati zomqobo we-oksijini ziyehla [139].
1.2 Iipolymer hydrogels
I-Hydrogels yiklasi yeepolymers ze-hydrophilic ezine-network-dimensional network structure enganyibilikiyo emanzini kodwa inokudumba ngamanzi. I-macroscopically, i-hydrogel inesimo esicacileyo, ayikwazi ukuhamba, kwaye yinto eqinile. I-Microscopically, iimolekyuli ezinyibilikayo zamanzi zinokusasazwa kwiimilo ezahlukeneyo kunye nobukhulu kwi-hydrogel kwaye zisasazeke kumazinga ahlukeneyo okusasazwa, ngoko ke i-hydrogel ibonisa iipropathi zesisombululo. Isakhiwo sangaphakathi se-hydrogel sinamandla alinganiselwe kwaye kutshatyalaliswa lula. Ikwimo phakathi kwesiqina kunye nolwelo. Ino-elasticity efanayo kwindawo eqinileyo, kwaye yahluke ngokucacileyo kwinto eqinileyo yokwenene.
1.2.1 Isishwankathelo see-polymer hydrogels
1.2.1.1 Ukuhlelwa kwee-polymer hydrogels
I-polymer hydrogel yisakhiwo sothungelwano esine-dimensional-dimensional eyenziwe ngumzimba okanye ikhemikhali yokudibanisa phakathi kweemolekyuli zepolymer [143-146]. Ifunxa ubuninzi bamanzi emanzini ukuze idumbe ngokwawo, kwaye kwangaxeshanye, inokugcina ubume bayo obunemigangatho emithathu kwaye inganyibiliki emanzini. amanzi.
Kukho iindlela ezininzi zokwahlula ii-hydrogels. Ngokusekelwe kumahluko kwiipropati ezinqamlezayo, zinokuthi zihlulwe zibe zijeli zomzimba kunye neegel zamakhemikhali. Iigels zomzimba zenziwe ngamabhondi e-hydrogen abuthathaka, iibhondi ze-ionic, ukusebenzisana kwe-hydrophobic, amandla e-van der Waals kunye nokuphonswa komzimba phakathi kwamakhonkco e-polymer molecular kunye namanye amandla omzimba, kwaye anokuguqulwa abe yizisombululo kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zangaphandle. Ibizwa ngokuba yijeli ebuyela umva; Ijeli yeekhemikhali idla ngokuba sisakhiwo sothungelwano esisisigxina esinamacala amathathu esenziwe ngokunqamleza konxibelelwano lweekhemikhali ezifana neebhondi ezidibeneyo phambi kobushushu, ukukhanya, umqalisi, njl. Yeyona condensate yokwenyani [147-149]. Iigels ezibonakalayo ngokuqhelekileyo azifuni ukuguqulwa kweekhemikhali kwaye zinetyhefu ephantsi, kodwa iimpawu zabo zomatshini zincinci kwaye kunzima ukumelana noxinzelelo olukhulu lwangaphandle; iijeli zemichiza ngokubanzi zinozinzo olungcono kunye neempawu zomatshini.
Ngokusekwe kwimithombo eyahlukeneyo, ii-hydrogels zinokwahlulwa zibe yi-polymer synthetic hydrogels kunye ne-polymer hydrogels yendalo. I-Synthetic polymer hydrogels ziyi-hydrogels ezenziwe nge-polymerization yeekhemikhali ze-polymers zokwenziwa, ngokukodwa kuquka i-polyacrylic acid, i-acetate ye-polyvinyl, i-polyacrylamide, i-polyethylene oxide, njl.; i-polymer hydrogels yendalo i-polymer hydrogels yenziwe ngokudibanisa kweepolymers zendalo ezifana ne-polysaccharides kunye neeprotheni kwindalo, kuquka i-cellulose, i-alginate, isitashi, i-agarose, i-hyaluronic acid, i-gelatin, kunye ne-collagen [6, 7, 150], i-151]. Ii-polymer zendalo ze-polymer hydrogels zihlala zineempawu zomthombo obanzi, ixabiso eliphantsi kunye netyhefu ephantsi, kunye ne-synthetic polymer hydrogels ngokubanzi kulula ukusetyenzwa kwaye zinesivuno esikhulu.
Ngokusekwe kwiimpendulo ezahlukeneyo kwindawo yangaphandle, ii-hydrogels zinokwahlulwa zibe zii-hydrogel zemveli kunye nee-smart hydrogels. Ii-hydrogel zemveli azinaluvelwano ngokwentelekiso kutshintsho lwendalo yangaphandle; i-hydrogels ehlakaniphile inokubona utshintsho oluncinci kwindawo yangaphandle kwaye ivelise utshintsho oluhambelanayo kwisakhiwo somzimba kunye neempawu zeekhemikhali [152-156]. Kwii-hydrogels ezinobushushu, umthamo utshintsha kunye nobushushu bendalo. Ngokuqhelekileyo, i-polymer hydrogels enjalo iqulethe amaqela e-hydrophilic afana ne-hydroxyl, i-ether kunye ne-amide okanye amaqela e-hydrophobic afana ne-methyl, ethyl kunye ne-propyl. Ukushisa kwendawo yangaphandle kunokuchaphazela ukusebenzisana kwe-hydrophilic okanye i-hydrophobic phakathi kwee-molecule ze-gel, i-hydrogen bonding kunye nokusebenzisana phakathi kweeamolekyu zamanzi kunye neentambo ze-polymer, ngaloo ndlela zichaphazela ukulinganisela kwenkqubo ye-gel. Kwi-pH-sensitive hydrogels, inkqubo ihlala iqulethe amaqela okuguqula i-acid-base efana namaqela e-carboxyl, amaqela e-sulfonic acid okanye amaqela e-amino. Kwimeko ye-pH eguqukayo, la maqela angakwazi ukuthabatha okanye ukukhulula iiprotoni, ukutshintsha i-hydrogen bonding kwi-gel kunye nokwahlukana phakathi kwe-ion concentrations yangaphakathi nangaphandle, okubangelwa ukuguqulwa kwevolumu ye-gel. Kwintsimi yombane, intsimi yamagnetic kunye ne-hydrogels ekhanyayo, iqulethe amaqela asebenzayo afana ne-polyelectrolytes, i-oxides yensimbi, kunye namaqela e-photosensitive, ngokulandelanayo. Ngaphantsi kwe-stimuli yangaphandle eyahlukileyo, iqondo lokushisa kwenkqubo okanye i-ionization degree iguqulwa, kwaye ivolumu ye-gel iguqulwa ngumgaqo ofana nokushisa okanye i-pH-sensitive hydrogel.
Ngokusekwe kwiindlela ezahlukeneyo zokuziphatha zejeli, ii-hydrogels zinokwahlulwa zibe ziigels ezibangelwa ukubanda kunye ne-thermal-induced gels [157]. Ijeli ebandayo, ebizwa ngokuba yijeli ebandayo ngokufutshane, i-macromolecule ekhoyo ngendlela yeekhoyili ezizenzekelayo kwiqondo lokushisa eliphezulu. Ngethuba lenkqubo yokupholisa, ngenxa yesenzo se-intermolecular hydrogen bonds, iziqhekeza ze-helical zenziwe ngokuthe ngcembe, ngaloo ndlela zigqibezela inkqubo kwisisombululo. Utshintsho kwijeli [158]; Ijeli ye-thermo-induced, ekubhekiselwa kuyo njengejeli ye-thermal, yi-macromolecule ekwimeko yesisombululo kubushushu obuphantsi. Ngethuba lenkqubo yokufudumala, isakhiwo sothungelwano se-3-dimensional senziwe ngokusebenzisa i-hydrophobic interaction, njl., ngaloo ndlela ukugqiba inguqu ye-gelation [159], 160].
Ii-Hydrogels zinokwahlulwa zibe zii-homopolymeric hydrogels, ii-copolymerized hydrogels kunye ne-interpenetrating network hydrogels ngokusekwe kwiipropathi zenethiwekhi ezahlukeneyo, ii-microscopic hydrogels kunye nee-macroscopic hydrogels ezisekwe kubungakanani bejeli obahlukeneyo, kunye neempawu ezinokubola. Ukwahlulwe ngokwahlukileyo kwi-hydrogels eyonakaliswayo kunye nee-hydrogels ezingenakonakala.
1.2.1.2 Ukusetyenziswa kweehydrogel zendalo zepolymer
I-polymer yendalo ye-polymer hydrogels ineempawu zokuhambelana kakuhle kwe-biocompatibility, ukuguquguquka okuphezulu, imithombo eninzi, ubuntununtunu bendalo, ukugcinwa kwamanzi aphezulu kunye netyhefu ephantsi, kwaye isetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwi-biomedicine, ukulungiswa kokutya, ukukhuselwa kokusingqongileyo, ezolimo kunye nemveliso yamahlathi kwaye iye yasetyenziswa ngokubanzi. esetyenziswa kwishishini nakweminye imimandla [142, 161-165].
Ukusetyenziswa kwe-polymer hydrogels yendalo kwiinkalo ezinxulumene ne-biomedical. I-polymer yendalo ye-polymer hydrogels ine-biocompatibility efanelekileyo, i-biodegradability, kwaye akukho miphumo yecala enetyhefu, ngoko ke inokusetyenziswa njengempahla yokubopha amanxeba kwaye idibanise ngokuthe ngqo nezicubu zomntu, ezinokunciphisa ngokufanelekileyo ukuhlaselwa kwe-microorganisms in vitro, ukukhusela ukulahleka kolwelo lomzimba, kunye nokuvumela i-oksijini. ukudlula. Ikhuthaza ukuphiliswa kwenxeba; ingasetyenziselwa ukulungiselela iilensi zoqhagamshelwano, kunye neenzuzo zokunxiba kakuhle, ukunyanzeliswa kwe-oksijeni okulungileyo, kunye nonyango oluncedisayo lwezifo zamehlo [166, 167]. Iipolymers zendalo zifana nokwakhiwa kwezicubu eziphilayo kwaye zinokuthatha inxaxheba kwi-metabolism eqhelekileyo yomzimba womntu, ngoko ke i-hydrogels inokusetyenziswa njengezinto ze-scaffold zobunjineli bezicubu, ukulungiswa kwe-cartilage yobunjineli bezicubu, njl. iiscaffolds ezibunjiweyo kunye nesitofu. Izitenti ezibunjiweyo zangaphambili zisebenzisa amanzi ulwakhiwo olukhethekileyo lothungelwano olunamacala amathathu ejeli luyenza ikwazi ukudlala indima ethile exhasayo kwizihlunu zebhayoloji ngelixa ibonelela ngendawo ethile kunye neyaneleyo yokukhula kweeseli, kwaye inokuphinda ikhuthaze ukukhula kweeseli, ukwahlula, kunye nokuwohloka. Ukufunxwa ngumzimba womntu [168]. I-stents eyenziwe nge-injection isebenzisa indlela yokuguquka kwesigaba se-hydrogels ukwenza iigels ngokukhawuleza emva kokuba ifakwe kwisimo sesisombululo esihambayo, esinokunciphisa intlungu yezigulane [169]. Ezinye ii-polymer zendalo ze-polymer hydrogels zinobuntununtunu bokusingqongileyo, ke zisetyenziswa ngokubanzi njengezinto ezikhutshwayo ezilawulwa ngamachiza, ukuze amachiza afakwe kuzo akhululwe kwiindawo ezifunekayo zomzimba womntu ngexesha elibekiweyo kunye nobungakanani, ukunciphisa ityhefu kunye necala. iziphumo zamachiza kumzimba womntu [170].
Ukusetyenziswa kwee-hydrogel zepolymer zendalo kwiindawo ezinxulumene nokutya. Iihydrogel zendalo zepolymer ziyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yezidlo ezithathu zabantu ngemini, ezifana nezimuncumuncu, iilekese, izinto ezithatha indawo yenyama, iyogathi kunye ne-ayisikrimu. Ihlala isetyenziswa njengesongezo sokutya kwizinto zokutya, ezinokuphucula iimpawu zayo zomzimba kwaye zinike incasa egudileyo. Umzekelo, isetyenziswa njenge-thickener kwiisuphu kunye neesosi, njenge-emulsifier kwijusi, kunye ne-agent yokumisa. Kwiziselo zobisi, njenge-gelling agent kwi-puddings kunye ne-aspics, njenge-arhente yokucacisa kunye ne-foam stabilizer kwi-beer, njenge-syneresis inhibitor kwi-cheese, njenge-binder kwiisoseji, njenge-starch retrogradation Inhibitors zisetyenziswa kwisonka kunye nebhotela [171-174] ]. Ukusuka kwiNcwadana yezongezo zokutya, kunokubonwa ukuba inani elikhulu lee-polymer zendalo ze-polymer zivunyiwe njengezongezo zokutya zokulungiswa kokutya [175]. I-polymer yendalo ye-polymer hydrogels isetyenziswe njengezondlo zokuqinisa isondlo ekuphuhliseni iimveliso zempilo kunye nokutya okusebenzayo, njengemicu yokutya, esetyenziselwa imveliso yokulahlekelwa kwesisindo kunye nemveliso yokuchasana [176, 177]; njengama-prebiotics, asetyenziswa kwiimveliso zokhathalelo lweMpilo kunye neemveliso zokuthintela umhlaza wekoloni [178]; I-polymer yendalo ye-polymer hydrogels inokwenziwa ibe yingubo enokutyiwa okanye eyonakalisayo okanye iifilimu, ezinokuthi zisetyenziswe kwintsimi yezinto zokupakisha ukutya, ezifana nokugcinwa kweziqhamo kunye nemifuno, ngokuzigquma kwiziqhamo kunye nemifuno Phezulu, inokwandisa ubomi beshelufu. yeziqhamo nemifuno kwaye ugcine iziqhamo nemifuno emitsha nethambileyo; inokusetyenziswa njengezinto zokupakisha ukutya okulula njenge-sausage kunye ne-condiments ukuququzelela ukucoca [179, 180].
Ukusetyenziswa kwe-polymer hydrogels yendalo kwezinye iindawo. Ngokweemfuno zemihla ngemihla, inokongezwa kwi-creamy skin cares okanye izimonyo, ezingenakunqanda kuphela imveliso ekumiseni kwindawo yokugcina, kodwa kunye nokunyanzeliswa kwexesha elide kunye nokuthambisa ulusu; ingasetyenziselwa ukwenza isitayile, ukuthambisa kunye nokukhutshwa kancinci kweziqholo kwi-makeup yobuhle; Ingasetyenziswa kwiimfuno zemihla ngemihla ezifana neetawuli zephepha kunye nama-diapers [181]. Kwezolimo, ingasetyenziselwa ukuxhathisa imbalela kunye nokukhusela izithole kunye nokunciphisa amandla omsebenzi; njengesixhobo sokugquma imbewu yezityalo, inokunyusa kakhulu izinga lokuntshula kwembewu; xa isetyenziselwa ukufakela izithole, inokunyusa izinga lokusinda kwezithole; izibulala-zinambuzane, ukuphucula ukusetyenziswa kunye nokunciphisa ungcoliseko [182, 183]. Ngokubhekiselele kokusingqongileyo, isetyenziswa njenge-flocculant kunye ne-adsorbent yokucoca ugutyulo oluhlala luqulathe ii-ion zetsimbi enzima, iikhompawundi ezinuka kamnandi kunye nedayi zokukhusela ubutyebi bamanzi nokuphucula imo engqongileyo [184]. Kwimizi-mveliso, isetyenziswa njenge-ejenti yokuphelisa amanzi emzimbeni, i-lubricant yokomba, imathiriyeli yokusonga intambo, izinto zokutywina kunye ne-ejenti yokugcina ebandayo, njl. [185].
1.2.2 I-Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose thermogel
I-Cellulose yikhompawundi yendalo ye-macromolecular eye yafundwa kwasekuqaleni, inobudlelwane obusondeleyo nabantu, kwaye yeyona nto ininzi kwindalo. Ikhona ngokubanzi kwizityalo eziphezulu, i-algae kunye ne-microorganisms [186, 187]. I-Cellulose ithe ngokuthe ngcembe yatsala ingqalelo ebanzi ngenxa yomthombo wayo obanzi, ixabiso eliphantsi, elinokuhlaziywa, linokubola, likhuselekile, lingenatyhefu, kunye nokuhambelana kakuhle kwe-biocompatibility [188].
1.2.2.1 I-Cellulose kunye ne-ether derivatives
I-Cellulose i-polymer ye-long-chain linear eyenziwe ngokudibanisa kweeyunithi zesakhiwo se-D-anhydroglucose ngokusebenzisa i-β-1,4 glycosidic bonds [189-191]. Ayinyibiliki. Ngaphandle kweqela elinye ekupheleni kwekhonkco le-molecular chain, kukho amaqela amathathu e-polar hydroxyl kwiyunithi nganye ye-glucose, enokuthi yenze inani elikhulu le-intramolecular kunye ne-intermolecular hydrogen bond phantsi kweemeko ezithile; kunye ne-cellulose yisakhiwo se-polycyclic, kwaye i-molecular chain i-semi-rigid. Ikhonkco, i-crystallinity ephezulu, kwaye iqhelekile kwisakhiwo, ngoko ineempawu zezinga eliphezulu le-polymerization, i-molecular orientation efanelekileyo, kunye nokuzinza kweekhemikhali [83, 187]. Ekubeni i-cellulose chain iqulethe inani elikhulu lamaqela e-hydroxyl, inokuguqulwa ngokwekhemikhali ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo ezifana ne-esterification, i-oxidation, kunye ne-etherification ukufumana i-cellulose derivatives eneempawu ezibalaseleyo zesicelo [192, 193].
I-Cellulose derivatives yenye yezona zinto ziphandiweyo kwaye zaveliswa kwimveliso yepolymer chemistry. Zizinto zeekhemikhali ezintle ze-polymer ezinoluhlu olubanzi lokusetyenziswa, eziguqulwa ngokwekhemikhali kwi-cellulose ye-polymer yendalo. Phakathi kwabo, i-cellulose ethers isetyenziswa ngokubanzi. Yenye yezona zinto zibalulekileyo zemichiza ekrwada kwizicelo zamashishini [194].
Kukho iintlobo ezininzi ze-cellulose ethers, zonke zineempawu zazo ezikhethekileyo kunye nezibalaseleyo, kwaye zisetyenziswe ngokubanzi kwiindawo ezininzi ezifana nokutya kunye namayeza [195]. I-MC lolona hlobo lulula lwe-cellulose ether eneqela le-methyl. Ngokunyuka kwesidanga sokutshintsha, sinokunyibilika kwisisombululo se-alkaline edibeneyo, amanzi, utywala kunye ne-aromatics hydrocarbon solvent ngokulandelelana, ebonisa iimpawu ezizodwa zejeli. [196]. I-CMC yi-anionic cellulose ether efunyenwe kwi-cellulose yendalo nge-alkalization kunye ne-acidification.
Yeyona isetyenziswa kakhulu kwaye isetyenziswa i-cellulose ether, enyibilikayo emanzini [197]. I-HPC, i-hydroxyalkyl cellulose ether efunyenwe nge-alkalizing kunye ne-etherifying cellulose, ine-thermoplasticity enhle kwaye ibonisa iimpawu ze-thermal gel, kwaye ubushushu bayo be-gel buchatshazelwa kakhulu yi-degree of hydroxypropyl substitution [198]. I-HPMC, i-ether ebalulekileyo exubeneyo, nayo ineempawu zejeli ze-thermal, kunye neempawu zayo zejeli zihambelana namacandelo amabini kunye nomlinganiselo wabo [199].
1.2.2.2 Isakhiwo se-Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose
I-Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC), i-molecular structure iboniswe kwi-Figure 1-3, i-ether eqhelekileyo engekho i-ionic yamanzi e-soluble cellulose edibeneyo. I-etherification reaction ye-methyl chloride kunye ne-propylene oxide iqhutyelwa ukufumana i- [200,201], kunye ne-chemical reaction equation equation iboniswe kwi-Figure 1-4.
Kukho i-hydroxy propoxy (-[OCH2CH (CH3)] n OH), i-methoxy (-OCH3) kunye namaqela e-hydroxyl angaphendulwanga kwiyunithi yesakhiwo se-HPMC ngexesha elifanayo, kunye nokusebenza kwayo kukubonakalisa isenzo esidibeneyo samaqela ahlukeneyo. [202]. Umlinganiselo phakathi kwezinto ezimbini ezithatha indawo zichongwa ngumlinganiselo wobunzima bee-etherifying agents, ukuxinwa kunye nobunzima be-sodium hydroxide, kunye nomlinganiselo we-etherifying agents kwiyunithi ye-cellulose [203]. I-Hydroxy propoxy liqela elisebenzayo, elinokuthi libe ngakumbi i-alkylated kunye ne-hydroxy alkylated; eli qela liqela le-hydrophilic kunye ne-chain-branched chain, edlala indima ethile kwiplastiki ngaphakathi kwekhonkco. I-Methoxy liqela lokuphela kwe-capping, elikhokelela ekubeni kusebenze le ndawo yokusabela emva kokusabela; eli qela liqela le-hydrophobic kwaye linesakhiwo esifutshane [204, 205]. Amaqela e-hydroxyl angaphendulwanga nasanda kuqaliswa angaqhubeka nokutshintshwa, okukhokelela kubume bekhemikhali obuntsonkothileyo bokugqibela, kunye neempawu ze-HPMC zohluka phakathi koluhlu oluthile. Kwi-HPMC, inani elincinci lokutshintshwa lingenza iimpawu zayo ze-physicochemical zihluke kakhulu [206], umzekelo, iimpawu ze-physicochemical ze-methoxy ephezulu kunye ne-hydroxypropyl ephantsi ye-HPMC isondele kwi-MC; Ukusebenza kwe-HPMC kusondele kuleyo ye-HPC.
1.2.2.3 Iipropati ze-hydroxypropyl methylcellulose
(1) I-Thermogelability ye-HPMC
Ikhonkco ye-HPMC ineempawu ezikhethekileyo ze-hydration-dehydration ngenxa yokuqaliswa kwe-hydrophobic-methyl kunye namaqela e-hydrophilic-hydroxypropyl. Ihamba ngokuthe ngcembe ukuguqulwa kwe-gelation xa ishushu, kwaye ibuyela kwisimo sesisombululo emva kokupholisa. Oko kukuthi, ineempawu ze-gel ezibangelwa yi-thermal, kwaye i-gelation phenomenon yinkqubo eguqulwayo kodwa engafaniyo.
Ngokubhekiselele kwindlela ye-gelation ye-HPMC, yamkelwa ngokubanzi ukuba kumaqondo aphantsi aphantsi (ngaphantsi kobushushu be-gelation), i-HPMC kwisisombululo kunye neemolekyuli zamanzi e-polar ziboshwe kunye neebhondi ze-hydrogen ukwenza into ebizwa ngokuba yi-"birdcage"-njengesakhiwo se-supramolecular. Kukho izinto ezibambekayo ezilula phakathi kwamatyathanga emolekyuli e-hydrated HPMC, ngaphandle koko, kukho ezinye iindibano ezimbalwa. Xa iqondo lobushushu linyuka, i-HPMC ifunxa kuqala amandla okuqhawula i-intermolecular hydrogen bonds phakathi kweemolekyuli zamanzi kunye neemolekyuli ze-HPMC, zitshabalalisa i-cage-like molecular structure, ngokuthe ngcembe ilahlekelwe ngamanzi abophekileyo kwikhonkco le-molecular, kwaye iveze i-hydroxypropyl kunye namaqela e-methoxy. Njengoko iqondo lokushisa liqhubeka likhula (ukufikelela kwiqondo lokushisa le-gel), iimolekyuli ze-HPMC ngokuthe ngcembe zenza isakhiwo sothungelwano esine-ntathu-dimensional ngokusebenzisa umbutho we-hydrophobic, iigels ze-HPMC ekugqibeleni zenza [160, 207, 208].
Ukongezwa kweetyuwa ze-inorganic kunefuthe elithile kwiqondo lokushisa lejeli ye-HPMC, ezinye zinciphisa ubushushu bejeli ngenxa ye-salting out phenomenon, kwaye abanye bonyusa ubushushu bejeli ngenxa yento yokunyibilika kwetyuwa [209]. Ngokudityaniswa kweetyuwa ezifana ne-NaCl, i-phenomenon ye-salting out iyenzeka kwaye ukushisa kwe-gel ye-HPMC kuyancipha [210, 211]. Emva kokuba iityuwa zongezwe kwi-HPMC, iimolekyuli zamanzi zityekele ngakumbi ekudityanisweni kwe-ion zetyuwa, ukuze i-hydrogen bond phakathi kweemolekyuli zamanzi kunye ne-HPMC itshatyalaliswe, umaleko wamanzi ojikeleze iimolekyuli ze-HPMC udliwe, kwaye iimolekyuli ze-HPMC zinokukhutshwa ngokukhawuleza i-hydrophobicity. Umbutho, iqondo lokushisa lokubunjwa kwejeli liyancipha ngokuthe ngcembe. Ngokuphambene noko, xa iityuwa ezifana ne-NaSCN zongezwa, i-phenomenon ye-salt disolution yenzeke kwaye ukushisa kwe-gel ye-HPMC kwanda [212]. Ulandelelwano lokuncipha kwempembelelo yeeanion kubushushu bejeli ngulo: SO42− > S2O32− > H2PO4− > F− > Cl− > Br− > NO3−> I- > ClO4− > SCN−, ulandelelwano lweecations kwi ukunyuka kobushushu bejeli kuku: Li+ > Na+ > K+ > Mg2+ > Ca2+ > Ba2+ [213].
Xa ezinye iimolekyuli ezincinci zezinto eziphilayo ezifana ne-alcohol monohydric eziqukethe amaqela e-hydroxyl zongezwa, ubushushu be-gel buyanda ngokunyuka kwexabiso elongezelelweyo, libonisa ixabiso eliphezulu kwaye liyancipha de kwenzeke ukuhlukana kwesigaba [214, 215]. Oku kubangelwa ubukhulu becala kubunzima bayo obuncinane bemolekyuli, obuthelekiseka nobo bamamolekyuli amanzi ngokolandelelwano lobungakanani, kwaye inokufikelela kwimicibility yenqanaba lemolekyuli emva kokudibanisa.
(2) Ukunyibilika kwe-HPMC
I-HPMC inamanzi ashushu anganyibilikiyo namanzi abandayo anyibilikayo afana ne-MC, kodwa anokohlulwa abe luhlobo lokusasazwa abandayo kunye nohlobo olushushu lokusasazwa ngokweendlela ezahlukeneyo zokunyibilika kwamanzi [203]. I-HPMC epholileyo iyakwazi ukusasazeka ngokukhawuleza emanzini emanzini abandayo, kwaye i-viscosity yayo iyanda emva kwexesha elithile, kwaye inyibilika ngokwenene emanzini; ubushushu-asasazwe HPMC, ngokuchaseneyo, ibonisa agglomeration xa ukongeza amanzi kwiqondo lobushushu elisezantsi, kodwa kunzima ngakumbi ukongeza. Emanzini obushushu obuphezulu, i-HPMC inokusasazwa ngokukhawuleza, kwaye i-viscosity iyanda emva kokuba ubushushu buyancipha, ibe yisisombululo sokwenene se-HPMC samanzi. Ukunyibilika kwe-HPMC emanzini kunxulumene nomxholo wamaqela e-methoxy, anganyibilikiyo emanzini ashushu ngaphezu kwe-85 °C, 65 °C kunye ne-60 °C ukusuka phezulu ukuya phantsi. Ngokubanzi, i-HPMC ayinyibiliki kwizinyibilikisi eziphilayo ezifana ne-acetone kunye neklorofomu, kodwa inyibilika kwisisombululo esinamanzi se-ethanol kunye nezisombululo ezixubeneyo zendalo.
(3) Ukunyamezela ityuwa ye-HPMC
Ubume be-non-ionic ye-HPMC yenza ukuba ingakwazi ukufakwa kwi-ionized emanzini, ngoko ayiyi kusabela ngeeoni zetsimbi ukuze ziqhube. Nangona kunjalo, ukongezwa kwetyuwa kuya kuchaphazela ubushushu apho ijeli ye-HPMC yenziwa khona. Xa i-concentration yetyuwa inyuka, ubushushu be-gel ye-HPMC buyancipha; xa i-concentration yetyuwa iphantsi kune-flocculation point, i-viscosity yesisombululo se-HPMC inokunyuswa, ngoko ke kwisicelo, injongo yokuqina inokufezekiswa ngokudibanisa inani elifanelekileyo letyuwa [210, 216].
(4) Ukuxhatshazwa kwe-Acid kunye ne-alkali ye-HPMC
Ngokubanzi, i-HPMC inozinzo oluqinileyo lwe-asidi-base kwaye ayichatshazelwa yi-pH kwi-pH 2-12. I-HPMC ibonisa ukuxhathisa kwiqondo elithile le-asidi edibeneyo, kodwa ibonisa ukutyekela ekunciphiseni i-viscosity ye-asidi egxininisiweyo; iialkali zinesiphumo esincinci kuyo, kodwa zinokunyuka kancinci kwaye zinciphise kancinci isisombululo se-viscosity [217, 218].
(5) Impembelelo yempembelelo ye-HPMC viscosity
I-HPMC i-pseudoplastic, isisombululo sayo sizinzile kwiqondo lokushisa, kwaye i-viscosity yayo ichaphazeleka ubunzima be-molecular, i-concentration kunye neqondo lokushisa. Kugxininiso olufanayo, ukuphakama kwe-HPMC ye-molecular weight, iphezulu i-viscosity; kwimveliso efanayo ye-molecular weight, iphezulu yoxinaniso lwe-HPMC, iphezulu i-viscosity; i-viscosity yemveliso ye-HPMC iyancipha ngokunyuka kweqondo lokushisa, kwaye ifikelele kwiqondo lokushisa lokubunjwa kwe-gel, ngokunyuka ngokukhawuleza kwe-viscosity ngenxa ye-gelation [9, 219, 220].
(6) Ezinye iipropati ze-HPMC
I-HPMC inokumelana okuqinileyo kwi-enzymes, kwaye ukuxhathisa kwayo kwii-enzymes kuyanda kunye neqondo lokuthatha indawo. Ngoko ke, imveliso inomgangatho ozinzile ngexesha lokugcinwa kunezinye iimveliso zeswekile [189, 212]. HPMC ineempawu ezithile emulsifying. Amaqela e-Hydrophobic methoxy anokuthi abhengezwe kumphezulu wesigaba seoli kwi-emulsion ukwenza i-adsorption layer engqingqwa, enokuthi isebenze njengoluhlu olukhuselayo; Amaqela e-hydroxyl anyibilikayo ngamanzi anokudibaniswa namanzi ukuphucula isigaba esiqhubekayo. I-Viscosity, inqanda i-coalescence yesigaba esihlakaziweyo, iyanciphisa ukunyanzeliswa kwendawo, kwaye izinzile i-emulsion [221]. I-HPMC inokuxutywa neepolima ezinyibilikayo emanzini ezifana ne-gelatin, i-methylcellulose, itshungama yembotyi yeenkumbi, i-carrageenan kunye ne-gum arabic ukwenza isisombululo esifanayo kunye nesicacileyo, kwaye ingaxutywa kunye neeplastiki ezifana ne-glycerin kunye ne-polyethylene glycol. [200, 201, 214].
1.2.2.4 Iingxaki ezikhoyo ekusetyenzisweni kwe-hydroxypropyl methylcellulose
Okokuqala, ixabiso eliphezulu linciphisa ukusetyenziswa okubanzi kwe-HPMC. Nangona ifilimu ye-HPMC inokungafihli kakuhle, iipropati zesithintelo segrisi kunye neempawu zoomatshini. Nangona kunjalo, ixabiso layo eliphezulu (malunga ne-100,000 / toni) linciphisa usetyenziso lwayo olubanzi, nakwixabiso eliphezulu lezicelo zamachiza ezifana nee-capsules. Isizathu sokuba kutheni i-HPMC ibiza kakhulu okokuqala kungenxa yokuba i-cellulose ekrwada esetyenziselwa ukulungisa i-HPMC iyabiza kakhulu. Ukongeza, amaqela amabini abambeleyo, iqela le-hydroxypropyl kunye neqela le-methoxy, amiliselwe kwi-HPMC ngaxeshanye, nto leyo eyenza inkqubo yayo yokulungiselela ibenzima kakhulu. Complex, ngoko iimveliso HPMC zibiza kakhulu.
Okwesibini, i-viscosity ephantsi kunye neempawu zamandla ejeli ephantsi ye-HPMC kumaqondo obushushu aphantsi anciphisa ukuqhubekeka kwayo kwizicelo ezahlukeneyo. I-HPMC yijeli ye-thermal, ekhoyo kwisisombululo esine-viscosity ephantsi kakhulu kwiqondo lokushisa eliphantsi, kwaye inokwenza ijeli ye-viscous eqinileyo efana neqondo lokushisa eliphezulu, ngoko ke iinkqubo zokucubungula ezifana nokugquma, ukutshiza kunye nokudipha kufuneka kuqhutywe kwiqondo lokushisa eliphezulu. . Ngaphandle koko, isisombululo siya kuhamba ngokulula phantsi, kubangele ukubunjwa kwezinto zefilimu ezingafaniyo, eziza kuchaphazela umgangatho kunye nokusebenza kwemveliso. Ukusebenza okunjalo kweqondo lokushisa eliphezulu kwandisa ubunzima bobunzima bokusebenza, okubangelwa ukusetyenziswa kwamandla aphezulu kunye neendleko eziphezulu zokuvelisa.
1.2.3 Ijeli ebandayo yesitatshi iHydroxypropyl
Isitashi yikhompawundi yepolymer yendalo eyenziwe yiphotosynthesis yezityalo kwindawo yendalo. I-polysaccharides yayo idla ngokugcinwa kwiimbewu kunye neebhubhu zezityalo ngendlela yeegranules kunye neeprotheni, iifayibha, ioyile, iswekile kunye neeminerali. okanye kwingcambu [222]. Isitashi ayisona mthombo uphambili wokuthathwa kwamandla kubantu, kodwa sisixhobo esibalulekileyo semveliso. Ngenxa yomthombo wayo obanzi, ixabiso eliphantsi, eliluhlaza, lendalo kunye nokuhlaziywa, sele isetyenziswe ngokubanzi ekutyeni kunye namayeza, ukuvutshelwa, ukwenza iphepha, i-textile kunye ne-petroleum industry [223].
1.2.3.1 Isitatshi kunye nezinto eziphuma kuso
Isitatshi yipolima ephezulu yendalo eneyunithi yesakhiwo iyunithi ye-α-D-anhydroglucose. Iiyunithi ezahlukeneyo zixhunywe ngamabhondi e-glycosidic, kunye nefomula yayo ye-molecular (C6H10O5) n. Inxalenye yekhonkco yeemolekyuli kwi-starch granules idibaniswe yi-α-1,4 glycosidic bonds, eyi-linear amylose; enye inxalenye yekhonkco ye-molecular ixhunywe yi-α-1,6 glycosidic bonds kwesi siseko, esine-branched amylopectin [224]. Kwi-starch granules, kukho imimandla ye-crystalline apho iimolekyuli zicwangciswe ngokucwangcisiweyo kunye nemimandla ye-amorphous apho iimolekyuli zicwangciswe ngokungahambi kakuhle. inxalenye yokwakheka. Akukho mda ocacileyo phakathi kommandla we-crystalline kunye nommandla we-amorphous, kwaye i-amylopectin iamolekyu inokudlula kwiindawo ezininzi ze-crystalline kunye nemimandla ye-amorphous. Ngokusekwe kubume bendalo besitatshi synthesis, ulwakhiwo lwepolysaccharide kwistatshi luyahluka ngeentlobo zezityalo kunye neendawo zomthombo [225].
Nangona isitashi siye saba yenye yezinto ezibalulekileyo zokuveliswa kwemveliso ngenxa yomthombo waso obanzi kunye neepropati ezivuselelwayo, isitashi somthonyama ngokubanzi sinezinto ezingalunganga ezifana nokunyibilika kwamanzi okuhlwempuzekileyo kunye neepropati zokwenza ifilimu, i-emulsifying ephantsi kunye ne-gelling abilities, kunye nokungonelanga kozinzo. Ukwandisa uluhlu lwayo lwesicelo, isitashi ngokuqhelekileyo siguqulwa ngokwe-physicochemically ukuze silungelelanise iimfuno ezahlukeneyo zesicelo [38, 114]. Kukho amaqela amathathu e-hydroxyl asimahla kwiyunithi nganye yesakhiwo seglucose kwiimolekyuli zestatshi. La maqela e-hydroxyl asebenza kakhulu kwaye anika istatshi esineempawu ezifana neepolyols, ezibonelela ukuba nokwenzeka kokusabela kwestatshi denaturation.
Emva kokuguqulwa, ezinye iipropathi zesitashi semveli ziye zaphuculwa kakhulu, ukoyisa iziphene zokusetyenziswa kwesitashi semveli, ngoko ke isitashi esilungisiweyo sidlala indima ebalulekileyo kushishino lwangoku [226]. Isitatshi esine-Oxidized sesinye sezona zisetyenzisiweyo eziguquliweyo zisetyenziswa kakhulu netekhnoloji esele ikhulile. Xa kuthelekiswa nesitashi semveli, isitashi esine-oxidized kulula ukusigalela igelatin. Izinto eziluncedo zokubambelela okuphezulu. I-Esterified starch yi-starch derivative eyenziwe yi-esterification yamaqela e-hydroxyl kwiimolekyuli zestatshi. Iqondo eliphantsi kakhulu lokutshintshwa kunokutshintsha ngokuphawulekayo iimpawu zesitatshi somthonyama. Izinto ezingafihliyo kunye nefilimu yokwenza ifilimu ye-starch paste ngokucacileyo ziphuculwe. Isitashi se-Etherified yi-etherification reaction yamaqela e-hydroxyl kwiimolekyuli ze-starch ukuvelisa i-polystarch ether, kwaye ukubuyisela kwakhona kuyancipha. Ngaphantsi kweemeko ezomeleleyo zealkaline apho isitashi esixutywe ne-oxidized kunye ne-esterified starch ayinakusetyenziswa, ibhondi ye-ether nayo inokuhlala izinzile. inomdla kwi-hydrolysis. Isitashi esine-Acid-modified, isitashi siphathwa nge-asidi ukunyusa umxholo we-amylose, okukhokelela ekuphuculweni okuphuculweyo kunye ne-starch paste. Ibonakala elubala kwaye yenza ijeli eqinileyo xa ipholisa [114].
1.2.3.2 Isakhiwo sesitashi seHydroxypropyl
I-Hydroxypropyl starch (HPS), isakhiwo sayo se-molecular iboniswe kwiMifanekiso 1-4, i-ether yesitashi engeyiyo ionic, elungiselelwe yi-etherification reaction ye-propylene oxide kunye nesitashi phantsi kweemeko ze-alkaline [223, 227, 228], kunye ne-etherification reaction. i-chemical reaction equation iboniswe kwi-Figure 1-6.
Ngexesha lokudityaniswa kwe-HPS, ukongeza ekuphenduleni kunye nesitatshi ukuvelisa isitashi se-hydroxypropyl, ipropylene oxide inokusabela ngestatshi esenziweyo se-hydroxypropyl ukuvelisa amatyathanga asecaleni e-polyoxypropyl. iqondo lokuthatha indawo. IDegree of substitution (DS) ibhekiselele kumndilili yenani lamaqela ehydroxyl endaweni nganye kwiqela leglucosyl. Uninzi lwamaqela e-glucosyl wesitashi aqukethe amaqela angama-3 e-hydroxyl anokutshintshwa, ngoko ke i-DS ephezulu yi-3. I-degree ye-molar substitution (MS) ibhekisela kumyinge wobunzima be-substituents kwi-mole yeqela le-glucosyl [223, 229]. Iimeko zenkqubo ye-hydroxypropylation reaction, i-starch granule morphology, kunye nomlinganiselo we-amylose kwi-amylopectin kwi-starch yendalo yonke ichaphazela ubukhulu be-MS.
1.2.3.3 Iipropati ze-hydroxypropyl starch
(1) I-gelation ebandayo ye-HPS
Kuba intlama yesitatshi eshushu HPS, ngakumbi inkqubo enomxholo ophezulu we-amylose, ngexesha lenkqubo yokupholisa, i-amylose ye-molecular chain kwi-starch intlama idibanisa kunye nesakhiwo sothungelwano esine-dimensional ezintathu, kwaye ibonise ukuziphatha okucacileyo okuqinileyo. Iba yi-elastomer, yenza ijeli, kwaye inokubuyela kwisimo sesisombululo emva kokufudumeza kwakhona, oko kukuthi, ineempawu zejeli ezibandayo, kwaye le nto yejeli ineempawu ezibuyiselwayo [228].
I-gelatinized amylose idityaniswe ngokuqhubekayo ukwenza i-coaxial single helical structure. Ngaphandle kwezi zakhiwo ze-helical enye liqela le-hydrophilic, kwaye ngaphakathi i-hydrophobic cavity. Kwiqondo lobushushu obuphezulu, i-HPS ikhona kwisisombululo esimanzi njengeekhoyili ezingaqhelekanga apho amanye amacandelo e-helical esolula. Xa iqondo lobushushu lithotywa, iibhondi ze-hydrogen phakathi kwe-HPS kunye namanzi ziyaphulwa, amanzi akhiweyo alahlekile, kwaye iibhondi ze-hydrogen phakathi kwamatyathanga eemolekyuli ziqhubeka zisenziwa, ekugqibeleni zenza ijeli yothungelwano olunemigangatho emithathu. Isigaba sokuzalisa kwinethiwekhi ye-gel ye-starch yi-starch granules eseleyo okanye amaqhekeza emva kwe-gelatinization, kunye ne-intertwining ye-amylopectin ethile nayo igalelo ekubunjweni kwegel [230-232].
(2) Hydrophilicity ye-HPS
Ukuqaliswa kwamaqela e-hydrophilic hydroxypropyl kunciphisa amandla e-hydrogen bonds phakathi kwee-molecule ze-starch, ikhuthaza ukuhamba kwee-molecule ze-starch okanye amacandelo, kunye nokunciphisa ukushisa kwe-starch microcrystals; isakhiwo se-starch granules sitshintshiwe, kwaye umphezulu we-starch granules unzima Njengoko ubushushu buyanda, ezinye iintanda okanye imingxuma ibonakala, ukwenzela ukuba iamolekyu zamanzi zikwazi ukungena ngaphakathi kwi-starch granules, okwenza ukuba isitashi sibe lula ukudumba kunye ne-gelatinize; ngoko ubushushu be-gelatinization yesitatshi buyancipha. Njengoko iqondo lokutshintsha lisanda, iqondo lobushushu begelatin ye-hydroxypropyl starch liyehla, kwaye ekugqibeleni linokudumba emanzini abandayo. Emva kwe-hydroxypropylation, ukuhamba, ukuzinza kweqondo lokushisa eliphantsi, ukucaca, ukunyibilika, kunye neepropati zokwenza ifilimu ye-starch pastes zaphuculwa [233-235].
(3) Ukuzinza kwe-HPS
I-HPS yi-ether yesitatshi engeyiyo ionic enozinzo oluphezulu. Ngexesha lokuphendulwa kweekhemikhali ezifana ne-hydrolysis, i-oxidation, kunye ne-cross-linking, ibhondi ye-ether ayiyi kuphulwa kwaye i-substituents ayiyi kuwa. Ngoko ke, iipropathi ze-HPS azichatshazelwa kangako yi-electrolytes kunye ne-pH, ukuqinisekisa ukuba ingasetyenziselwa uluhlu olubanzi lwe-acid-base pH [236-238].
1.2.3.4 Ukusetyenziswa kwe-HPS kwinkalo yokutya namayeza
I-HPS ayinayo ityhefu kwaye ayinancasa, inentsebenzo entle yokwetyisa kunye ne-viscosity ephantsi ye-hydrolyzate. Ibonwa njengesitatshi esilungisiweyo esikhuselekileyo esityiwayo ekhaya naphesheya. Ekuqaleni kwe-1950, i-United States ivume i-hydroxypropyl isitashi sokusetyenziswa ngokuthe ngqo ekutyeni [223, 229, 238]. I-HPS sisitatshi esilungisiweyo esisetyenziswa kakhulu kwindawo yokutya, ikakhulu sisetyenziswa njenge-agent etyebisayo, i-agent exhomayo kunye ne-stabilizer.
Ingasetyenziselwa ukutya okulula kunye nokutya okufriziwe okufana neziselo, i-ayisikrimu, kunye nejem; inokutshintsha ngokuyinxenye iintsini ezityiwayo ezinexabiso eliphezulu njengegelatin; inokwenziwa kwiifilimu ezidliwayo kwaye zisetyenziswe njengeengubo zokutya kunye nokupakisha [229, 236].
I-HPS idla ngokusetyenziswa kwintsimi yeyeza njengezahlulo, izibophelelo zezityalo zamayeza, i-disintegrants kwiipilisi, izixhobo zekhepsuli ezithambileyo nezilukhuni, i-drug coatings, anti-condensing agents for artificial red blood cells and plasma thickeners, etc. [239] .
1.3 iPolymer Compounding
Izinto zePolymer zisetyenziswa ngokubanzi kuzo zonke iinkalo zobomi kwaye ziyimfuneko kwaye zibalulekile izinto. Uphuhliso oluqhubekayo lwesayensi kunye nethekhinoloji yenza ukuba iimfuno zabantu zahluke ngakumbi nangakumbi, kwaye ngokuqhelekileyo kunzima kwimathiriyeli ye-polymer yecandelo elinye ukuhlangabezana neemfuno ezahlukeneyo zokusetyenziswa kwabantu. Ukudibanisa iipholima ezimbini okanye ngaphezulu yeyona ndlela inoqoqosho kwaye isebenzayo yokufumana izixhobo zepolymer ngexabiso eliphantsi, ukusebenza okugqwesileyo, ukusetyenzwa okufanelekileyo kunye nokusetyenziswa okubanzi, okuye kwatsala ingqalelo yabaphandi abaninzi kwaye ihlawulwe ngakumbi nangakumbi [240-242] .
1.3.1 Injongo kunye nendlela yokudibanisa ipholima
Eyona njongo iphambili yokudityaniswa kwepolymer: (l) Ukwandisa iimpawu ezibanzi zemathiriyeli. Iipolymers ezahlukeneyo ziyadityaniswa, ukwenzela ukuba i-compound yokugqibela igcine iimpawu ezigqwesileyo ze-macromolecule enye, ifunda kumandla omnye komnye kwaye izalisekise ubuthathaka bayo, kwaye ikhulise iimpawu ezibanzi zemathiriyeli yepolymer. (2) Ukunciphisa iindleko zezinto eziphathekayo. Ezinye izinto zepolymer zineempawu ezintle, kodwa zibiza kakhulu. Ngoko ke, zinokudibaniswa nezinye iipolymers ezingabizi ukunciphisa iindleko ngaphandle kokuchaphazela ukusetyenziswa. (3) Ukuphucula iimpawu zokwenziwa kwezinto. Ezinye izinto zineempawu ezibalaseleyo kodwa kunzima ukuqhubekeka, kwaye ezinye iipolymer ezifanelekileyo zingongezwa ukuphucula iipropathi zazo zokusetyenzwa. (4) Ukuqinisa ipropati ethile yezinto eziphathekayo. Ukuze kuphuculwe ukusebenza kwezinto kwinkalo ethile, enye i-polymer isetyenziselwa ukuyiguqula. (5) Phuhlisa imisebenzi emitsha yezinto.
Iindlela eziqhelekileyo zokudibanisa ipholima: (l) Ukunyibilikisa ukudibanisa. Ngaphantsi kwesenzo sokucheba sezixhobo ezidityanisiweyo, iipholima ezahlukeneyo zifudunyezwa ukuya ngaphezulu kobushushu bokuqukuqela kwe-viscous ukuze kuhlanganiswe, kwaye emva koko zipholiswe kwaye zenziwe igranulated emva kokudibanisa. (2) Ukuhlengahlengiswa kwesisombululo. Amacandelo amabini axutywe kwaye axutywe ngokusebenzisa i-solvent eqhelekileyo, okanye i-solvents ye-polymer edibeneyo edibeneyo ixutywe ngokulinganayo, emva koko i-solvent isuswe ukuze ifumane i-polymer compound. (3) Ukudibanisa i-emulsion. Emva kokuvuselela kunye nokuxuba i-emulsions ye-polymer eyahlukeneyo yohlobo olufanayo lwe-emulsifier, i-coagulant yongezwa kwi-co-precipitate i-polymer ukufumana i-polymer compound. (4) I-Copolymerization kunye nokudibanisa. Kubandakanya i-graft copolymerization, i-block copolymerization kunye ne-copolymerization esebenzayo, inkqubo yokudibanisa ihamba kunye nokusabela kweekhemikhali. (5) Inethiwekhi edibeneyo [10].
1.3.2 Ukudityaniswa kweepolysaccharides zendalo
Iipolysaccharides zendalo luhlobo oluqhelekileyo lwezixhobo zepolymer kwindalo, ezihlala ziguqulwa ngokwekhemikhali kwaye zibonise iipropathi ezahlukeneyo ezigqwesileyo. Nangona kunjalo, izixhobo ze-polysaccharide enye zihlala zinemida ethile yokusebenza, ngoko ke iipolysaccharides ezahlukeneyo zihlala zidityanisiwe ukuze zifezekise injongo yokuncedisana nezibonelelo zokusebenza zecandelo ngalinye kunye nokwandisa umda wokusetyenziswa. Kwangoo-1980s, uphando malunga nokudityaniswa kwee-polysaccharides zendalo ezahlukeneyo zonyuke kakhulu [243]. Uphando malunga nenkqubo yendalo ye-polysaccharide yendalo ekhaya nakwamanye amazwe igxile kakhulu kwi-compound system ye-curdlan kunye ne-non-curdlan kunye ne-compound system yeentlobo ezimbini ze-polysaccharide engeyiyo i-curd.
1.3.2.1 Ukuhlelwa kwee-polysaccharide zendalo ze-hydrogels
I-polysaccharides yendalo inokwahlulwa ibe yi-curdlan kunye ne-non-curdlan ngokwamandla abo okwenza iigels. Ezinye iipolysaccharides zinokwenza iigel ngokwazo, ngoko zibizwa ngokuba yi-curdlan, njenge-carrageenan, njl.; abanye abanazo iipropathi zegelling ngokwabo, kwaye zibizwa ngokuba yi-non-curd polysaccharides, njenge-xanthan gum.
I-Hydrogels inokufumaneka ngokunyibilikisa i-curdlan yendalo kwisisombululo esinamanzi. Ngokusekwe kwi-thermoreversibility yejeli enesiphumo kunye nokuxhomekeka kobushushu bemodyuli yayo, inokwahlulwa kwezi ntlobo zine zilandelayo [244]:
(1) I-Cryogel, isisombululo se-polysaccharide sinokufumana kuphela i-gel kwiqondo lokushisa eliphantsi, njenge-carrageenan.
(2) Ijeli eyenziwe nge-Thermally, isisombululo se-polysaccharide sinokufumana kuphela ijeli kwiqondo lokushisa eliphezulu, njengeglucomannan.
(3) Isisombululo se-polysaccharide asikwazi ukufumana kuphela i-gel kwiqondo lokushisa eliphantsi, kodwa liphinde lifumane i-gel kwiqondo lokushisa eliphezulu, kodwa libonise isisombululo sesisombululo kwiqondo lokushisa eliphakathi.
(4) Isisombululo sinokufumana kuphela ijeli kwiqondo lokushisa elithile phakathi. I-curdlan yendalo eyahlukileyo ine-concentration yayo ebalulekileyo (ubuncinci), ngasentla apho i-gel inokufumaneka khona. Ukugxininiswa okubalulekileyo kwejel kuhambelana nobude obuqhubekayo be-polysaccharide molecular chain; amandla ejeli achaphazeleka kakhulu kugxininiso kunye nobunzima bemolekyuli yesisombululo, kwaye ngokuqhelekileyo, amandla e-gel ayanda njengoko ugxininiso lukhula [245].
1.3.2.2 Inkqubo edibeneyo ye-curdlan kunye ne-non-curdlan
Ukudibanisa i-non-curdlan kunye ne-curdlan ngokubanzi kuphucula amandla e-gel ye-polysaccharides [246]. Ukudityaniswa kwe-konjac gum kunye ne-carrageenan kwandisa ukuzinza kunye nokuqina kwe-gel yesakhiwo sothungelwano lwejeli edibeneyo, kwaye iphucula kakhulu amandla ayo ejeli. Wei Yu et al. i-carrageenan edibeneyo kunye ne-konjac gum, kwaye yaxoxa ngesakhiwo sejeli emva kokudibanisa. Uphononongo lufumene ukuba emva kokudibanisa i-carrageenan kunye ne-konjac gum, i-synergistic effect yaveliswa, kwaye isakhiwo sothungelwano esilawulwa yi-carrageenan senziwe, i-konjac gum ihlakazekile kuyo, kwaye inethiwekhi yayo ye-gel inzima kune-carrageenan ecocekileyo [247]. Kohyama et al. wafunda inkqubo ye-compound ye-carrageenan / i-konjac gum, kwaye iziphumo zibonise ukuba ngokunyuka okuqhubekayo kobunzima be-molecular of konjac gum, ukunyanzeliswa kwengcinezelo ye-gel edibeneyo kuqhubeka nokunyuka; Intlaka yekonjac enobunzima obuhlukeneyo bemolekyuli yabonisa ukwakheka kwejeli efanayo. ubushushu. Kule nkqubo ye-compound, ukubunjwa kwenethiwekhi ye-gel kwenziwa yi-carrageenan, kwaye ukusebenzisana phakathi kwee-molecule ezimbini ze-curdlan kubangela ukubunjwa kwemimandla ebuthathaka edibeneyo [248]. UNishinari et al. wafunda inkqubo ye-gellan gum/konjac gum compound, kwaye iziphumo zibonise ukuba impembelelo ye-cations ye-monovalent kwi-gel edibeneyo yayicace ngakumbi. Inokunyusa imodyuli yenkqubo kunye nobushushu bokwenza ijeli. I-Divalent cations inokukhuthaza ukubunjwa kweegel ezidibeneyo ukuya kwinqanaba elithile, kodwa ixabiso eligqithisileyo liya kubangela ukuhlukana kwesigaba kunye nokunciphisa imodyuli yenkqubo [246]. Breneer et al. Uphonononge ukudityaniswa kwecarrageenan, intshungama yembotyi yeenkumbi kunye nentlaka yekonjac, wafumanisa ukuba icarrageenan, intshungama yembotyi yenkumbi kunye nentlaka yekonjac zinokuvelisa iziphumo ezihambelanayo, kwaye umlinganiselo ofanelekileyo yintshungama yeenkumbi/carrageenan 1:5.5, konjac gum/carrageenan 1:7 , kwaye xa ezi zintathu zidibene kunye, umphumo we-synergistic ufana ne-carrageenan / konjac gum, ebonisa ukuba akukho kuhlanganiswa okukhethekileyo kwezi zintathu. intsebenziswano [249].
1.3.2.2 Iinkqubo ezimbini ze-non-curdlan compound
Iipolysaccharides ezimbini zendalo ezingenazo iipropati zejeli zingabonisa iimpawu zejeli ngokudibanisa, okubangelwa iimveliso zejeli [250]. Ukudibanisa intshungama yeenkumbi kunye ne-xanthan gum kuvelisa umphumo we-synergistic obangela ukubunjwa kweegels ezintsha [251]. Imveliso yejeli entsha inokufumaneka ngokudibanisa i-xanthan gum kwi-konjac glucomannan yokudibanisa [252]. Wei Yanxia et al. wafunda iipropathi zerheological ezintsonkothileyo zenkumbi yeembotyi kunye ne-xanthan gum. Iziphumo zibonisa ukuba ikhompawundi yentshungama yembotyi yenkumbi kunye ne-xanthan gum ivelisa i-synergistic effect. Xa i-compound volume ratio yi-4: 6, umphumo onamandla kakhulu we-synergistic [253]. Fitzsimons et al. i-konjac glucomannan ene-xanthan gum kwiqondo lobushushu begumbi naphantsi kokufudumeza. Iziphumo zibonise ukuba zonke iikhompawundi zibonise iipropati zejeli, ezibonisa umphumo we-synergistic phakathi kwezi zibini. Iqondo lokushisa elihlanganisiweyo kunye nesakhiwo se-xanthan gum ayizange ichaphazele intsebenziswano phakathi kwezi zimbini [254]. UGuo Shoujun kunye nabanye bafunda umxube wokuqala welindle lehagu igum yembotyi kunye nexanthan gum, kwaye iziphumo zabonisa ukuba ilindle lehagu ibhontshisi igum kunye nexanthan gum zinefuthe elinamandla le-synergistic. Eyona ndlela ilungileyo yokudityaniswa kwelindle lehagu kwimbotyi gum kunye nexanthan gum ikhompawundi encamathelayo yi-6/4 (w/w). Ngamaxesha angama-102 kwisisombululo esisodwa se-soybean gum, kwaye i-gel yenziwe xa ukuxinwa kwe-confusion gum kufinyelela kwi-0.4%. I-adhesive ekhompawundi ine-viscosity ephezulu, uzinzo oluhle kunye neempawu ze-rheological, kwaye zigqwesileyo zokutya-iintsini [255].
1.3.3 Ukuhambelana kweengxube zepolymer
Ukuhambelana, ngokwembono ye-thermodynamic, kubhekiselele ekuphumezeni ukuhambelana kwenqanaba lemolekyuli, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-mutual solubility. Ngokutsho kwethiyori yemodeli ye-Flory-Huggins, utshintsho lwamandla asimahla lwenkqubo yepolymer compound ngexesha lenkqubo yokudibanisa ihambelana nefomula yamandla yasimahla yeGibbs:
△���=△���-T△S (1-1)
Phakathi kwabo, △���ngamandla asimahla anzima, △���bubushushu obuntsonkothileyo, yi-entropy entsonkothileyo; bubushushu obupheleleyo; inkqubo entsonkothileyo yinkqubo ehambelanayo kuphela xa amandla asimahla etshintsha △���ngexesha lenkqubo enzima [256].
Ingqikelelo ye-miscibility ivela kwinto yokuba zimbalwa kakhulu iinkqubo ezinokufezekisa ukuhambelana kwe-thermodynamic. I-Miscibility ibhekiselele kwisakhono samacandelo ahlukeneyo ukwenza ii-homogeneous complexes, kwaye inqobo esetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo kukuba iikhompleksi zibonisa indawo yokutshintsha kweglasi enye.
Ukwahluka kwi-thermodynamic comppatibility, ukuhambelana ngokubanzi kubhekiselele kwisakhono secandelo ngalinye kwi-compound system ukulungiselela enye kwenye, ecetywayo ukusuka kwindawo ebonakalayo [257].
Ngokusekwe kukuhambelana ngokubanzi, iinkqubo ezihlanganisiweyo zepolymer zinokwahlulwa zibe ziinkqubo ezihambelana ngokupheleleyo, ezihambelanayo kunye nezingahambelani ngokupheleleyo. Inkqubo ehambelana ngokupheleleyo ithetha ukuba ikhompawundi i-thermodynamically miscible kwinqanaba le-molecular; inkqubo ehambelanayo ngokuyinxenye ithetha ukuba ikhompawundi iyahambelana phakathi kweqondo elithile lobushushu okanye uluhlu lokuqulunqa; inkqubo engahambelani ngokupheleleyo ithetha ukuba ikhompawundi yi-Molecular-level miscibility ayinakufezekiswa kulo naliphi na iqondo lobushushu okanye ukwakheka.
Ngenxa yomahluko othile wesakhiwo kunye ne-conformational entropy phakathi kweepolima ezahlukeneyo, uninzi lweenkqubo ezintsonkothileyo zepolymer zihambelana ngokuyinxenye okanye azihambelani [11, 12]. Ngokuxhomekeke kwisigaba sokwahlulwa kwenkqubo yekhompiyutha kunye nenqanaba lokuxuba, ukuhambelana kwenkqubo ehambelanayo kuya kuhluka kakhulu [11]. Iimpawu ze-macroscopic ze-polymer composites zihambelana ngokusondeleyo kwi-morphology yazo yangaphakathi ye-microscopic kunye neempawu zomzimba kunye neekhemikhali zecandelo ngalinye. 240], ngoko kubaluleke kakhulu ukufunda i-morphology ye-microscopic kunye nokuhambelana kwenkqubo edibeneyo.
UPhando kunye neNdlela yoBulinganiswa bokuNxibelelana kweMidibaniselwano yeBhinary:
(1) Ubushushu bokutshintsha kweglasi T���indlela yokuthelekisa. Ukuthelekisa uT���yekhompawundi kunye ne-T���kumacandelo ayo, ukuba i-T enye kuphela���ibonakala kwi-compound, inkqubo edibeneyo yinkqubo ehambelanayo; ukuba kukho ezimbini T���, kunye neT���iindawo zekhompawundi zikumaqela amabini Umbindi wamanqaku T���ibonisa ukuba inkqubo ehlanganisiweyo yinkqubo ehambelanayo ngokuyinxenye; ukuba kukho ezimbini T���, kwaye abekwe kwindawo yamacandelo amabini T���, ibonisa ukuba inkqubo edibeneyo yinkqubo engahambelaniyo.
T���Izixhobo zokuvavanya ezihlala zisetyenziswa kwindlela yokuthelekisa i-dynamic thermomechanical analyzer (DMA) kunye ne-different scanning calorimeter (DSC). Le ndlela inokugweba ngokukhawuleza ukuhambelana kwenkqubo edibeneyo, kodwa ukuba i-T���kumacandelo amabini afanayo, i-T enye���iyakuvela kwakhona emva kokudibanisa, ngoko ke le ndlela ineziphene ezithile [10].
(2) Indlela yokujonga i-morphological. Okokuqala, jonga i-macroscopic morphology yekhompawundi. Ukuba i-compound inokwahlukana kwesigaba esicacileyo, kunokugwetywa kwangaphambili ukuba inkqubo edibeneyo yinkqubo engahambelaniyo. Okwesibini, i-microscopic morphology kunye nesigaba sesigaba sekhompawundi sijongwa nge-microscope. Amacandelo amabini ahambelana ngokupheleleyo aya kwenza i-homogeneous state. Ke ngoko, i-compound enokuhambelana kakuhle inokubona ukuhanjiswa kwesigaba esifanayo kunye nobungakanani bamasuntswana amancinci. kunye nojongano oluluzizi.
Izixhobo zovavanyo ezihlala zisetyenziswa kwindlela yokujonga i-topography yi-optical microscope kunye ne-scan electron microscope (SEM). Indlela yokujonga i-Topography inokusetyenziswa njengendlela encedisayo ngokudityaniswa nezinye iindlela zokubonisa abalinganiswa.
(3) Indlela yokungafihli. Kwinkqubo ye-compound ehambelanayo ngokuyinxenye, amacandelo amabini anokuhambelana phakathi komgangatho othile wokushisa kunye nokwakheka, kwaye ukuhlukana kwesigaba kuya kwenzeka ngaphaya kolu luhlu. Kwinkqubo yokuguqulwa kwenkqubo ye-compound ukusuka kwi-homogeneous system ukuya kwi-system yesigaba sesibini, ukuhanjiswa kokukhanya kwayo kuya kutshintsha, ngoko ukuhambelana kwayo kunokufundwa ngokufunda ukucaca kwekhompawundi.
Le ndlela ingasetyenziselwa kuphela njengendlela yokuncedisa, kuba xa i-indices refractive ye-polymers ezimbini zifana, i-compound efunyenwe ngokudibanisa iipolymers ezimbini ezingahambelaniyo nazo ziyabonakala.
(4) Indlela ye-Rheological. Kule ndlela, ukuguqulwa ngokukhawuleza kweeparameters ze-viscoelastic ze-compound isetyenziswe njengophawu lokuhlukana kwesigaba, umzekelo, utshintsho olukhawulezayo lwe-viscosity-temperature curve lusetyenziselwa ukuphawula ukuhlukana kwesigaba, kunye nokutshintsha ngokukhawuleza okubonakalayo. I-chear stress-temperature curve isetyenziswa njengophawu lokuhlukana kwesigaba. Inkqubo yokudibanisa ngaphandle kokuhlukana kwesigaba emva kokudibanisa inokuhambelana kakuhle, kwaye abo banokuhlukana kwesigaba abahambelaniyo okanye inkqubo ehambelanayo [258].
(5) Indlela yegophe likaHan. Igophe likaHan yi-lg���'(���) lg G”, ukuba i-curve ye-Han ye-compound system ayinakho ukuxhomekeka kweqondo lokushisa, kwaye i-curve ye-Han kumaqondo okushisa ahlukeneyo yenza i-curve ephambili, inkqubo ye-compound iyahambelana; ukuba inkqubo yekhompawundi iyahambelana Igophe likaHan lixhomekeke kubushushu. Ukuba i-curve ye-Han iyahlukana komnye nomnye kumaqondo okushisa ahlukeneyo kwaye ayikwazi ukwenza i-curve ephambili, inkqubo ye-compound ayihambelani okanye iyahambelana. Ngoko ke, ukuhambelana kwenkqubo yekhompawundi kunokugwetywa ngokuhlukana kwe-curve ye-Han.
(6) Indlela ye-viscosity yesisombululo. Le ndlela isebenzisa utshintsho lwe-viscosity yesisombululo ukubonisa ukuhambelana kwenkqubo edibeneyo. Ngaphantsi koxinzelelo oluhlukeneyo lwesisombululo, i-viscosity ye-compound icwangciswe ngokumalunga nokubunjwa. Ukuba lubudlelwane bomgca, kuthetha ukuba inkqubo ehlanganisiweyo ihambelana ngokupheleleyo; ukuba ibubudlelwane obungenamgca, kuthetha ukuba inkqubo ehlanganisiweyo ihambelana ngokuyinxenye; ukuba igophe elimise okwe-S, ngoko ibonisa ukuba inkqubo yekhompawundi ayihambelani ngokupheleleyo [10].
(7) I-infrared spectroscopy. Emva kokuba iipolymers ezimbini zidityanisiwe, ukuba ukuhambelana kulungile, kuya kubakho ukusebenzisana okufana neebhondi ze-hydrogen, kunye nezikhundla zebhendi zamaqela eempawu kwi-spectrum ye-infrared yeqela ngalinye kwi-polymer chain iya kutshintsha. I-offset yeempawu zeqela leebhendi ze-complex kunye necandelo ngalinye linokugweba ukuhambelana kwenkqubo enzima.
Ukongezelela, ukuhambelana kwee-complexes kunokuphinda kufundwe ngabahlalutyi be-thermogravimetric, i-X-ray diffraction, i-angle encinci ye-X-ray yokusabalalisa, ukusabalalisa ukukhanya, ukuchithwa kwe-electron ye-neutron, i-nuclear magnetic resonance kunye neendlela ze-ultrasonic [10].
1.3.4 Inkqubela phambili yophando lwe-hydroxypropyl methylcellulose/hydroxypropyl starch compounding
1.3.4.1 Ukudityaniswa kwe-hydroxypropyl methylcellulose kunye nezinye izinto
Imidibaniso ye-HPMC kunye nezinye izinto zisetyenziswa ikakhulu kwiinkqubo zokukhupha ezilawulwa ngamachiza kunye nemathiriyeli yokupakishwa kwefilim ezityiwayo okanye ezonakeleyo. Kwisicelo sokukhululwa okulawulwa ngamachiza, iipolymers zihlala zixutywa kunye ne-HPMC ziquka iipolima zokwenziwa ezifana ne-polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), i-lactic acid-glycolic acid copolymer (PLGA) kunye ne-polycaprolactone (PCL), kunye neeprotheni, iipolima zeNdalo ezifana iipolysaccharides. Abdel-Zaher et al. bafunde ukubunjwa kwesakhiwo, ukuzinza kwe-thermal kunye nobudlelwane babo kunye nokusebenza kwee-composites ze-HPMC / PVA, kwaye iziphumo zibonise ukuba kukho ukungahambi kakuhle phambi kweepolymers ezimbini [259]. Zabihi et al. isetyenzisiwe i-HPMC / PLGA eyinkimbinkimbi ukulungiselela i-microcapsules yokukhutshwa kokulawulwa kunye nokugcinwa okuqhubekayo kwe-insulin, enokufikelela ukukhululwa okuqhubekayo kwisisu namathumbu [260]. UJaved et al. i-hydrophilic HPMC edibeneyo kunye ne-hydrophobic PCL kwaye isetyenziswe i-HPMC / PCL complexes njengezixhobo ze-microcapsule zokukhutshwa kweziyobisi ezilawulwayo kunye nokugcinwa okuqhubekayo, ezinokukhutshwa kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zomzimba womntu ngokulungelelanisa umlinganiselo wokudibanisa [261]. Ding et al. wafunda iipropathi ze-rheological ezifana ne-viscosity, i-viscoelasticity eguqukayo, i-creep recovery, kunye ne-thixotropy ye-HPMC / i-collagen complexes esetyenziswa kwintsimi yokukhutshwa kweziyobisi ezilawulwayo, inikezela isikhokelo sethiyori kwizicelo zoshishino [262]. UArthanari, uCai kunye noRai et al. [263-265] I-complexes ye-HPMC kunye ne-polysaccharides ezifana ne-chitosan, i-xanthan gum, kunye ne-sodium alginate zisetyenziswe kwinkqubo yokugonya kunye nokukhululwa okuqhubekayo kweziyobisi, kwaye iziphumo zibonise umphumo wokukhutshwa kweziyobisi ezilawulwayo [263-265].
Kuphuhliso lwezixhobo zokupakisha zefilimu ezityiwayo okanye ezonakeleyo, iipolima zihlala zidityaniswa ne-HPMC ziziipolima zendalo ezinje ngelipids, iiproteni kunye neepolysaccharides. Karaca, Fagundes kunye Contreras-Oliva et al. ilungisiwe inwebu edibeneyo etyiwayo ene-HPMC/lipid complexes, kwaye isetyenziswe ekugcineni iiplum, iitumato zecherry kunye ne-citrus, ngokulandelanayo. Iziphumo zibonise ukuba i-HPMC / i-lipid complex membranes inefuthe elihle lokulwa ne-antibacterial yokugcinwa ngokutsha [266-268]. UShetty, uRubilar, kunye noDing et al. wafunda iipropati zomatshini, ukuzinza kwe-thermal, i-microstructure, kunye nokusebenzisana phakathi kwamacandelo eefilimu ezidibeneyo ezidliwayo ezilungiselelwe kwi-HPMC, iprotheni yesilika, i-whey protein isolate, kunye ne-collagen, ngokulandelanayo [269-271]. Esteghlal et al. yenziwe i-HPMC enegelatin ukulungiselela iifilimu ezityiwayo ukuze zisetyenziswe kwizinto zokupakisha ezisekwe kwibhayoloji [111]. Priya, Kondaveeti, Sakata kunye Ortega-Toro et al. ilungisiwe i-HPMC / chitosan HPMC / xyloglucan, HPMC / ethyl cellulose kunye ne-HPMC / isitashi iifilimu ezidibeneyo ezidliwayo, ngokulandelanayo, kwaye zafunda ukuzinza kwazo kwe-thermal, iipropati ze-mechanical properties, i-microstructure kunye ne-antibacterial properties [139, 272-274]. Ikhompawundi ye-HPMC/PLA ingasetyenziswa njengento yokupakisha kwizinto zokutya, ngokuqhelekileyo nge-extrusion [275].
Kuphuhliso lwezixhobo zokupakisha zefilimu ezityiwayo okanye ezonakeleyo, iipolima zihlala zidityaniswa ne-HPMC ziziipolima zendalo ezinje ngelipids, iiproteni kunye neepolysaccharides. Karaca, Fagundes kunye Contreras-Oliva et al. ilungisiwe inwebu edibeneyo etyiwayo ene-HPMC/lipid complexes, kwaye isetyenziswe ekugcineni iiplum, iitumato zecherry kunye ne-citrus, ngokulandelanayo. Iziphumo zibonise ukuba i-HPMC / i-lipid complex membranes inefuthe elihle lokulwa ne-antibacterial yokugcinwa ngokutsha [266-268]. UShetty, uRubilar, kunye noDing et al. wafunda iipropati zomatshini, ukuzinza kwe-thermal, i-microstructure, kunye nokusebenzisana phakathi kwamacandelo eefilimu ezidibeneyo ezidliwayo ezilungiselelwe kwi-HPMC, iprotheni yesilika, i-whey protein isolate, kunye ne-collagen, ngokulandelanayo [269-271]. Esteghlal et al. yenziwe i-HPMC enegelatin ukulungiselela iifilimu ezityiwayo ukuze zisetyenziswe kwizinto zokupakisha ezisekwe kwibhayoloji [111]. Priya, Kondaveeti, Sakata kunye Ortega-Toro et al. ilungisiwe i-HPMC / chitosan HPMC / xyloglucan, HPMC / ethyl cellulose kunye ne-HPMC / isitashi iifilimu ezidibeneyo ezidliwayo, ngokulandelanayo, kwaye zafunda ukuzinza kwazo kwe-thermal, iipropati ze-mechanical properties, i-microstructure kunye ne-antibacterial properties [139, 272-274]. Ikhompawundi ye-HPMC/PLA ingasetyenziswa njengento yokupakisha kwizinto zokutya, ngokuqhelekileyo nge-extrusion [275].
1.3.4.2 Ukudibanisa isitatshi kunye nezinye izinto
Uphando malunga nokudibanisa isitashi kunye nezinye izinto ekuqaleni zijolise kwizinto ezahlukeneyo ze-hydrophobic aliphatic polyester, kuquka i-polylactic acid (PLA), i-polycaprolactone (PCL), i-polybutene succinic acid (PBSA), njl. 276]. UMuller et al. wafunda isakhiwo kunye neepropati ze-starch / i-PLA edibeneyo kunye nokusebenzisana phakathi kwezi zibini, kwaye iziphumo zibonise ukuba ukusebenzisana phakathi kwezi zibini kwakubuthathaka kwaye iimpawu zomatshini ze-composites zihluphekile [277]. UCorrea, uKomur kunye noDiaz-Gomez et al. wafunda iipropathi ze-mechanical, izakhiwo ze-rheological, iimpawu ze-gel kunye nokuhambelana kwamacandelo amabini e-starch / PCL complexes, eziye zasetyenziswa ekuphuhliseni izinto eziphathekayo, i-biomedical Materials kunye ne-Tissue Engineering Scaffolding Materials [278-280]. U-Ohkika et al. ufumanise ukuba umxube we-cornstarch kunye ne-PBSA uyathembisa kakhulu. Xa umxholo wesitashi u-5-30%, ukwandisa umxholo we-starch granules kunokunyusa i-modulus kunye nokunciphisa uxinzelelo lwe-tensile kunye nokwandisa ngexesha lekhefu [281,282]. I-Hydrophobic aliphatic polyester ayihambelani ne-thermodynamically kunye ne-hydrophilic starch, kunye neentlobo ezahlukeneyo ze-compatibilizers kunye nezongezelelo zihlala zongezwa ukuphucula ujongano lwesigaba phakathi kwesitatshi kunye ne-polyester. Szadkowska, Ferri, kunye noLi et al. wafunda iziphumo ze-plasticizers ezisekelwe kwi-silanol, ioli ye-linhydride ye-linhydride, kunye ne-functionalized oil derivatives kwisakhiwo kunye neepropati ze-starch / PLA complexes, ngokulandelanayo [283-285]. Ortega-Toro, Yu et al. isetyenziswe i-citric acid kunye ne-diphenylmethane diisocyanate ukuhambelana nesitashi / i-PCL i-compound kunye ne-starch / i-PBSA i-compound, ngokulandelanayo, ukuphucula izinto eziphathekayo kunye nokuzinza [286, 287].
Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, uphando oluninzi luye lwenziwa malunga nokudibanisa isitashi kunye neepolymer zendalo ezifana neeprotheni, iipolysaccharides kunye nelipids. I-Teklehaimanot, uSahin-Nadeen kunye noZhang et al bafunde iimpawu ze-physicochemical of starch / zein, isitashi / whey protein kunye ne-starch / gelatin complexes, ngokulandelanayo, kunye neziphumo zonke zifumene iziphumo ezilungileyo, ezinokuthi zisetyenziswe kwi-biomaterials yokutya kunye ne-capsules [52, 288, 289]. ULozanno-Navarro, uTalon kunye noRen et al. wafunda ukuhanjiswa kokukhanya, iipropathi zomatshini, iipropathi ze-antibacterial kunye ne-chitosan yoxinzelelo lwesitashi / ifilimu edibeneyo ye-chitosan, ngokulandelanayo, kwaye yongeza izicatshulwa zendalo, i-polyphenols yeti kunye nezinye i-antibacterial agents zendalo ukuphucula umphumo we-antibacterial wefilimu edibeneyo. Iziphumo zophando zibonisa ukuba ifilimu edibeneyo ye-starch / chitosan inamandla amakhulu kwipakethe esebenzayo yokutya kunye neyeza [290-292]. Kaushik, Ghanbarzadeh, Arvanitoyannis, kunye noZhang et al. wafunda iipropati zesitashi / i-cellulose nanocrystals, isitashi / i-carboxymethylcellulose, isitashi / i-methylcellulose, kunye nesitashi / i-hydroxypropylmethylcellulose iifilimu ezihlanganisiweyo, ngokulandelanayo, kunye nezicelo eziphambili kwizinto zokupakisha ezidliwayo / ze-biodegradable [293-295]. UDafe, uJumaidin kunye noLascombes et al. wafunda i-starch / food gum compounds ezifana nesitashi / i-pectin, isitashi / i-agar kunye nesitashi / i-carrageenan, esetyenziswa kakhulu kwintsimi yokutya kunye nokupakishwa kokutya [296-298]. Iimpawu ze-physicochemical ze-tapioca isitashi / ioli ye-corn, i-starch / lipid complexes zafundwa nguPerez, uDe et al., Ngokukodwa ukukhokela inkqubo yokuvelisa ukutya okugqithisiweyo [299, 300].
1.3.4.3 Ukudityaniswa kwe-hydroxypropyl methylcellulose kunye nesitashi
Okwangoku, akukho zifundo ezininzi kwi-compound system ye-HPMC kunye ne-starch ekhaya nakwamanye amazwe, kwaye uninzi lwabo longeza inani elincinci le-HPMC kwi-matrix ye-starch ukuphucula i-phenomenon ye-starch. Jimenez et al. wasebenzisa HPMC ukunciphisa ukuguga istatshi yemveli ukuphucula permeability of inwebu starch. Iziphumo zibonise ukuba ukongezwa kwe-HPMC kunciphise ukuguga kwesitashi kunye nokwandisa ukuguquguquka kwe-membrane edibeneyo. I-oxygen permeability ye-membrane edibeneyo yanda kakhulu, kodwa ukusebenza kwamanzi akuzange kwenzeke. Utshintshile kangakanani [301]. Villacres, Basch et al. i-HPMC edibeneyo kunye ne-tapioca starch ukulungiselela i-HPMC / isitashi esihlanganisiweyo sezinto zokupakisha ifilimu, kwaye yafunda impembelelo yeplastiki ye-glycerin kwifilimu edibeneyo kunye nemiphumo ye-potassium sorbate kunye ne-nisin kwiipropati ze-antibacterial zefilimu edibeneyo. Iziphumo Ibonisa ukuba ngokunyuka komxholo we-HPMC, imodyuli e-elastic kunye namandla okuqina kwefilimu edibeneyo yongezwa, i-elongation kwikhefu iyancipha, kwaye umphunga wamanzi umphunga unempembelelo encinci; I-potassium sorbate kunye ne-nisin inokuphucula zombini ifilimu edibeneyo. Impembelelo ye-antibacterial ye-antibacterial agents ingcono xa isetyenziswe kunye [112, 302]. Ortega-Toro et al. wafunda iipropati ze-HPMC / isitashi se-membrane edibeneyo edibeneyo, kwaye wafunda umphumo we-citric acid kwiipropati zeembrane ezidibeneyo. Iziphumo zibonise ukuba i-HPMC yachithwa kwisigaba esiqhubekayo sesitatshi, kwaye zombini i-citric acid kunye ne-HPMC yaba nefuthe ekugugeni kwesitatshi. ukuya kwinqanaba elithile lokuthintela [139]. U-Ayorinde et al. kusetyenziswa ifilimu edibeneyo ye-HPMC / isitashi sokwaleka kwe-amlodipine yomlomo, kwaye iziphumo zibonise ukuba ixesha lokuchithwa kunye nesantya sokukhululwa kwefilimu edibeneyo yayilungile kakhulu [303].
UZhao Ming et al. wafunda umphumo wesitashi kwizinga lokugcinwa kwamanzi kwiifilimu ze-HPMC, kwaye iziphumo zibonise ukuba isitashi kunye ne-HPMC zinefuthe elithile le-synergistic, elibangele ukwanda kwesantya sokugcinwa kwamanzi [304]. UZhang et al. wafunda iipropati zefilimu ye-HPMC / HPS edibeneyo kunye neempawu ze-rheological zesisombululo. Iziphumo zibonisa ukuba i-HPMC/HPS i-compound system inokuhambelana okuthile, ukusebenza kwe-compound membrane ilungile, kunye neempawu ze-rheological ze-HPS ukuya kwi-HPMC Inesiphumo esihle sokulinganisa [305, 306]. Kukho izifundo ezimbalwa kwi-HPMC / inkqubo yesitatshi enomxholo ophezulu we-HPMC, kwaye uninzi lwazo likuphando lwentsebenzo enzulu, kwaye uphando lwethiyori kwinkqubo yekhompawundi lunqongophele, ngakumbi ijeli ye-HPMC/HPS ebandayo-ubushushu obubuyiselwe umva. Ijeli edibeneyo yesigaba. Izifundo zoomatshini zisekwimo engenanto.
1.4 I-Rheology yee-polymer complexes
Kwinkqubo yokucubungula izinto zepolymer, ukuhamba kunye nokuguqulwa kuya kwenzeka ngokuqinisekileyo, kwaye i-rheology yinzululwazi efunda ukuhamba kunye nemithetho yokuguqulwa kwezinto [307]. I-Flow yipropati yezinto ezimanzi, ngelixa i-deformation yipropati yezinto eziqinileyo (i-crystalline). Uthelekiso ngokubanzi lokuhamba kolwelo kunye noguquko oluqinileyo luhamba ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:
Ukusetyenziswa kwimizi-mveliso yezinto zepolymer, i-viscosity yabo kunye ne-viscoelasticity imisela ukusebenza kwabo. Kwinkqubo yokucubungula kunye nokubumba, kunye nokuguqulwa kwesantya se-shear, i-viscosity yezinto zepolymer ingaba nobukhulu obukhulu bemiyalelo emininzi yobukhulu. Tshintsha [308]. Iipropati ze-Rheological ezifana ne-viscosity kunye ne-shear thinning zichaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ulawulo lokumpompa, ukuxutywa, ukusabalalisa kunye nokutshiza ngexesha lokucutshungulwa kwezinto ze-polymer, kwaye zezona mpawu zibalulekileyo ze-polymer materials.
1.4.1 I-Viscoelasticity yeepholima
Ngaphantsi kwamandla angaphandle, i-polymer liquid ayinakuhamba kuphela, kodwa iphinde ibonise i-deformation, ibonisa uhlobo "lwe-viscoelasticity" yokusebenza, kwaye i-essence yayo kukuhlalisana kwe "solid-liquid two-phase" [309]. Nangona kunjalo, le viscoelasticity ayiyona i-viscoelasticity yomgca kwi-deformations encinci, kodwa i-viscoelasticity engabonakaliyo apho izinto zibonisa ukuguqulwa okukhulu kunye noxinzelelo olude [310].
Isisombululo sendalo samanzi se-polysaccharide sikwabizwa ngokuba yi-hydrosol. Kwisisombululo se-dilute, i-polysaccharide macromolecules ikwimo yeekhoyili ezihlukaniswe omnye komnye. Xa ugxininiso lukhula kwixabiso elithile, iikhoyili ze-macromolecular zingena ngaphakathi kwaye zidibanisana. Ixabiso libizwa ngokuba lugxininiso olubalulekileyo [311]. Ngaphantsi koxinzelelo olubalulekileyo, i-viscosity yesisombululo iphantsi, kwaye ayichaphazeli izinga lokucheba, ebonisa ukuziphatha kwe-Newtonian fluid; xa ugxininiso olubalulekileyo lufikelelwa, ii-macromolecules ezihamba zodwa ziqala ukudibanisa kunye, kwaye isisombululo se-viscosity sanda kakhulu. ukwanda [312]; ngelixa xa ugxininiso ludlula ugxininiso olubalulekileyo, ukuchetywa kwe-shear kubonwa kwaye isisombululo sibonisa ukuziphatha okungeyona i-Newtonian fluid [245].
Ezinye ii-hydrosols zinokwenza ijeli phantsi kweemeko ezithile, kwaye iipropathi zazo ze-viscoelastic zihlala zibonakaliswa yimodyuli yokugcina i-G', imodyuli yokulahleka G” kunye nokuxhomekeka kwazo rhoqo. Imodyuli yokugcina ihambelana ne-elasticity yenkqubo, ngelixa i-modulus yokulahleka ihambelana ne-viscosity yenkqubo [311]. Kwizisombululo ezidityanisiweyo, akukho kubambeneka phakathi kweeathom, ke ngoko kuluhlu olubanzi lweefrikhwensi, u-G mncinci kakhulu kuno-G″, kwaye ubonise ukuxhomekeka olomeleleyo kumaza. Ekubeni i-G′ kunye ne-G″ zilinganisa ukuphindaphinda u-ω kunye ne-quadratic yayo, ngokulandelelanayo, xa i-frequency iphezulu, G′> G″. Xa ugxininiso luphezulu kunoxinaniso olubalulekileyo, i-G′ kunye ne-G″ isenokuxhomekeka rhoqo. Xa i-frequency iphantsi, i-G' < G ″, kwaye i-frequency inyuka ngokuthe ngcembe, ezi zimbini ziya kuwela, kwaye zibuyele kwi-G'> kwindawo ephakamileyo ye-G".
Indawo ebalulekileyo apho i-polysaccharide hydrosol yendalo iguqula ibe yijeli ibizwa ngokuba yi-gel point. Kukho iinkcazo ezininzi ze-gel point, kwaye eyona nto isetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo yinkcazo ye-viscoelasticity eguquguqukayo kwi-rheology. Xa imodyuli yokugcina G′ yenkqubo ilingana nemodyuli yelahleko G″, yindawo yegel, kunye neG′ > G″ Ukwakheka kweGel [312, 313].
Ezinye iimolekyuli zepolysaccharide zendalo zenza imibutho ebuthathaka, kwaye ukwakheka kwazo kwejeli kutshatyalaliswa ngokulula, kwaye i-G 'inkulu kancinane kune-G”, ebonisa ukuxhomekeka okuphantsi kwamaza; ngelixa ezinye iimolekyuli zepolysaccharide zendalo zinokwenza imimandla ezinzileyo edibanisa i-cross-link, leyo Isakhiwo sejeli sinamandla, i-G′ inkulu kakhulu kune-G″, kwaye ayinakho ukuxhomekeka rhoqo [311].
1.4.2 Ukuziphatha kwe-Rheological ye-polymer complexes
Kwinkqubo ehambelana ngokupheleleyo ne-polymer compound, i-compound yinkqubo ye-homogeneous, kwaye i-viscoelasticity yayo ngokuqhelekileyo isixa seempawu zepolymer enye, kwaye i-viscoelasticity yayo inokuchazwa ngemithetho elula ye-empirical [314]. Ukuziqhelanisa kubonakalise ukuba inkqubo ye-homogeneous ayihambisani nokuphuculwa kweempawu zayo zomatshini. Ngokuchasene noko, ezinye iinkqubo ezinzima ezinezakhiwo ezahlulwe ngezigaba zinentsebenzo egqwesileyo [315].
Ukuhambelana kwenkqubo ye-compound ehambelanayo ngokuyinxenye kuya kuchaphazeleka yimiba efana ne-system compound ratio, izinga le-shear, iqondo lokushisa kunye nesakhiwo secandelo, ebonisa ukuhambelana okanye ukuhlukana kwesigaba, kunye nokutshintshwa kokuhambelana ukuya kwisigaba sokuhlukana akunakugwenywa. okukhokelela kutshintsho oluphawulekayo kwi-viscoelasticity yenkqubo [316, 317]. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, kukho izifundo ezininzi malunga nokuziphatha kwe-viscoelastic yeenkqubo ezihambelanayo zepolymer. Uphando lubonisa ukuba ukuziphatha kwe-rheological yenkqubo edibeneyo kwindawo yokuhambelana ibonisa iimpawu zenkqubo ye-homogeneous. Kwinqanaba lokwahlula indawo, ukuziphatha kwe-rheological kwahluke ngokupheleleyo kwi-homogeneous zone kwaye kunzima kakhulu.
Ukuqonda iipropathi zerheological zenkqubo yokudibanisa phantsi kogxininiso olwahlukeneyo, ulungelelwaniso oluhlanganisiweyo, amaxabiso okucheba, amaqondo obushushu, njl.njl. kubaluleke kakhulu kukhetho oluchanekileyo lwetekhnoloji yokucubungula, uyilo olunengqiqo lweefomula, ulawulo olungqongqo lomgangatho wemveliso, kunye nokunciphisa okufanelekileyo kwemveliso. ukusetyenziswa kwamandla. [309]. Ngokomzekelo, kwizinto ezithintekayo kwiqondo lokushisa, i-viscosity yezinto eziphathekayo ingatshintshwa ngokulungisa ukushisa. Kwaye uphucule ukusebenza kokucubungula; qonda ummandla wokucheba wezinto eziphathekayo, khetha umlinganiselo wokucheba ofanelekileyo ukulawula ukusebenza kokusetyenzwa kwezinto, nokuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kwemveliso.
1.4.3 Izinto ezichaphazela iimpawu zerheological zekhompawundi
1.4.3.1 Ukuqulunqwa
Iimpawu ezibonakalayo kunye neekhemikhali kunye nesakhiwo sangaphakathi senkqubo edibeneyo yimbonakaliso ebanzi yeminikelo edibeneyo yeempawu zecandelo ngalinye kunye nokusebenzisana phakathi kwamacandelo. Ngoko ke, iipropati zomzimba kunye neekhemikhali zecandelo ngalinye ngokwalo zinendima ecacileyo kwinkqubo yekhompawundi. Umgangatho wokuhambelana phakathi kweepholima ezahlukeneyo zohluka ngokubanzi, ezinye ziyahambelana kakhulu, kwaye ezinye azihambelani ngokupheleleyo.
1.4.3.2 Umlinganiselo wenkqubo ehlanganisiweyo
I-viscoelasticity kunye ne-mechanical properties ye-polymer compound system iya kutshintsha kakhulu ngokutshintsha kwe-compound ratio. Oku kungenxa yokuba umlinganiselo wekhompawundi umisela igalelo lecandelo ngalinye kwinkqubo ehlanganisiweyo, kwaye ikwachaphazela icandelo ngalinye. intsebenziswano kunye nokuhanjiswa kwesigaba. Xie Yajie et al. wafunda i-chitosan / i-hydroxypropyl cellulose kwaye wafumanisa ukuba i-viscosity ye-compound yanda kakhulu ngokunyuka kwe-cellulose ye-hydroxypropyl [318]. UZhang Yayuan et al. wafunda i-complex ye-xanthan gum kunye ne-corn starch kwaye wafumanisa ukuba xa umlinganiselo we-xanthan gum wawuyi-10%, i-coefficient yokubambisana, uxinzelelo lwesivuno kunye nesalathisi se-fluid yenkqubo eyinkimbinkimbi yanda kakhulu. Ngokucacileyo [319].
1.4.3.3 Ireyithi yokucheba
Ulwelo oluninzi lwepolymer lulwelo lwe-pseudoplastic, olungahambelaniyo nomthetho kaNewton wokuhamba. Into ephambili kukuba i-viscosity ayitshintshi ngokusisiseko phantsi kwe-shear ephantsi, kwaye i-viscosity iyancipha ngokukhawuleza ngokunyuka kwezinga lokucheba [308, 320]. Igophe lokuqukuqela lolwelo lwepolymer lunokwahlulwa ngokwemimandla emithathu: ummandla we-chear ophantsi we-Newtonian, ummandla wokucheba obhityileyo kunye nommandla wozinzo oluphezulu lokucheba. Xa izinga lokucheba lithanda ukuya ku-zero, uxinzelelo kunye noxinzelelo luba ngumgca, kwaye indlela yokuziphatha yolwelo ifana neyolwelo lweNewtonian. Ngeli xesha, i-viscosity ithambekele kwixabiso elithile, elibizwa ngokuba yi-zero-shear viscosity η0. I-η0 ibonisa elona xesha liphezulu lokuphumla lezinto eziphathekayo kwaye iparameter ebalulekileyo yemathiriyeli yepolymer, ehambelana ne-avareji ye-molecular weight ye-polymer kunye namandla okusebenza okuhamba kwe-viscous. Kwindawo yokunciphisa i-shear, i-viscosity iyancipha ngokuthe ngcembe ngokunyuka kwezinga lokucheba, kwaye kwenzeka into ethi "shear thinning". Lo mmandla yindawo yokuhamba eqhelekileyo ekusetyenzweni kwemathiriyeli yepolymer. Kwingingqi yozinzo oluphezulu lwe-shear, njengoko izinga lokucheba liqhubeka likhula, i-viscosity ithambekele kwelinye isigxina, i-viscosity ye-shear engapheliyo η∞, kodwa lo mmandla udla ngokuba nzima ukufikelela.
1.4.3.4 Ubushushu
Ubushushu buchaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ukunyanzeliswa kwe-random thermal motion of molecules, ezinokuchaphazela kakhulu ukusebenzisana kwe-intermolecular ezifana nokusabalalisa, ukuqhelaniswa kwe-molecular chain, kunye nokungena. Ngokuqhelekileyo, ngexesha lokuhamba kwezinto zepolymer, ukuhamba kwamaketanga eemolekyuli kuqhutyelwa ngamacandelo; njengoko izinga lokushisa linyuka, umthamo wamahhala uyanda, kwaye ukuchasana kokuhamba kwamacandelo kuncipha, ngoko i-viscosity iyancipha. Nangona kunjalo, kwezinye iipolymers, njengoko iqondo lokushisa linyuka, ubudlelwane be-hydrophobic yenzeka phakathi kwamatyathanga, ngoko ke i-viscosity iyanda endaweni yoko.
Iipolymers ezahlukeneyo zinedigri ezahlukeneyo zobuntununtunu kwiqondo lobushushu, kwaye i-polymer efanayo ephezulu ineempembelelo ezahlukeneyo ekusebenzeni kwendlela yayo kumanqanaba obushushu ahlukeneyo.
1.5 Ukubaluleka kophando, injongo yophando kunye nomxholo wophando wesi sihloko
1.5.1 Ukubaluleka kophando
Nangona i-HPMC sisixhobo esikhuselekileyo nesityiwayo esisetyenziswa kakhulu kwindawo yokutya kunye namayeza, inokwenza ifilim elungileyo, ukusasaza, ukujiya, kunye nokuzinzisa iipropati. Umboniso bhanyabhanya we-HPMC ukwanazo elubala kakuhle, iipropathi zesithintelo se-oyile, kunye neempawu zoomatshini. Nangona kunjalo, ixabiso layo eliphezulu (malunga ne-100,000 / toni) linciphisa usetyenziso lwayo olubanzi, nakwixabiso eliphezulu lezicelo zamachiza ezifana nee-capsules. Ukongeza, i-HPMC yijeli eyenziwe nge-thermally, ekhoyo kwisisombululo esine-viscosity ephantsi kwiqondo lokushisa eliphantsi, kwaye inokwenza ijeli eqinileyo efana ne-viscous kubushushu obuphezulu, ngoko ke iinkqubo zokucubungula ezifana nokugquma, ukutshiza kunye nokudipha kufuneka kuqhutywe. ngaphandle kwiqondo lokushisa eliphezulu, okukhokelela ekusetyenzisweni kwamandla aphezulu kunye neendleko eziphezulu zemveliso. Iipropati ezifana ne-viscosity ephantsi kunye namandla ejeli ye-HPMC kumaqondo aphantsi anciphisa ukusetyenzwa kwe-HPMC kwizicelo ezininzi.
Ngokwahlukileyo, i-HPS yinto ephantsi (malunga ne-20,000/ton) etyiwayo esetyenziswa kakhulu kwindawo yokutya namayeza. Isizathu sokuba i-HPMC ibize kakhulu kukuba i-cellulose yemathiriyeli ekrwada esetyenziselwa ukulungisa i-HPMC ibiza kakhulu kunesitatshi semathiriyeli ekrwada esetyenziselwa ukulungisa i-HPS. Ukongeza, i-HPMC ihlonyelwe ngezinto ezimbini ezibambeleyo, i-hydroxypropyl kunye ne-methoxy. Ngenxa yoko, inkqubo yokulungiselela inzima kakhulu, ngoko ke ixabiso le-HPMC liphezulu kakhulu kunelo le-HPS. Le projekthi inethemba lokubuyisela ezinye ze-HPMC ezibizayo kunye ne-HPS yamaxabiso aphantsi, kunye nokunciphisa ixabiso lemveliso ngesiseko sokugcina imisebenzi efanayo.
Ukongeza, i-HPS yijeli ebandayo, ekhoyo kwi-viscoelastic gel state kwiqondo lokushisa eliphantsi kwaye yenza isisombululo esihambayo kwiqondo lokushisa eliphezulu. Ngoko ke, ukongeza i-HPS kwi-HPMC kunokunciphisa ubushushu bejeli ye-HPMC kwaye yandise i-viscosity yayo kwiqondo eliphantsi. kunye namandla ejeli, ukuphucula ukuqhubekeka kwayo kumaqondo obushushu aphantsi. Ngaphaya koko, ifilimu etyiwayo ye-HPS ineepropati ezilungileyo zesithintelo se-oksijini, ngoko ke ukongeza i-HPS kwi-HPMC kunokuphucula iimpawu zesithintelo se-oksijini yefilimu etyiwayo.
Isishwankathelo, indibaniselwano ye-HPMC kunye ne-HPS: Okokuqala, inokubaluleka kwethiyori ebalulekileyo. I-HPMC yijeli eshushu, kwaye i-HPS yijeli ebandayo. Ngokudibanisa ezi zimbini, kukho ithiyori indawo yokutshintsha phakathi kweegels ezishushu nezibandayo. Ukusekwa kwe-HPMC/HPS ebandayo kunye nenkqubo yejeli eshushu kunye nophando lwayo lwendlela inokubonelela ngendlela entsha yophando olu hlobo lwenkqubo yejeli ebandayo neshushu ebuyiselwe umva, yaseka isikhokelo sethiyori. Okwesibini, inokunciphisa iindleko zemveliso kunye nokuphucula inzuzo yemveliso. Ngokudityaniswa kwe-HPS kunye ne-HPMC, iindleko zemveliso zinokuncitshiswa ngokwezinto eziphathekayo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwamandla emveliso, kwaye inzuzo yemveliso inokuphuculwa kakhulu. Okwesithathu, inokuphucula ukusebenza kunye nokwandisa isicelo. Ukongezwa kwe-HPS kunokunyusa ugxininiso kunye namandla ejeli ye-HPMC kwiqondo lokushisa eliphantsi, kunye nokuphucula ukusebenza kwayo kwiqondo lokushisa eliphantsi. Ukongeza, ukusebenza kwemveliso kunokuphuculwa. Ngokongeza i-HPS ukulungiselela ifilimu edibeneyo edliwayo ye-HPMC / HPS, iimpawu zokuthintela i-oksijini yefilimu edliwayo inokuphuculwa.
Ukuhambelana kwenkqubo yekhompawundi ye-polymer kunokumisela ngokuthe ngqo i-morphology ye-microscopic kunye neempawu ezibanzi ze-compound, ngakumbi iimpawu zomatshini. Ngoko ke, kubaluleke kakhulu ukufunda ukuhambelana kwenkqubo ye-HPMC / HPS yekhompawundi. Zombini i-HPMC kunye ne-HPS i-hydrophilic polysaccharides kunye neyunithi ye-structural unit-glucose kwaye iguqulwe liqela elisebenzayo le-hydroxypropyl, eliphucula kakhulu ukuhambelana kwenkqubo ye-HPMC / HPS. Nangona kunjalo, i-HPMC ijeli ebandayo kunye ne-HPS yijeli eshushu, kwaye ukuziphatha kwejeli ephambukayo kwezi zibini kukhokelela kwisiganeko sokwahlukana kwesigaba se-HPMC / HPS system compound. Isishwankathelo, i-morphology yesigaba kunye nokutshintshwa kwesigaba se-HPMC / HPS i-gel ebanda-i-hot-hot system composite inzima kakhulu, ngoko ke ukuhambelana kunye nokuhlukana kwesigaba sale nkqubo kuya kuba nomdla kakhulu.
Ubume be-morphological kunye nokuziphatha kwe-rheological ye-polymer complex systems zihambelana. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuziphatha kwe-rheological ngexesha lokucubungula kuya kuba nefuthe elikhulu kwisakhiwo se-morphological yenkqubo; kwelinye icala, ukuziphatha kwe-rheological yenkqubo kunokubonisa ngokuchanekileyo utshintsho kwisakhiwo se-morphological yenkqubo. Ngoko ke, kubaluleke kakhulu ukufunda iipropati ze-rheological ze-HPMC/HPS inkqubo edibeneyo yokukhokela imveliso, ukucubungula kunye nokulawula umgangatho.
Iimpawu ze-macroscopic ezifana nesakhiwo se-morphological, ukuhambelana kunye ne-rheology ye-HPMC / i-HPS ebanda kunye ne-hot gel i-compound system iyaguquguquka, kwaye ichatshazelwa luluhlu lwezinto ezifana nokugxininiswa kwesisombululo, umlinganiselo we-compounding, izinga lokucheba kunye nobushushu. Ubudlelwane phakathi kwesakhiwo se-microscopic morphological kunye neempawu ze-macroscopic zenkqubo edibeneyo inokulawulwa ngokulawula ukwakheka kwe-morphological kunye nokuhambelana kwenkqubo edibeneyo.
1.5.2 Injongo yophando
I-HPMC / HPS ebandayo kunye ne-hot reversed-phase inkqubo ye-gel ikhompawundi yakhiwa, iipropati zayo ze-rheological zafundwa, kunye nemiphumo yesakhiwo somzimba kunye neekhemikhali zamacandelo, umlinganiselo odibeneyo kunye neemeko zokucubungula kwiipropati ze-rheological zenkqubo zaphononongwa. Ifilimu edibeneyo edliwayo ye-HPMC / HPS yalungiswa, kwaye iipropati ze-macroscopic ezifana nezixhobo zomatshini, ukunyanzeliswa komoya kunye neempawu ze-optical zefilimu zaphononongwa, kwaye izinto ezichaphazelayo kunye nemithetho zaphononongwa. Funda ngokucwangcisiweyo inguqu yesigaba, ukuhambelana kunye nokwahlulwa kwesigaba se-HPMC / HPS ebanda kunye ne-hot reversed-phase ye-gel inkqubo eyinkimbinkimbi, uphonononge imiba yayo enempembelelo kunye neendlela, kwaye useke ubudlelwane phakathi kwesakhiwo se-morphological microscopic kunye neempawu ze-macroscopic. Ubume be-morphological kunye nokuhambelana kwenkqubo edibeneyo isetyenziselwa ukulawula iimpawu zezinto ezidibeneyo.
1.5.3 Umxholo wophando
Ukuze kuphunyezwe injongo yophando elindelekileyo, eli phepha liya kwenza olu phando lulandelayo:
(1) Yakha i-HPMC/HPS ebandayo kunye ne-hot reversed-phase gel compound system, kwaye usebenzise i-rheometer ukufunda iipropati ze-rheological zesisombululo sekhompawundi, ngakumbi imiphumo yoxinaniso, umlinganiselo we-compounding kunye ne-shear rate kwi-viscosity kunye ne-flow index inkqubo edibeneyo. Impembelelo kunye nomthetho weempawu ze-rheological ezifana ne-thixotropy kunye ne-thixotropy zaphandwa, kwaye indlela yokwenza ijeli edibeneyo ebanda kunye neshushu yaphononongwa kwangaphambili.
(2) Ifilimu edibeneyo ye-HPMC / HPS edliwayo yalungiswa, kwaye i-electron microscope yokuskena yasetyenziselwa ukufundisisa impembelelo yeempawu zendalo zecandelo ngalinye kunye nomlinganiselo wokwakheka kwi-microscopic morphology yefilimu edibeneyo; umvavanyi wepropathi yoomatshini wasetyenziselwa ukufunda iipropati zendalo zecandelo ngalinye, ukubunjwa kwefilimu edibeneyo Impembelelo yomlinganiselo kunye nokufuma okuhambelana nokusingqongileyo kwiipropati zomatshini wefilimu edibeneyo; ukusetyenziswa komvavanyi wezinga lokuhambisa i-oksijini kunye ne-UV-Vis spectrophotometer ukufunda iziphumo zeempawu zendalo zamacandelo kunye ne-compound ratio kwi-oksijini kunye neempawu zokuhambisa ukukhanya kwefilimu edibeneyo Ukuhambelana kunye nokwahlulwa kwesigaba se-HPMC / HPS ebandayo- Inkqubo edibeneyo yejeli eguqukayo yaphononongwa ngokuskena i-electron microscopy, uhlalutyo lwe-thermogravimetric kunye nohlalutyo oluguqukayo lwe-thermomechanical.
(3) Ubudlelwane phakathi kwe-microscopic morphology kunye neepropathi zomatshini ze-HPMC / HPS inkqubo edibeneyo edibeneyo yejeli ebandayo eshushu yasekwa. Ifilimu edibeneyo edibeneyo ye-HPMC / HPS yalungiswa, kwaye impembelelo ye-concentration concentration kunye ne-compound ratio kwi-distribution yesigaba kunye nokutshintshwa kwesigaba sesampuli yafundwa nge-microscope ebonakalayo kunye nendlela yokudaya iodine; Umgaqo wempembelelo yoxinaniso lwekhompawundi kunye nomlinganiselo wekhompawundi kwiipropati zomatshini kunye neempawu zokuhambisa ukukhanya kweesampulu zasekwa. Ubudlelwane phakathi kolwakhiwo lwe-microstructure kunye neepropathi zoomatshini zeHPMC/HPS ebanda-hot inverse inkqubo yejeli ehlanganisiweyo iye yaphandwa.
(4) Iziphumo ze-HPS substitution degree kwiipropati ze-rheological kunye neempawu zejeli ze-HPMC / HPS ezibandayo ezishushu ezitshintshileyo-isigaba se-gel composite system. Iziphumo HPS substitution isidanga, izinga lokucheba kunye lobushushu kwi viscosity kunye nezinye iimpawu rheological inkqubo ikhompawundi, kwakunye indawo yokutshintsha ijeli, ukuxhomekeka frequency modulus kunye nezinye iipropati gel kunye nemithetho yabo zaphononongwa ngokusebenzisa rheometer. Ukusasazwa kwesigaba esixhomekeke kubushushu kunye nokutshintshwa kwesigaba seesampulu zaphononongwa ngokungcoliswa kwe-iodine, kunye nenkqubo ye-gelation ye-HPMC/HPS ebandayo-eshushu-reverse-phase ye-gel complex system yachazwa.
(5) Iziphumo zemichiza yokuguqulwa kwesakhiwo se-HPS kwiipropati ze-macroscopic kunye nokuhambelana kwe-HPMC / HPS ebanda-eshushu-reverse-phase gel composite system. Ifilimu edibeneyo edliwayo ye-HPMC / HPS yalungiswa, kwaye umphumo we-HPS hydroxypropyl substitution degree kwi-crystal structure kunye ne-micro-domain structure yefilimu edibeneyo yaphononongwa yi-synchrotron radiation encinci ye-X-ray yokusabalalisa iteknoloji. Umthetho wempembelelo ye-HPS hydroxypropyl substitution degree kwiipropathi zomatshini ze-membrane edibeneyo yaphononongwa ngumvavanyi wepropati yomatshini; umthetho wempembelelo ye-HPS substitution degree kwi-oxygen permeability ye-membrane edibeneyo yafundwa ngumhloli we-oxygen permeability; i-HPS hydroxypropyl Impembelelo yesidanga sokutshintsha kweqela kwi-thermal stability ye-HPMC/HPS iifilimu ezihlanganisiweyo.
Isahluko 2 Uphononongo lweRheological lwe-HPMC/HPS inkqubo edityanisiweyo
Iifilimu ezityiwayo ezisekelwe kwipolymer yendalo zinokulungiswa ngendlela elula emanzi [321]. Okokuqala, i-polymer iyachithwa okanye ihlakazekile kwisigaba solwelo ukulungiselela ifilimu edliwayo eyenza ifilimu okanye ukumiswa kwefilimu, kwaye igxininiswe ngokususa i-solvent. Apha, utyando ludla ngokuqhutywa ngokomiswa kwiqondo lobushushu elingaphezulu kancinci. Le nkqubo iqhele ukusetyenziselwa ukuvelisa iifilimu ezityiwayo ezipakishwe kwangaphambili, okanye ukwambathisa imveliso ngokuthe ngqo ngesisombululo sokwenza ifilimu ngokudipha, ukuxukuxa okanye ukutshiza. Uyilo lwenkqubo yefilimu etyiwayo ifuna ukufunyanwa kwedatha echanekileyo yerheological yolwelo olwenziwa ifilim, olubaluleke kakhulu kulawulo lomgangatho wemveliso yeefilimu ezipakishwayo ezityiwayo kunye neengubo [322].
I-HPMC i-adhesive thermal adhesive, eyenza ijeli kwiqondo lokushisa eliphezulu kwaye ikwimeko yesisombululo kwiqondo lokushisa eliphantsi. Le propati ye-thermal gel yenza i-viscosity yayo kwiqondo lokushisa eliphantsi liphantsi kakhulu, elingenakulungeleka kwiinkqubo ezithile zokuvelisa ezifana nokudipha, ukuxubha kunye nokudipha. ukusebenza, okukhokelela ekuqhubeni kakubi kumaqondo obushushu aphantsi. Ngokwahlukileyo, i-HPS yijeli ebandayo, i-viscous gel state kubushushu obuphantsi, kunye nobushushu obuphezulu. Imeko yesisombululo se-viscosity ephantsi. Ngoko ke, ngokudityaniswa kwezi zimbini, iimpawu rheological of HPMC ezifana viscosity kwiqondo lobushushu eliphantsi kunokulungelelana ukuya kumlinganiselo othile.
Esi sahluko sigxile kwimiphumo yoxinzelelo lwesisombululo, umlinganiselo we-compounding kunye nobushushu kwiipropati ze-rheological ezifana ne-zero-shear viscosity, i-flow index kunye ne-thixotropy ye-HPMC / HPS ebanda-eshushu inverse inkqubo ye-gel compound. Umgaqo wokudibanisa usetyenziselwa ukuxoxa kwangaphambili ngokuhambelana kwenkqubo edibeneyo.
2.2 Indlela yovavanyo
2.2.1 Ukulungiswa kwesisombululo se-HPMC/HPS sekhompawundi
Okokuqala ulinganise i-HPMC kunye ne-HPS umgubo owomileyo, kwaye udibanise ngokwe-15% (w / w) yoxinaniso kunye nemilinganiselo eyahlukeneyo ye-10: 0, 7: 3, 5: 5, 3: 7, 0:10; uze ungeze i-70 ° C kumanzi e-C, gxuma ngokukhawuleza kwi-30 min kwi-120 rpm / min ukusabalalisa ngokupheleleyo i-HPMC; uze ufudumeze isisombululo ukuya phezulu kwe-95 °C, uvuselele ngokukhawuleza i-1 h ngesantya esifanayo ukuze udibanise ngokupheleleyo i-HPS; i-gelatinization igqityiwe Emva koko, ukushisa kwesisombululo kwancitshiswa ngokukhawuleza kwi-70 ° C, kwaye i-HPMC yachithwa ngokupheleleyo ngokuvuselela isantya esincinci se-80 rpm / min kwi-40 min. (Zonke i-w/w kweli nqaku zezi: ubunzima besiseko esomileyo sesampulu / ubunzima besisombululo esipheleleyo).
2.2.2 Iipropati zeRheological ze-HPMC/HPS inkqubo yekhompawundi
2.2.2.1 Umgaqo wohlalutyo lwe-rheological
I-rheometer ejikelezayo ixhotyiswe ngambini yokunyuka kunye nokuhla kweeclamps ezihambelanayo, kunye nokuhamba okulula kwe-chear kunokufezekiswa ngentshukumo ehambelanayo phakathi kweeclamps. I-rheometer inokuvavanywa kwimodi yesinyathelo, imodi yokuhamba kunye nemodi ye-oscillation: kwimodi yesinyathelo, i-rheometer inokusebenzisa uxinzelelo lwexeshana kwisampuli, esetyenziselwa ukuvavanya impendulo yeempawu zesikhashana kunye nexesha elizinzileyo lesampuli. Uvavanyo kunye nempendulo ye-viscoelastic njengokunciphisa uxinzelelo, ukukhwela kunye nokubuyisela; kwimowudi yokuhamba, i-rheometer inokusebenzisa uxinzelelo lomgca kwisampuli, eyona nto isetyenziselwa ukuvavanya ukuxhomekeka kwe-viscosity yesampuli kwireyithi ye-shear kunye nokuxhomekeka kwe-viscosity kwiqondo lokushisa kunye ne-thixotropy; kwimodi ye-oscillation, i-rheometer inokuvelisa i-sinusoidal alternating oscillating stress, esetyenziswa kakhulu ekumiseleni ummandla we-viscoelastic linear, uvavanyo lokuzinza kwe-thermal kunye nokushisa kwe-gelation yesampuli.
2.2.2.2 Indlela yokuvavanya imo yokuqukuqela
Kusetyenziswe ipleyiti ehambelanayo enobubanzi obuyi-40 mm, kwaye isithuba sepleyiti sibekwe kwi-0.5 mm.
1. Ukutshintsha kweViscosity kunye nexesha. Ubushushu bovavanyo lwaluyi-25 °C, izinga lokucheba laliyi-800 s-1, kwaye ixesha lovavanyo laliyi-2500 s.
2. I-Viscosity iyahluka ngokwezinga lokucheba. Ubushushu bovavanyo yi-25 °C, isantya sangaphambi kokucheba 800 s-1, ixesha langaphambi kokucheba 1000 s; ireyithi yokucheba 10²-10³s.
Uxinzelelo lokucheba ( τ ) kunye nesantya sokucheba (γ) lulandela umthetho wamandla we-Ostwald-de Waele:
̇τ=K.γ n (2-1)
apho τ luxinzelelo lokucheba, Pa;
γ lizinga lokucheba, s-1;
n sisalathiso semali yokuhlawula amatyala;
U-K ngumlinganiso we-viscosity, u-Pa·sn.
Ubudlelwane phakathi kwe-viscosity (ŋ) yesisombululo sepolymer kunye nesantya sokucheba (γ) sinokufakwa yimodyuli ye-carren:
Phakathi kwabo,ŋ0ukucheba viscosity, Pa s;
ŋ∞yi-viscosity yokucheba engapheliyo, i-Pa s;
Lixesha lokuphumla, s;
n sisalathisi sokucheba;
3. Indlela yokuvavanya i-thixotropy yamanqanaba amathathu. Ubushushu bovavanyo yi-25 °C, a. Inqanaba lokumisa, izinga lokucheba ngu-1 s-1, kwaye ixesha lokuvavanya yi-50 s; b. Inqanaba lokucheba, izinga lokucheba li-1000 s-1, kwaye ixesha lokuvavanya yi-20 s; c. Inkqubo yokubuyisela isakhiwo, izinga le-shear yi-1 s-1, kwaye ixesha lokuvavanya li-250 s.
Kwinkqubo yokubuyiswa kwesakhiwo, iqondo lokubuyisela isakhiwo emva kwexesha elihlukeneyo lokubuyisela libonakaliswa yizinga lokubuyisela i-viscosity:
DSR=ŋt ⁄ ŋ╳100%
Phakathi kwabo,ŋt yi-viscosity ngexesha lokubuyiselwa kwesakhiwo ts, Pa s;
hŋyi viscosity ekupheleni kwinqanaba lokuqala, Pa s.
2.3 Iziphumo kunye neengxoxo
2.3.1 Impembelelo yexesha lokucheba kwiipropati ze-rheological zenkqubo edibeneyo
Ngesantya esiqhubekayo sokucheba, i-viscosity ebonakalayo inokubonisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo kunye nexesha elikhulayo lokucheba. Umzobo 2-1 ubonisa ijika eliqhelekileyo le-viscosity kunye nexesha kwi-HPMC / HPS system compound. Ingabonwa kumzobo ukuba kunye nokwandiswa kwexesha lokucheba, i-viscosity ebonakalayo iyancipha ngokuqhubekayo. Xa ixesha lokucheba lifikelela malunga ne-500 s, i-viscosity ifikelela kwisimo esizinzile, esibonisa ukuba i-viscosity ye-compound system phantsi kwe-high-speed shearing inexabiso elithile. Ukuxhomekeka kwexesha, oko kukuthi, i-thixotropy iboniswa phakathi kwexesha elithile.
Ke ngoko, xa ufunda umthetho oguquguqukayo we-viscosity yenkqubo edibeneyo kunye nesantya sokucheba, ngaphambi kovavanyo lokwenyani lokucheba, ixesha elithile lokucheba kwangaphambili liyafuneka ukuphelisa impembelelo ye-thixotropy kwinkqubo yekhompawundi. . Ngaloo ndlela, umthetho wokuhluka kwe-viscosity kunye nesantya sokucheba njengento enye ifunyenwe. Kulo vavanyo, i-viscosity yazo zonke iisampuli zifikelele kwisimo esizinzileyo phambi kwe-1000 s kwizinga eliphezulu lokucheba le-800 1 / s kunye nexesha, elingacwangciswanga apha. Ngoko ke, kuyilo lovavanyo lwexesha elizayo, ukucheba kwangaphambili kwi-1000 s kwizinga eliphezulu lokucheba le-800 1 / s lamkelwa ukuphelisa umphumo we-thixotropy yazo zonke iisampuli.
2.3.2 Impembelelo yogxininiso kwiipropati ze-rheological ze-compound system
Ngokubanzi, i-viscosity yezisombululo zepolymer iyanda ngokunyuka koxinzelelo lwesisombululo. Umzobo we-2-2 ubonisa umphumo wogxininiso kwizinga lokucheba ukuxhomekeka kwe-viscosity ye-HPMC / HPS formulations. Ukusuka kumzobo, sinokubona ukuba kwinqanaba elifanayo lokucheba, i-viscosity yenkqubo yekhompawundi iyanda ngokuthe ngcembe ngokunyuka koxinzelelo lwesisombululo. I-viscosity ye-HPMC/HPS izisombululo zekhompawundi ezinogxininiso olwahlukileyo zehle kancinci kancinci ngokunyuka kwesantya sokucheba, ebonisa into ecacileyo yokucheba, ebonisa ukuba izisombululo ezihlanganisiweyo ezinogxininiso olwahlukeneyo zezolwelo lwe-pseudoplastic. Nangona kunjalo, ukuxhomekeka kwesantya sokucheba kwe-viscosity kubonise umkhwa ohlukileyo kunye nokutshintsha koxinzelelo lwesisombululo. Xa isisombululo sesisombululo siphantsi, i-shear thinning phenomenon yesisombululo esihlanganisiweyo sincinci; ngokunyuka koxinzelelo lwesisombululo, isenzeko sokucheba esincinci sesisombululo esihlanganisiweyo sibonakala ngakumbi.
2.3.2.1 Impembelelo yogxininiso kwi-zero shear viscosity ye-compound system
I-viscosity-shear rate curves ye-compound system kwi-concentrations eyahlukeneyo ifakwe yimodeli yeCarren, kunye ne-zero-shear viscosity yesisombululo se-compound yakhutshwa (0.9960 <R₂<0.9997). Isiphumo sokugxila kwi-viscosity yesisombululo sekhompawundi sinokuphinda sifundwe ngokufunda ubudlelwane phakathi kwe-zero shear viscosity kunye nokugxila. Ukusuka kuMfanekiso 2-3, kunokubonwa ukuba ubudlelwane phakathi kwe-zero-shear viscosity kunye nokuxinana kwesisombululo sekhompawundi kulandela umthetho wamandla:
apho u-k kunye no-m bazizigxina.
Kwi-double logarithmic coordinate, kuxhomekeke kubukhulu be-slope m, kunokubonwa ukuba ukuxhomekeka ekugxininiseni kubonisa iindlela ezimbini ezahlukeneyo. Ngokutsho kwethiyori ye-Dio-Edwards, kwi-concentration ephantsi, i-slope iphezulu (m = 11.9, i-R2 = 0.9942), eyisisombululo se-dilute; ngelixa kugxininiso oluphezulu, ithambeka lisezantsi ngokwentelekiso (m = 2.8, R2 = 0.9822), eyesisombululo se-sub-Concentrated. Ngoko ke, i-concentration ye-C * ye-compound system inokumiselwa ukuba ibe yi-8% ngokudibanisa le mimandla emibini. Ngokobudlelwane obuqhelekileyo phakathi kwamazwe ahlukeneyo kunye nokugxininiswa kweepolymers kwisisombululo, imodeli yemo yemolekyuli ye-HPMC / HPS inkqubo yekhompawundi kwisisombululo esisezantsi sokushisa sicetywayo, njengoko kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 2-3.
I-HPS yijeli ebandayo, yimeko yejeli kubushushu obuphantsi, kwaye sisisombululo kwiqondo lobushushu eliphezulu. Kwiqondo lokushisa lokuvavanya (25 ° C), i-HPS yimeko ye-gel, njengoko kuboniswe kwindawo yenethiwekhi eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kumfanekiso; ngokuchaseneyo, i-HPMC i-gel eshushu, Kwiqondo lokushisa lokuvavanya, likwimeko yesisombululo, njengoko kuboniswe kwi-molecule yomgca obomvu.
Kwisisombululo se-dilute ye-C <C *, i-HPMC i-molecular chains ikhona ikakhulu njengezakhiwo ezizimeleyo zekhonkco, kwaye umthamo ongabandakanyiweyo wenza amakhonkco ahluke omnye komnye; ngaphezu koko, isigaba sejeli se-HPS sisebenzisana neemolekyuli ezimbalwa ze-HPMC ukwenza yonke Ifom kunye ne-HPMC yamatyathanga azimeleyo eemolekyuli zikhona ngokwahlukileyo omnye komnye, njengoko kubonisiwe kuMfanekiso 2-2a.
Ngoxinzelelo olukhulayo, umgama phakathi kwamakhonkco eemolekyuli ezizimeleyo kunye nemimandla yesigaba yehla kancinci. Xa i-concentration ebalulekileyo ye-C * ifikelelwe, iimolekyuli ze-HPMC ezisebenzisana nesigaba se-gel ye-HPS zanda ngokuthe ngcembe, kwaye i-HPMC ezimeleyo yamatyathanga eemolekyuli aqala ukudibanisa omnye nomnye, okwenza isigaba se-HPS njengeziko le-gel, kwaye i-HPMC i-molecular chain idibene. kwaye idibene enye kwenye. I-microgel state iboniswe kwi-Figure 2-2b.
Ngokunyuka ngakumbi koxinzelelo, i-C> C *, umgama phakathi kwezigaba ze-gel ze-HPS uyancipha ngakumbi, kwaye i-HPMC edibeneyo ye-polymer chain kunye nommandla wesigaba se-HPS iba nzima ngakumbi kwaye intsebenziswano inamandla ngakumbi, ngoko isisombululo sibonisa ukuziphatha. ifana naleyo ye-polymer enyibilikayo, njengoko kubonisiwe kwi-Fig. 2-2c.
2.3.2.2 Impembelelo yoxinaniso kwindlela yokuziphatha yolwelo lwenkqubo ehlanganisiweyo
Umthetho wamandla we-Ostwald-de Waele (bona ifomula (2-1)) isetyenziselwa ukulingana noxinzelelo lwe-chear kunye ne-chear rate curves (engaboniswanga kumbhalo) wenkqubo edibeneyo kunye nogxininiso olwahlukileyo, kunye ne-flow index n kunye ne-viscosity coefficient. K inokufumaneka. , umphumo ofanelekileyo uboniswe kwiThebhile 2-1.
Itheyibhile 2-1 Isalathisi sokuziphatha okuhambayo (n) kunye nesalathisi sokuhambelana kwamanzi (K) yesisombululo se-HPS / HPMC kunye noxinzelelo oluhlukeneyo kwi-25 °C
I-flow exponent ye-Newtonian fluid ngu-n = 1, i-fluid exponent ye-pseudoplastic fluid i-n <1, kwaye i-n ekude isuka kwi-1, inamandla i-pseudoplasticity ye-fluid, kunye ne-flow exponent ye-dilatant fluid n > 1. Inokubonwa kwiThebhile 2-1 ukuba ixabiso le-n yezisombululo zekhompawundi ezinogxininiso olwahlukileyo zonke zingaphantsi kwe-1, ebonisa ukuba izisombululo zekhompawundi zonke ziyi-pseudoplastic fluids. Kwiindawo eziphantsi, ixabiso le-n yesisombululo esihlaziyiweyo sisondele kwi-0, ebonisa ukuba isisombululo se-concentration esisezantsi sisondele kwi-Newtonian fluid, kuba kwisisombululo se-concentration ephantsi, i-polymer chain chain ikhona ngokuzimeleyo. Ngokunyuka koxinzelelo lwesisombululo, ixabiso le-n lenkqubo ehlanganisiweyo liye lehla kancinci, nto leyo ebonisa ukuba ukonyuka koxinaniso kwandisa ukuziphatha kwepseudoplastic yesisombululo sekhompawundi. Ukusebenzisana okufana nokuphonswa kwenzeke phakathi kunye nesigaba se-HPS, kwaye indlela yokuhamba kwayo yayisondele kuleyo ye-polymer melts.
Kwinqanaba eliphantsi, i-viscosity coefficient K ye-compound system incinci (C <8%, K <1 Pa·sn), kwaye ngokunyuka koxinzelelo, ixabiso le-K lenkqubo ye-compound likhula ngokuthe ngcembe, libonisa ukuba i-viscosity inkqubo ehlanganisiweyo yehlile, ehambelana nokuxhomekeka koxinzelelo lwe-zero shear viscosity.
2.3.3 Impembelelo ye-compounding ratio kwiipropati ze-rheological ye-compounding system
Umzobo 2-4 Viscosity vs. izinga lokucheba lwesisombululo seHPMC/HPS esinomxube owahlukileyo kwi-25 °C
Itheyibhile 2-2 Isalathisi sokuziphatha okuhambayo (n) kunye nesalathisi sokuhambelana kwamanzi (K) yesisombululo se-HPS / HPMC kunye nomlinganiselo ohlukeneyo wokuxuba kwi-25 °
Amanani 2-4 abonisa umphumo womlinganiselo wokudibanisa kwireyithi yokucheba ukuxhomekeka kwe-HPMC/HPS yokudibanisa isisombululo se-viscosity. Inokubonwa kumzobo wokuba i-viscosity yenkqubo ye-compound enomxholo ophantsi we-HPS (i-HPS <20%) ayitshintshi kakhulu ngokunyuka kwezinga lokucheba, ngokukodwa ngenxa yokuba kwinkqubo edibeneyo kunye nomxholo we-HPS ephantsi, i-HPMC kwisimo sesisombululo. kwiqondo lokushisa eliphantsi linqanaba eliqhubekayo; i-viscosity yenkqubo yekhompawundi enomxholo ophezulu we-HPS iyancipha ngokuthe ngcembe ngokunyuka kwesantya sokucheba, ebonisa into ebonakalayo yokucheba, ebonisa ukuba isisombululo se-compound yi-pseudoplastic fluid. Kwinqanaba elifanayo lokucheba, i-viscosity yesisombululo sekhompawundi iyanda ngokunyuka komxholo we-HPS, eyona nto ibangelwa kukuba i-HPS ikwimo yejeli ye-viscous kwiqondo lobushushu eliphantsi.
Ukusebenzisa umthetho wamandla we-Ostwald-de Waele (bona ifomula (2-1)) ukuze ulungelelanise i-curves ye-chear stress-shear rate curves (engaboniswanga kumbhalo) we-compound systems ezine-compound ratios ezahlukeneyo, i-flow exponent n kunye ne-viscosity coefficient K, iziphumo ezifanelekileyo ziboniswe kwiThebhile 2-2. Inokubonwa kwitheyibhile ukuba 0.9869 <R2 <0.9999, umphumo ofanelekileyo ungcono. I-flow index n yenkqubo yekhompawundi iyancipha ngokuthe ngcembe ngokunyuka komxholo we-HPS, ngelixa i-viscosity coefficient K ibonisa ukunyuka ngokuthe ngcembe ngokunyuka komxholo we-HPS, ebonisa ukuba ukongezwa kwe-HPS kwenza isisombululo se-compound sibonakale ngakumbi kwaye sinzima ukuhamba. . Lo mkhwa uyahambelana neziphumo zophando zikaZhang, kodwa kumlinganiselo ofanayo wokudibanisa, ixabiso le-n lesisombululo esihlanganisiweyo liphezulu kunesiphumo sikaZhang [305], eyona nto ibangelwa kukuba ukucheba kwangaphambili kwenziwa kolu vavanyo lokuphelisa umphumo we-thixotropy. kupheliswa; isiphumo seZhang sisiphumo sesenzo esidibeneyo se-thixotropy kunye ne-shear rate; Ukwahlulwa kwezi ndlela zimbini kuya kuxutyushwa ngokweenkcukacha kwiSahluko sesi-5.
2.3.3.1 Impembelelo yomlinganiselo odityanisiweyo kwi-zero shear viscosity ye-compounding system
Ubudlelwane phakathi kweempawu ze-rheological ze-homogeneous polymer system compound kunye neempawu ze-rheological zamacandelo kwinkqubo ihambelana nomgaqo we-logarithmic summation. Kwinkqubo yekhomponi enamacandelo amabini, unxulumano phakathi kwenkqubo ehlanganisiweyo kunye necandelo ngalinye lingabonakaliswa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:
Phakathi kwabo, i-F yiparameter yepropathi ye-rheological yenkqubo enzima;
I-F1, i-F2 yiparamitha ye-rheological yecandelo 1 kunye necandelo lesi-2, ngokulandelanayo;
∅1 kunye no-∅2 ngamaqhezu obunzima becandelo 1 kunye necandelo 2, ngokulandelelanayo, kunye ∅1 ∅2 .
Ngoko ke, i-viscosity ye-zero-shear yenkqubo yekhompawundi emva kokudibanisa kunye nemilinganiselo eyahlukeneyo yokudibanisa ingabalwa ngokomgaqo we-logarithmic summation ukubala ixabiso eliqikelelweyo elihambelanayo. Amaxabiso okulinga ezisombululo zekhompawundi kunye nereyishini yekhompawundi eyahlukileyo yayisadityaniswa nge-carren fitting ye-viscosity-shear rate curve. Ixabiso eliqikelelweyo le-zero shear viscosity ye-HPMC/HPS inkqubo yekhompawundi enemilinganiselo eyahlukeneyo yekhompawundi ithelekiswa nexabiso lokulinga, njengoko kubonisiwe kuMfanekiso 2-5.
Inxalenye yomgca onamachokoza kumzobo lixabiso eliqikelelweyo le-zero shear viscosity yesisombululo esihlanganisiweyo esifunyenwe ngumthetho we-logarithmic sum rule, kunye negrafu yomgca onamachaphaza lixabiso lovavanyo lwenkqubo ehlanganisiweyo enemilinganiselo eyahlukeneyo yokudibanisa. Inokubonwa kumzobo ukuba ixabiso lokulinga lesisombululo sekhompawundi libonisa ukutenxa okuthile okulungileyo-negative-nxamnye nomgaqo odibanisayo, ebonisa ukuba inkqubo yekhompawundi ayikwazi ukufezekisa ukuhambelana kwe-thermodynamic, kwaye inkqubo yekhompawundi yinkqubo eqhubekayo yokusabalalisa kwisigaba. ubushushu obuphantsi Isakhiwo "sesiqithi-solwandle" senkqubo yezigaba ezibini; kunye nokunciphisa okuqhubekayo kwe-HPMC / HPS yokudibanisa i-compounding ratio, isigaba esiqhubekayo se-compounding system sitshintshile emva kokuba umlinganiselo wokudibanisa wawuyi-4: 6. Isahluko sixoxa ngophando ngokubanzi.
Inokubonwa ngokucacileyo kumfanekiso ukuba xa i-HPMC / HPS i-compound ratio inkulu, inkqubo yekhompawundi inokutenxa okubi, okunokuthi ngenxa yokuba i-viscosity ephezulu ye-HPS isasazwa kwimo yesigaba esisezantsi kwi-viscosity esezantsi ye-HPMC eqhubekayo yesigaba esiphakathi. . Ngokunyuka komxholo we-HPS, kukho ukuphambuka okulungileyo kwi-compound system, ebonisa ukuba ukuguqulwa kwesigaba esiqhubekayo kwenzeka kwi-compound system ngeli xesha. I-HPS ene-viscosity ephezulu iba sisigaba esiqhubekayo senkqubo yekhompawundi, ngelixa i-HPMC isasazwa kwisigaba esiqhubekayo se-HPS kwimeko efanayo.
2.3.3.2 Impembelelo yomlinganiselo odityanisiweyo kwindlela yokuziphatha yolwelo lwenkqubo yokudibanisa
Amanani 2-6 abonisa i-flow index n yenkqubo edibeneyo njengomsebenzi womxholo we-HPS. Ukusukela ukuba i-flow index n ifakwe ukusuka kwilog-logarithmic ulungelelwaniso, n nantsi isixa-mali somgca. Inokubonwa kumfanekiso ukuba ngokunyuka komxholo we-HPS, i-flow index n ye-compound system iyancipha ngokuthe ngcembe, ebonisa ukuba i-HPS inciphisa iimpawu ze-Newtonian fluid zesisombululo se-compound kwaye iphucula ukuziphatha kwayo kwe-pseudoplastic fluid. Inxalenye engezantsi yi-gel state ene-viscosity ephezulu. Kwakhona kunokubonwa kumfanekiso ukuba ubudlelwane phakathi kwesalathisi sokuhamba kwenkqubo yekhompawundi kunye nomxholo we-HPS uhambelana nobudlelwane bomgca (i-R2 yi-0.98062), oku kubonisa ukuba inkqubo ye-compound inokuhambelana kakuhle.
2.3.3.3 Impembelelo yomlinganiselo wokudibanisa kwi-viscosity coefficient ye-compounding system
Umzobo we-2-7 ubonisa i-viscosity coefficient K yesisombululo esidibeneyo njengomsebenzi womxholo we-HPS. Inokubonwa kumzobo ukuba ixabiso le-K le-HPMC elisulungekileyo lincinci kakhulu, ngelixa ixabiso le-K le-HPS esulungekileyo lelona likhulu, elinxulumene neempawu zejeli ze-HPMC kunye ne-HPS, ezikwisisombululo kunye ne-gel state ngokulandelelana ubushushu obuphantsi. Xa umxholo wecandelo le-low-viscosity liphezulu, oko kukuthi, xa umxholo we-HPS uphantsi, i-coefficient ye-viscosity yesisombululo se-compound isondele kwi-HPMC yecandelo le-viscosity ephantsi; ngelixa xa umxholo wecandelo eliphezulu le-viscosity liphezulu, ixabiso le-K lesisombululo se-compound landa ngokunyuka komxholo we-HPS landa kakhulu, elibonisa ukuba i-HPS yandisa i-viscosity ye-HPMC kwiqondo lokushisa eliphantsi. Oku kubonisa ikakhulu igalelo le-viscosity yesigaba esiqhubekayo kwi-viscosity yenkqubo edibeneyo. Kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo apho i-low-viscosity component yisigaba esiqhubekayo kwaye i-high-viscosity component yinqanaba eliqhubekayo, igalelo le-viscosity yesigaba esiqhubekayo kwi-viscosity ye-compound system ihluke ngokucacileyo. Xa i-HPMC ye-low-viscosity iyisigaba esiqhubekayo, i-viscosity yenkqubo yekhompawundi ibonisa ikakhulu igalelo le-viscosity yesigaba esiqhubekayo; kwaye xa i-HPS ye-viscosity ephezulu iyisigaba esiqhubekayo, i-HPMC njengesigaba esisasazekayo siya kunciphisa i-viscosity ye-HPS ephezulu. isiphumo.
2.3.4 Thixotropy
Thixotropy ingasetyenziselwa ukuvavanya ukuzinza kwezinto okanye iinkqubo ezininzi, kuba i-thixotropy inokufumana ulwazi malunga nesakhiwo sangaphakathi kunye neqondo lomonakalo phantsi komkhosi wokucheba [323-325]. Thixotropy inokudityaniswa neziphumo zexesha kunye nembali yokucheba ekhokelela kwiinguqu ze-microstructural [324, 326]. Indlela ye-thixotropic yamanqanaba amathathu yayisetyenziselwa ukufundisisa umphumo weendlela ezahlukeneyo zokudibanisa kwiipropati ze-thixotropic ze-compounding system. Njengoko kunokubonwa kwiMifanekiso 2-5, zonke iisampuli zibonise idigri ezahlukeneyo ze-thixotropy. Kwizinga eliphantsi lokucheba, i-viscosity yesisombululo se-compound yanda kakhulu ngokunyuka komxholo we-HPS, owawuhambelana nokutshintsha kwe-zero-shear viscosity kunye nomxholo we-HPS.
Idigri yokubuyisela i-structural recovery DSR yeesampulu ezidibeneyo ngexesha elihlukeneyo lokubuyisela libalwa ngefomula (2-3), njengoko kuboniswe kwiThebhile 2-1. Ukuba i-DSR <1, isampuli ine-low shear resistance, kwaye isampuli yi-thixotropic; ngokuchaseneyo, ukuba i-DSR> 1, isampuli ine-anti-thixotropy. Ukusuka kwitheyibhile, sinokubona ukuba ixabiso le-DSR le-HPMC ecocekileyo liphezulu kakhulu, phantse i-1, oku kungenxa yokuba i-molecule ye-HPMC yitsheyini eqinile, kwaye ixesha layo lokuphumla lifutshane, kwaye isakhiwo sibuyiselwa ngokukhawuleza phantsi kwamandla aphezulu okucheba. Ixabiso le-DSR le-HPS liphantsi, eliqinisekisa iimpawu zayo ezinamandla ze-thixotropic, ikakhulu ngenxa yokuba i-HPS yitsheyini eguquguqukayo kwaye ixesha layo lokuphumla lide. Ulwakhiwo aluzange lubuyiselwe ngokupheleleyo kwixesha lokuvavanya.
Kwisisombululo se-compound, ngexesha elifanayo lokubuyisela, xa umxholo we-HPMC ukhulu kune-70%, i-DSR iyancipha ngokukhawuleza ngokunyuka komxholo we-HPS, kuba i-molecular chain ye-HPS yintambo eguquguqukayo, kunye nenani lamaketanga e-molecular eqinile. kwinkqubo edibeneyo iyanda kunye nokongezwa kwe-HPS. Ukuba iyancitshiswa, ixesha lokuphumla kwi-molecular segment ye-compound system lide, kwaye i-thixotropy ye-compound system ayinakufunyanwa ngokukhawuleza phantsi kwesenzo se-shear ephezulu. Xa umxholo we-HPMC ungaphantsi kwe-70%, i-DSR iyanda ngokunyuka komxholo we-HPS, ebonisa ukuba kukho intsebenziswano phakathi kwamatyathanga e-molecular ye-HPS kunye ne-HPMC kwi-compound system, ephucula ukuqina okupheleleyo kwe-molecular. amacandelo kwi-compound system kunye nokunciphisa ixesha lokuphumla kwenkqubo ye-compound iyancitshiswa, kwaye i-thixotropy iyancitshiswa.
Ukongezelela, ixabiso le-DSR lenkqubo edibeneyo yayiphantsi kakhulu kune-HPMC ecocekileyo, ebonisa ukuba i-thixotropy ye-HPMC yayiphuculwe kakhulu ngokudibanisa. Amaxabiso e-DSR uninzi lweesampulu kwi-compound system yayinkulu kune-HPS ecocekileyo, ebonisa ukuba ukuzinza kwe-HPS kwaphuculwa kwinqanaba elithile.
Kwakhona kunokubonwa kwitheyibhile ukuba ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo okubuyisela, ixabiso le-DSR libonisa yonke into ephantsi kakhulu xa umxholo we-HPMC u-70%, kwaye xa umxholo wesitashi ungaphezu kwe-60%, ixabiso le-DSR le-complex lingaphezulu leyo yeHPS esulungekileyo. Amaxabiso e-DSR ngaphakathi kwe-10 yazo zonke iisampuli zisondele kakhulu kumaxabiso okugqibela e-DSR, nto leyo ebonisa ukuba ulwakhiwo lwenkqubo edityanisiweyo lugqibezele uninzi lwemisebenzi yokubuyiswa kwesakhiwo ngaphakathi kwe-10 s. Kuyaphawuleka ukuba iisampulu ezihlanganisiweyo ezinomxholo ophezulu we-HPS zibonise umkhwa wokunyuka ekuqaleni kwaye zehla kunye nokwandiswa kwexesha lokubuyisela, nto leyo ebonisa ukuba iisampuli ezidibeneyo zibonise iqondo elithile le-thixotropy phantsi kwesenzo sokucheba okuphantsi, kwaye ulwakhiwo lwabo olungazinzanga ngakumbi.
Uhlalutyo olusemgangathweni lwenqanaba lesithathu le-thixotropy luhambelana neziphumo zovavanyo lweringi ye-thixotropic exeliweyo, kodwa iziphumo zohlalutyo lobungakanani azihambelani neziphumo zovavanyo lweringi ye-thixotropic. I-thixotropy ye-HPMC / i-HPS inkqubo yekhompawundi yalinganiswa ngendlela ye-thixotropic ring kunye nokunyuka komxholo we-HPS [305]. Ukuwohloka kuqala kwehla kwaye kwanda. Uvavanyo lweringi ye-thixotropic inokuqikelela kuphela ubukho bento ye-thixotropic, kodwa ayinakukuqinisekisa, kuba ikhonkco le-thixotropic sisiphumo sesenzo saxeshanye sexesha lokucheba kunye nesantya sokucheba [325-327].
2.4 Isishwankathelo sesi sahluko
Kwesi sahluko, ijeli ye-thermal ye-HPMC kunye ne-gel ebandayo ye-HPS isetyenziswe njengezona zinto ziphambili zokwakhiwa kwenkqubo edibeneyo yesigaba sesibini se-gel ebandayo kunye neshushu. Impembelelo yeempawu ze-rheological ezifana ne-viscosity, iphethini yokuhamba kunye ne-thixotropy. Ngokobudlelwane obuqhelekileyo phakathi kwamazwe ahlukeneyo kunye nokugxilwa kweepolymers kwisisombululo, imodeli yemo yemolekyuli ye-HPMC / HPS inkqubo yekhompawundi kwisisombululo sobushushu obuphantsi sicetywayo. Ngokomgaqo we-logarithmic summation yeempawu zamacandelo ahlukeneyo kwi-compound system, ukuhambelana kwenkqubo ye-compound kwafundwa. Iziphumo eziphambili zezi zilandelayo:
- Iisampulu ezidityanisiweyo ezinezigxina ezahlukeneyo zonke zibonise iqondo elithile lokucheba, kunye neqondo lokucheba linyuke ngokwanda koxinzelelo.
- Ngokunyuka koxinzelelo, isalathisi sokuhamba kwenkqubo ye-compound yehla, kwaye i-zero-shear viscosity kunye ne-viscosity coefficient yanda, ebonisa ukuba ukuziphatha okuqinileyo kwenkqubo yekhompawundi kwandiswa.
- Kukho ugxininiso olubalulekileyo (i-8%) kwinkqubo ye-HPMC / HPS ye-compound, ngaphantsi kwe-concentration concentration, i-HPMC i-molecular chains kunye ne-HPS gel isigaba sesigaba kwisisombululo se-compound sihlukaniswe omnye komnye kwaye sikhona ngokuzimeleyo; xa ugxininiso olubalulekileyo lufikeleleke, kwisisombululo se-compound I-microgel state yenziwa kunye nesigaba se-HPS njengeziko le-gel, kwaye i-HPMC i-molecular chain idibene kwaye idibene; ngaphezu koxinzelelo olubalulekileyo, i-HPMC egcwele i-macromolecular chains kunye nokudibanisa kwabo kunye nommandla wesigaba se-HPS kunzima kakhulu, kwaye intsebenziswano inzima kakhulu. kakhulu, ngoko isisombululo siziphatha njenge-polymer melt.
- Umlinganiselo wokudibanisa unempembelelo ebalulekileyo kwiipropati ze-rheological zesisombululo se-HPMC / HPS. Ngokunyuka komxholo we-HPS, i-shear thinning phenomenon yenkqubo yekhompawundi ibonakala ngakumbi, isalathisi sokuhamba siyehla ngokuthe ngcembe, kwaye i-zero-shear viscosity kunye ne-viscosity coefficient inyuka ngokuthe ngcembe. ukwanda, kubonisa ukuba ukuziphatha okuqinileyo kwe-complex kuphuculwe kakhulu.
- I-viscosity ye-zero-shear ye-compound system ibonisa i-positive-negative-deviation ethile ngokumalunga nomgaqo we-logarithmic summation. Inkqubo ye-compound yinkqubo yesigaba sesibini esinesigaba esiqhubekayo sokusabalalisa isigaba "solwandle-isiqithi" isakhiwo kwiqondo lokushisa eliphantsi, kwaye, Njengoko i-HPMC / HPS i-compounding ratio yehla emva kwe-4: 6, isigaba esiqhubekayo senkqubo yokudibanisa itshintshile.
- Kukho ubudlelwane bomgca phakathi kwesalathiso sokuhamba kunye nomlinganiselo odibeneyo wezisombululo ezidibeneyo kunye nemilinganiselo eyahlukeneyo yokudibanisa, ebonisa ukuba inkqubo yokudibanisa inokuhambelana kakuhle.
- Kwinkqubo ye-HPMC / HPS ye-compound, xa i-low-viscosity component yinqanaba eliqhubekayo kunye ne-high-viscosity component yinqanaba eliqhubekayo, igalelo le-viscosity yesigaba esiqhubekayo kwi-viscosity ye-compound system ihluke kakhulu. Xa i-HPMC ye-low-viscosity iyisigaba esiqhubekayo, i-viscosity yenkqubo yekhompawundi ibonisa ikakhulu igalelo le-viscosity yesigaba esiqhubekayo; ngelixa i-HPS ye-viscosity ephezulu iyisigaba esiqhubekayo, i-HPMC njengesigaba sokusasazeka iya kunciphisa i-viscosity ye-viscosity ephezulu ye-HPS. isiphumo.
- I-thixotropy yamanqanaba amathathu yayisetyenziselwa ukufundisisa umphumo we-compounding ratio kwi-thixotropy yenkqubo edibeneyo. I-thixotropy yenkqubo edityanisiweyo ibonise umkhwa wokuhla kuqala kwaye yanda ngokuhla kwe-HPMC/HPS yokudibanisa umlinganiselo.
- Iziphumo zovavanyo ezingentla zibonisa ukuba ngokudityaniswa kwe-HPMC kunye ne-HPS, iipropathi zerheological zamacandelo amabini, afana ne-viscosity, i-shear thinning phenomenon kunye ne-thixotropy, ziye zalungelelaniswa kwinqanaba elithile.
Isahluko sesi-3 soLungiselelo kunye neePropati zeHPMC/HPS iiFilimu eziDikayo eziDityanisiweyo
I-Polymer compounding yeyona ndlela isebenzayo yokufezekisa ukuhambelana kokusebenza kwamacandelo amaninzi, ukuphuhlisa izinto ezintsha kunye nokusebenza kakuhle, ukunciphisa amaxabiso emveliso, kunye nokwandisa uluhlu lwezicelo zezixhobo [240-242, 328]. Ke, ngenxa yomahluko othile wokwakheka kweemolekyuli kunye ne-conformational entropy phakathi kweepolymers ezahlukeneyo, uninzi lweenkqubo zokudibanisa iipolymer azihambelani okanye azihambelani ngokuyinxenye [11, 12]. Iimpawu zomatshini kunye nezinye iimpawu ze-macroscopic zenkqubo ye-polymer compound zihambelana ngokusondeleyo neempawu ze-physicochemical zecandelo ngalinye, umlinganiselo odibeneyo wecandelo ngalinye, ukuhambelana phakathi kwamacandelo, kunye nesakhiwo sangaphakathi se-microscopic kunye nezinye izinto [240, 329].
Ukususela kumbono wesakhiwo sekhemikhali, zombini i-HPMC kunye ne-HPS i-hydrophilic curdlan, ineyunithi efanayo yesakhiwo - i-glucose, kwaye iguqulwa liqela elisebenzayo elifanayo - iqela le-hydroxypropyl, ngoko i-HPMC kunye ne-HPS kufuneka ibe nesigaba esihle. Ukubanakho. Nangona kunjalo, i-HPMC i-gel eyenziwe nge-thermally, ekwimeko yesisombululo kunye ne-viscosity ephantsi kakhulu kwiqondo lokushisa eliphantsi, kwaye yenza i-colloid kwiqondo lokushisa eliphezulu; I-HPS yijeli ebangelwa ukubanda, eyijeli yeqondo lokushisa eliphantsi kwaye ikwimeko yesisombululo kwiqondo lokushisa eliphezulu; iimeko zejeli kunye nokuziphatha zichasene ngokupheleleyo. Ukudityaniswa kwe-HPMC kunye ne-HPS akuncedi ekuyilweni kwenkqubo ye-homogeneous kunye nokuhambelana okulungileyo. Uthathela ingqalelo ubume bekhemikhali kunye ne-thermodynamics, ibaluleke kakhulu ithiyori kunye nexabiso elisebenzayo ukudibanisa i-HPMC kunye ne-HPS ukuseka inkqubo yejeli ebandayo eshushu.
Esi sahluko sigxininise kuphononongo lweepropati zendalo zamacandelo kwi-HPMC/HPS ebanda kunye ne-hot gel compound system, i-compounding ratio kunye nomswakama ohambelana nokusingqongileyo kwi-morphology ye-microscopic, ukuhambelana kunye nokuhlukana kwesigaba, iipropati zomatshini, iipropati ezibonakalayo. , kunye neempawu zokuhla kwe-thermal ye-compound system. Kwaye impembelelo yeepropathi ze-macroscopic ezifana neempawu zokuthintela i-oxygen.
3.1 IiMathiriyeli kunye neZixhobo
3.1.1 Iimathiriyeli zovavanyo eziphambili
3.1.2 Izixhobo eziphambili kunye nezixhobo
3.2 Indlela yovavanyo
3.2.1 Ukulungiswa kwefilimu edibeneyo yeHPMC/HPS
I-15% (w/w) yomgubo owomileyo we-HPMC kunye ne-HPS yaxutywa ne-3% (w/w) I-polyethylene glycol plasticizer yadityaniswa kumanzi adiyoniweyo ukuze kufumaneke ulwelo olwenziwa ifilim oludityanisiweyo, kunye nefilimu edityanisiweyo ye-HPMC/ I-HPS yalungiswa ngendlela yokuphosa.
Indlela yokulungiselela: okokuqala linganisela i-HPMC kunye ne-HPS yomgubo owomileyo, kwaye udibanise ngokwemilinganiselo eyahlukeneyo; uze udibanise kwi-70 ° C yamanzi, kwaye uvuselele ngokukhawuleza kwi-120 rpm / min for 30 min ukusasaza ngokupheleleyo i-HPMC; uze ufudumeze isisombululo ukuya Ngaphezu kwe-95 °C, uvuselele ngokukhawuleza ngesantya esifanayo kwi-1 h ukuya kwi-gelatin ngokupheleleyo i-HPS; emva kokuba i-gelatinization igqityiwe, ukushisa kwesisombululo kuncipha ngokukhawuleza kwi-70 ° C, kwaye isisombululo sishukunyiswa ngesantya esincinci se-80 rpm / min for 40 min. Unyibilikise ngokupheleleyo HPMC. Galela i-20 g yesisombululo esixubileyo sokwenza ifilimu kwi-polystyrene petri dish enobubanzi obuyi-15 cm, uyiphose ibe mcaba, kwaye uyomise kwi-37 °C. Ifilimu eyomileyo ihlanjululwe kwi-disc ukuze ifumane i-membrane edibeneyo edliwayo.
Iifilimu ezityiwayo zonke zaye zalingana kumswakama oyi-57% ngaphezulu kweentsuku ezi-3 phambi kovavanyo, kwaye inxalenye yefilim etyiwayo esetyenziselwa uvavanyo lwepropathi ngoomatshini yalingana ne-75% yokufuma ngaphezulu kweentsuku ezi-3.
3.2.2 I-Micromorphology yefilimu edibeneyo etyiwayo ye-HPMC/HPS
3.2.2.1 Umgaqo-siseko wohlalutyo wokuskena i-electron microscope
Umpu we-electron phezu kwe-Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) unokukhupha inani eliphezulu lee-electron. Emva kokuba kuncitshiswe kwaye kugxininiswe, kunokwenza i-electron beam kunye namandla athile kunye nokuqina. Iqhutywa yimagnethi yekhoyili yokuskena, ngokwexesha elithile kunye nocwangco lwesithuba Skena umphezulu wenqaku lesampulu ngenqaku. Ngenxa yomahluko kwiimpawu zendawo encinci, intsebenziswano phakathi kwesampulu kunye ne-electron beam iya kuvelisa izibonakaliso ze-electron zesibini ezinobunzima obahlukeneyo, eziqokelelwa ngumtshini kwaye ziguqulelwe kwiimpawu zombane, ezikhuliswa yividiyo. kunye negalelo Igridi yombhobho wesithombe, emva kokulungelelanisa ukukhanya kwephubhu yomfanekiso, umfanekiso wesibini we-electron unokufumaneka onokubonisa i-morphology kunye neempawu ze-micro-region kumphezulu wesampuli. Xa kuthelekiswa ne-microscopes yendabuko yendabuko, isisombululo se-SEM siphezulu, malunga ne-3nm-6nm ye-surface layer yesampuli, efanelekileyo ngakumbi ukuqwalaselwa kweempawu ze-micro-structure ebusweni bezinto eziphathekayo.
3.2.2.2 Indlela yokuvavanya
Ifilimu edliwayo yafakwa kwi-desiccator ukuze yomiswe, kwaye ubungakanani obufanelekileyo befilimu edliwayo yakhethwa, ifakwe kwinqanaba le-SEM ekhethekileyo yesampula kunye ne-adhesive conductive, kwaye emva koko igolide-ifakwe i-vacuum coater. Ngethuba lovavanyo, isampuli yafakwa kwi-SEM, kwaye i-morphology ye-microscopic yesampuli yabonwa kwaye yafotwa ngamaxesha angama-300 kunye namaxesha e-1000 yokukhulisa phantsi kwe-electron beam acceleration voltage ye-5 kV.
3.2.3 Ukuhanjiswa kokukhanya kwefilimu edibeneyo yeHPMC/HPS
3.2.3.1 Umgaqo wohlalutyo we-UV-Vis spectrophotometry
I-UV-Vis spectrophotometer inokukhupha ukukhanya kunye ne-wavelength ye-200 ~ 800nm kwaye i-irradiate kuyo into. Amanye amaza okukhanya athile kwisikhanyiso sesiganeko afunxwa yimathiriyeli, kunye nenguqu yenqanaba lamandla emolekyuli kunye notshintsho lwenqanaba lamandla e-elektroniki. Kuba into nganye ineendlela ezahlukeneyo zemolekyuli, iathom kunye nemolekyuli, into nganye inombono wayo othile wokufunxa, kwaye umxholo wento unokumiselwa okanye umiselwe ngokwenqanaba lokufunxa kubude obuthile bobude obuthile kwi-spectrum yokufunxa. Ke ngoko, uhlalutyo lwe-UV-Vis ye-spectrophotometric yenye yeendlela ezisebenzayo zokufunda ukubunjwa, ukwakheka kunye nokusebenzisana kwezinto.
Xa i-beam yokukhanya ibetha into, inxalenye yokukhanya kwesiganeko ithathwa yinto, kwaye enye inxalenye yokukhanya kwesiganeko ihanjiswa ngento; Umlinganiselo wokukhanya okugqithisiweyo kwisiganeko sokukhanya kokukhanya kukugqithisela.
Ifomyula yobudlelwane phakathi kwe-absorption kunye ne-transmittance yile:
Phakathi kwabo, u-A kukuthatha;
T lugqithiso, %.
I-absorbence yokugqibela yalungiswa ngokulinganayo nge-absorbence × 0.25 mm / ubukhulu.
3.2.3.2 Indlela yokuvavanya
Lungiselela i-5% yezixazululo ze-HPMC kunye ne-HPS, zixube ngokwemilinganiselo eyahlukeneyo, uthele i-10 g yesisombululo sokwenza ifilimu kwi-polystyrene petri dish kunye nobubanzi be-15 cm, kwaye uyomise kwi-37 ° C ukwenza ifilimu. Sika ifilimu edliwayo ibe yi-1mm × 3mm ye-rectangular strip, uyibeke kwi-cuvette, kwaye wenze ifilimu edliwayo kufuphi nodonga lwangaphakathi lwe-cuvette. I-WFZ UV-3802 UV-vis spectrophotometer yasetyenziselwa ukuskena iisampuli kwi-wavelength epheleleyo ye-200-800 nm, kwaye isampuli nganye yavavanywa ngamaxesha e-5.
3.2.4 Iimpawu ze-Thermomechanical Dynamic ze-HPMC/HPS iifilimu ezidityanisiweyo ezihlanganisiweyo
3.2.4.1 Umgaqo wohlalutyo lwe-thermomechanical
Uhlalutyo lwe-Dynamic Thermomechanical (DMA) sisixhobo esinokulinganisa ubudlelwane phakathi kobunzima kunye nobushushu besampulu phantsi komthwalo othile wothuso kunye nobushushu obucwangcisiweyo, kwaye unokuvavanya iipropathi zomatshini zesampulu phantsi kwesenzo soxinzelelo lwexesha kunye nexesha, ubushushu kunye nobushushu. ubudlelwane frequency.
Iipolymers zemolekyuli eziphezulu zineempawu ze-viscoelastic, ezinokugcina amandla omatshini njenge-elastomer kwelinye icala, kwaye zisebenzise amandla njenge-mucus kwelinye icala. Xa kusetyenziswa amandla okutshintshana ngamaxesha athile, inxalenye enwebekayo iguqula amandla abe ngamandla anokubakho kwaye ayigcine; ngelixa inxalenye ye-viscous iguqula amandla kumandla obushushu kwaye ilahlekelwe. Iimathiriyeli zePolymer ngokubanzi zibonisa imimandla emibini yobushushu obuphantsi beglasi kunye nemo yobushushu obuphezulu berabha, kwaye iqondo lokutshintsha phakathi kwala mazwe mabini liqondo lobushushu beglasi. Iqondo lokushisa lokutshintsha kweglasi lichaphazela ngqo ubume kunye neepropathi zezixhobo, kwaye yenye yezona zinto zibalulekileyo zobushushu beempawu zeepolymers.
Ngokuhlalutya iimpawu ze-thermomechanical ze-polymers eziguquguqukayo, i-viscoelasticity yeepolymers inokubonwa, kwaye iiparitha ezibalulekileyo ezibonisa ukusebenza kweepolymers zinokufumaneka, ukwenzela ukuba zisetyenziswe kangcono kwindawo yokusetyenziswa kwangempela. Ukongezelela, uhlalutyo oluguquguqukayo lwe-thermomechanical lunovelwano kakhulu kwinguqu yeglasi, ukuhlukana kwesigaba, ukudibanisa, i-crystallization kunye ne-molecular motion kuwo onke amanqanaba amacandelo eemolekyuli, kwaye unokufumana ulwazi oluninzi malunga nesakhiwo kunye neempawu zeepolymers. Ihlala isetyenziselwa ukufunda iimolekyuli zeepolymers. ukuziphatha kwentshukumo. Ukusebenzisa imo yokushisa yeqondo lokushisa ye-DMA, ukwenzeka kweenguqu zesigaba ezifana nokuguqulwa kweglasi kunokuvavanywa. Xa kuthelekiswa ne-DSC, i-DMA inobuntununtunu obuphezulu kwaye ifaneleke ngakumbi uhlalutyo lwezixhobo ezilinganisa ukusetyenziswa kokwenyani.
3.2.4.2 Indlela yokuvavanya
Khetha iisampulu ezicocekileyo, ezifanayo, ezisicaba nezingonakalanga, kwaye uzinqumle zibe yimicu exande eyi-10mm×20mm. Iisampulu zavavanywa kwimodi yokuqina kusetyenziswa iPydris Diamond analyzer eguqukayo ye-thermomechanical evela ePerkinElmer, eU.SA. Uluhlu lweqondo lokushisa luyi-25 ~ 150 ° C, izinga lokushisa laliyi-2 ° C / min, i-frequency yayingu-1 Hz, kwaye uvavanyo luphindwe kabini kwisampuli nganye. Ngexesha lovavanyo, imodyuli yokugcina (E') kunye nelahleko yemodyuli (E”) yesampulu zarekhodwa, kwaye umlinganiselo wemodyuli yelahleko ukuya kwimodyuli yokugcina, oko kukuthi, i-angle ye-tangent tan δ, nayo ingabalwa.
3.2.5 Ukuzinza kwe-Thermal ye-HPMC/HPS iifilimu ezidibeneyo ezidibeneyo
3.2.5.1 Umgaqo wohlalutyo lwe-thermogravimetric
I-Thermal Gravimetric Analyzer (TGA) inokulinganisa utshintsho lobunzima besampulu kunye neqondo lobushushu okanye ixesha kwiqondo lobushushu elicwangcisiweyo, kwaye ingasetyenziselwa ukufunda ukufudumala okunokwenzeka, ukunyibilika, ukunyibilika, ukuphelelwa ngamanzi emzimbeni, ukubola kunye ne-oxidation yezinto ngexesha lenkqubo yokufudumeza. . kunye nezinye izinto ezibonakalayo kunye neekhemikhali. Ijika lobudlelwane phakathi kobunzima bezinto kunye nobushushu (okanye ixesha) elifunyenwe ngokuthe ngqo emva kokuba isampuli ivavanyiwe ibizwa ngokuba yi-thermogravimetric (i-TGA curve). ukunciphisa umzimba kunye nolunye ulwazi. I-curve ye-Thermogravimetric ye-Derivative (i-DTG curve) inokufumaneka emva kokuphuma kwe-oda lokuqala kwi-curve ye-TGA, ebonisa ukuguqulwa kwesantya sokulahlekelwa kwesisindo sesampuli esivavanyiweyo kunye nobushushu okanye ixesha, kwaye indawo ephezulu yeyona ndawo iphezulu yesigxina. izinga.
3.2.5.2 Indlela yokuvavanya
Khetha ifilimu edliwayo kunye nobukhulu obufanayo, yinqumle kwisangqa kunye nobubanzi obufanayo nediski yokuvavanya i-thermogravimetric analyzer, uze uyibeke phantsi kwidiski yovavanyo, kwaye uyivavanye kwi-nitrogen emoyeni kunye nesantya sokuhamba kwe-20 mL / min. . Uluhlu lweqondo lokushisa lwaluyi-30-700 ° C, izinga lokushisa laliyi-10 ° C / min, kwaye isampuli nganye ihlolwe kabini.
3.2.6.1 Umgaqo wohlalutyo lwepropathi ephantsi
3.2.6 Iipropati ze-Tensile ze-HPMC/HPS iifilimu ezidibeneyo ezityiwayo
Umvavanyi wepropathi yoomatshini unokusebenzisa umthwalo omileyo kwi-spline ecaleni kwe-axis ye-longitudinal phantsi kobushushu obuthile, ukufuma kunye neemeko zesantya de kwaphulwe i-spline. Ngethuba lovavanyo, umthwalo osetyenzisiweyo kwi-spline kunye nexabiso layo lokuguqulwa lirekhodwe ngumhloli wepropathi ye-mechanical, kunye ne-stress-strain curve ngexesha lokuguqulwa kwe-tensile ye-spline yatsalwa. Ukusuka kwigophe loxinzelelo-uxinzelelo, amandla okuqina (ζt), ukunweba ngexesha lekhefu (εb) kunye ne-elastic modulus (E) ingabalwa ukuvavanya iipropati zokuqina kwefilimu.
Ubudlelwane boxinzelelo loxinzelelo lwezixhobo lunokwahlulwa ngokubanzi lube ngamacandelo amabini: ummandla we-elastic deformation kunye nommandla weplastiki. Kwindawo ye-elastic deformation, uxinzelelo kunye noxinzelelo lwezinto eziphathekayo zinobudlelwane bomgca, kwaye i-deformation ngeli xesha inokubuyiselwa ngokupheleleyo, ehambelana nomthetho kaCook; kwindawo ye-deformation yeplastiki, uxinzelelo kunye noxinzelelo lwezinto eziphathekayo alusekho umgca, kwaye i-deformation eyenzekayo ngeli xesha ayinakuguqulwa, ekugqibeleni ikhefu.
Ifomula yokubala amandla okuqina:
Kuphi: amandla okuqina, MPa;
p ngumthwalo omkhulu okanye umthwalo wokuqhawula, i-N;
b bububanzi besampulu, mm;
d bubunzima besampulu, mm.
Ifomula yokubala ubude ngexesha lekhefu:
Phi: εb lubude ngexesha lekhefu, %;
L ngumgama phakathi kwemigca yokumakisha xa isampuli iqhekeza, mm;
I-L0 yi-original gauge ubude besampuli, mm.
Ifomula yokubala imodyuli yeelastiki:
Phakathi kwazo: E yimodulus elastic, MPa;
ζ luxinzelelo, MPa;
ε luxinzelelo.
3.2.6.2 Indlela yokuvavanya
Khetha iisampulu ezicocekileyo, ezifanayo, ezisicaba kunye nezingonakaliswanga, bhekisa kumgangatho wesizwe we-GB13022-91, kwaye uzinqumle zibe zii-dumbbell-shaped splines ezinobude obupheleleyo be-120mm, umgama wokuqala phakathi kwe-86mm, umgama phakathi kwamanqaku angama-40mm, kwaye ububanzi be-10mm. I-splines ibekwe kwi-75% kunye ne-57% (kwi-atmospheric ye-sodium chloride egcweleyo kunye nesisombululo se-sodium bromide) umswakama, kwaye ilinganiswe ngaphezu kweentsuku ze-3 ngaphambi kokulinganisa. Kolu vavanyo, i-ASTM D638, i-5566 yovavanyo lwepropathi yomatshini ye-Instron Corporation yase-United States kunye ne-2712-003 yayo ye-pneumatic clamp isetyenziselwa uvavanyo. Isantya esiphezulu sasiyi-10 mm / min, kwaye isampuli iphindwe ngamaxesha e-7, kwaye ixabiso eliqhelekileyo libalwe.
3.2.7 Ukungena kweoksijini ye-HPMC/HPS ifilimu edibeneyo edibeneyo
3.2.7.1 Umgaqo-siseko wohlalutyo lwe-oxygen permeability
Emva kokuba isampuli yovavanyo ifakwe, umgodi wokuvavanya uhlukaniswe ube ngamacandelo amabini, A kunye no-B; ukuhamba kwe-oksijeni ephezulu kunye nesantya esithile sokuhamba sigqithiselwa kwi-cavity A, kwaye i-nitrogen ihamba kunye nesantya esithile sokuhamba sidluliselwa kwi-B cavity; ngexesha lenkqubo yovavanyo, i-A cavity I-oksijeni ingena kwisampuli kwi-cavity B, kwaye i-oksijini efakwe kwi-cavity ye-B ithwalwa yi-nitrogen flow kwaye ishiya i-cavity ye-B ukufikelela kwi-oxygen sensor. I-sensor ye-oksijini ilinganisa umxholo we-oksijini ekuhambeni kwe-nitrogen kwaye ikhupha isignali yombane ehambelanayo, ngaloo ndlela ibala i-oksijini yesampuli. ugqithiso.
3.2.7.2 Indlela yokuvavanya
Khetha iifilimu ezidityanisiweyo ezingonakaliswanga, zinqumle zibe ziisampuli eziyi-10.16 x 10.16 cm ezimile okwedayimane, ugqume imiphezulu yeziqhoboshi ngegrisi yokufunxa, kwaye ubambe iisampulu kwibhloko yovavanyo. Ivavanywe ngokwe-ASTM D-3985, isampuli nganye inendawo yovavanyo ye-50 cm2.
3.3 Iziphumo kunye neengxoxo
3.3.1 Uhlalutyo lwe-Microstructure yeefilimu ezidibeneyo ezidliwayo
Ukusebenzisana phakathi kwamacandelo e-film-forming liquid kunye neemeko zokumisa-kumisela isakhiwo sokugqibela sefilimu kwaye sichaphazele ngokunzulu iipropati ezahlukeneyo zomzimba kunye neekhemikhali zefilimu [330, 331]. Iimpawu ze-gel zendalo kunye ne-compounding ratio yecandelo ngalinye inokuchaphazela i-morphology ye-compound, echaphazela ngakumbi isakhiwo somgangatho kunye neempawu zokugqibela ze-membrane [301, 332]. Ngoko ke, uhlalutyo lwe-microstructural lweefilimu lunokubonelela ngolwazi olufanelekileyo malunga nokulungiswa kwakhona kwemolekyuli yecandelo ngalinye, elinokuthi lisincede siqonde ngcono iimpawu zomqobo, iipropati zomatshini, kunye neempawu ze-optical zefilimu.
Umphezulu wokuskena i-electron microscopes micrographs ye-HPS/HPMC iifilimu ezityiwayo ezinomlinganiselo ohlukeneyo ziboniswa kuMfanekiso 3-1. Njengoko kunokubonwa kuMzobo 3-1, ezinye iisampuli zibonise ukuqhekeka kwe-micro-kumphezulu, okunokuthi kubangelwa ukunciphisa ukufuma kwisampulu ngexesha lovavanyo, okanye ngokuhlaselwa kwe-electron beam kwi-microscope cavity [122] , 139]. Kumfanekiso, inwebu ye-HPS ecocekileyo kunye ne-HPMC ecocekileyo. Iinwebu zabonisa imiphezulu egudileyo ngokwentelekiso microscopic, kunye microstructure esulungekileyo HPS inwebu yaba homogeneous kwaye mtyibilizi ngaphezu HPMC inwebu esulungekileyo, nto leyo enokuba ubukhulu becala ngenxa yesitatshi macromolecules (amylose iimolekyuli kunye amylopectin iimolekyuli) ngexesha lenkqubo yokupholisa. kwisisombululo esimanzi. Izifundo ezininzi zibonise ukuba inkqubo ye-amylose-amylopectin-amanzi kwinkqubo yokupholisa
Kunokubakho indlela yokukhuphisana phakathi kokubunjwa kwe-gel kunye nokuhlukana kwesigaba. Ukuba isantya sokuhlukana kwesigaba siphantsi kunomlinganiselo wokubunjwa kwe-gel, ukuhlukana kwesigaba akuyi kwenzeka kwinkqubo, ngaphandle koko, ukuhlukana kwesigaba kuya kwenzeka kwinkqubo [333, 334]. Ngaphezu koko, xa umxholo we-amylose udlula i-25%, i-gelatinization ye-amylose kunye nesakhiwo senethiwekhi ye-amylose eqhubekayo inokuthintela kakhulu ukubonakala kokuhlukana kwesigaba [334]. Umxholo we-amylose we-HPS osetyenziswe kweli phepha ngu-80%, uphezulu kakhulu kune-25%, ngaloo ndlela ubonisa ngcono into yokuba ii-membrane ze-HPS ezicocekileyo zi-homogeneous kwaye zigudileyo kuneembumba ze-HPMC ezicocekileyo.
Inokubonwa ekuthelekisweni kwamanani ukuba umphezulu wazo zonke iifilimu ezihlanganisiweyo zinobunzima, kwaye ezinye iziqhumane ezingaqhelekanga zisasazekile, ezibonisa ukuba kukho iqondo elithile lokungahambelani phakathi kwe-HPMC kunye ne-HPS. Ngaphezu koko, i-membrane edibeneyo enomxholo ophezulu we-HPMC ibonise isakhiwo esilinganayo kunezo zinomxholo ophezulu we-HPS. I-HPS-based condensation kwi-37 °C yobushushu bokwenziwa kwefilimu
Ngokusekwe kwiipropati zejeli, i-HPS ibonise ijeli ye-viscous; ngelixa isekelwe kwiipropati zejeli ye-thermal ye-HPMC, i-HPMC ibonise isisombululo esifana namanzi. Kwi-membrane edibeneyo enomxholo ophezulu we-HPS (7: 3 HPS / HPMC), i-HPS ye-viscous yinqanaba eliqhubekayo, kwaye i-HPMC efana namanzi ihlakazekile kwi-high-viscosity ye-HPS yesigaba esiqhubekayo njengesigaba esichithwayo, esingenakulungeleka. ukuya kulwabiwo olufanayo lwesigaba esihlakaziweyo; Kwifilimu edibeneyo enomxholo ophezulu we-HPMC (3: 7 HPS / HPMC), i-HPMC ye-viscosity ephantsi iguqulela kwisigaba esiqhubekayo, kwaye i-HPS ye-viscous ihlakazekile kwisigaba esisezantsi se-viscosity ye-HPMC njengesigaba esichithwayo, esilungele ukuba ukubunjwa kwesigaba se-homogeneous. inkqubo edibeneyo.
Inokubonwa kumzobo ukuba nangona zonke iifilimu ezihlanganisiweyo zibonisa ubume oburhabaxa kunye nobunganyangekiyo, akukho jongano lwesigaba lucacileyo lufunyenweyo, olubonisa ukuba i-HPMC kunye ne-HPS ziyahambelana kakuhle. Iifilimu ezidibeneyo ze-HPMC / isitashi ngaphandle kweeplastiki ezifana ne-PEG zibonise ukuhlukana kwesigaba esicacileyo [301], ngaloo ndlela ibonisa ukuba zombini ukuguqulwa kwe-hydroxypropyl ye-starch kunye ne-PEG plasticizers kunokuphucula ukuhambelana kwe-composite -system.
3.3.2 Uhlalutyo lweempawu ze-Optical kwiifilimu ezidibeneyo ezidliwayo
Iimpawu zokuhambisa ukukhanya kweefilimu ezidibeneyo ezidliwayo ze-HPMC / HPS ezinemilinganiselo eyahlukeneyo zavavanywa yi-UV-vis spectrophotometer, kwaye i-UV spectra iboniswe kwi-Figure 3-2. Ixabiso elikhulu lokuhambisa ukukhanya, ifilimu ifanayo kwaye ibonakala; ngokuchaseneyo, incinci ixabiso lokuhambisa ukukhanya, ifilimu ingalingani kwaye i-opaque. Inokubonwa kuMzobo 3-2 (a) ukuba zonke iifilimu ezihlanganisiweyo zibonisa umkhwa ofanayo kunye nokunyuka kobude be-scanning kuluhlu olupheleleyo lwe-wavelength scanning, kwaye ukuhanjiswa kokukhanya kunyuka ngokuthe ngcembe ngokunyuka kwe-wavelength. Kwi-350nm, iigophe zithande ukuba ithafa.
Khetha ukuhanjiswa kwi-wavelength ye-500nm ukuthelekisa, njengoko kuboniswe kuMzobo 3-2 (b), ukuhanjiswa kwefilimu ecocekileyo ye-HPS iphantsi kunefilimu ye-HPMC ecocekileyo, kwaye ngokunyuka komxholo we-HPMC, ukuhanjiswa kuncipha kuqala, kwaye emva koko inyuswe emva kokufikelela elona xabiso liphantsi. Xa umxholo we-HPMC unyuke ukuya kwi-70%, ukuhanjiswa kokukhanya kwefilimu edibeneyo kwakukhulu kune-HPS ecocekileyo. Kuyaziwa ukuba inkqubo ye-homogeneous iya kubonisa ukuhanjiswa kokukhanya okungcono, kwaye ixabiso layo le-UV-ameasured transmittance liphezulu ngokubanzi; imathiriyeli engena-homogeneous ngokubanzi i-opaque ngakumbi kwaye inexabiso eliphantsi lokuhanjiswa kwe-UV. Amaxabiso okudluliselwa kweefilimu ezidibeneyo (7: 3, 5: 5) zaziphantsi kunezo ze-HPS ezicocekileyo kunye neefilimu ze-HPMC, ezibonisa ukuba kukho iqondo elithile lokuhlukana kwesigaba phakathi kwamacandelo amabini e-HPS kunye ne-HPMC.
Umfanekiso we-3-2 UV spectra kuwo onke amaza amaza (a), kunye ne-500 nm (b), ye-HPS / HPMC yokudibanisa iifilimu. Ibha imele ±inxaxhi eqhelekileyo. ac: oonobumba abohlukeneyo bahluke kakhulu ngomlinganiselo owahlukeneyo womxube (p <0.05), usetyenziswe kwi-dissertation epheleleyo
3.3.3 Uhlalutyo lwe-thermomechanical olunamandla lweefilimu ezidibeneyo ezityiwayo
Umzobo 3-3 ubonisa iimpawu ze-thermomechanical eziguqukayo zeefilimu ezidliwayo ze-HPMC / HPS kunye neendlela ezahlukeneyo zokuqulunqa. Ingabonwa kwi-Fig. 3-3 (a) ukuba imodyuli yokugcina (E') iyancipha ngokunyuka komxholo we-HPMC. Ukongeza, imodyuli yokugcina yazo zonke iisampulu yehla ngokuthe ngcembe ngokunyuka kwamaqondo obushushu, ngaphandle kokuba imodyuli yokugcina ye-HPS esulungekileyo (10:0) ifilimu inyuke kancinci emva kokuba ubushushu bonyuswe ukuya kutsho kuma-70 °C. Kwiqondo lokushisa eliphezulu, kwifilimu edibeneyo enomxholo ophezulu we-HPMC, imodyuli yokugcina ifilimu edibeneyo inomgangatho ocacileyo wokuhla kunye nokunyuka kweqondo lokushisa; ngelixa isampuli enomxholo ophezulu we-HPS, imodyuli yokugcina iyancipha kuphela ngokunyuka kweqondo lokushisa.
Isazobe 3-3 Imodyuli yoGcino (E′) (a) kunye nelahleko tangenti (tan δ) (b) ye-HPS/HPMC yomxube weefilimu
Inokubonwa kwi-Figure 3-3 (b) ukuba iisampuli ezinomxholo we-HPMC ophezulu kune-30% (5: 5, 3: 7, 0:10) zonke zibonisa i-glass transition peak, kunye nokunyuka komxholo we-HPMC, Utshintsho lweglasi ubushushu benguqu butshintshele kwiqondo lobushushu obuphezulu, nto leyo ebonisa ukuba ukuguquguquka kwekhonkco lepolymer yeHPMC kuhlile. Kwelinye icala, inwebu esulungekileyo ye-HPS ibonisa incopho enkulu yemvulophu malunga ne-67 °C, ngelixa inwebu edibeneyo enomxholo we-70% we-HPS ingenalo utshintsho olucacileyo lweglasi. Oku kungenxa yokuba kukho iqondo elithile lokusebenzisana phakathi kwe-HPMC kunye ne-HPS, ngaloo ndlela ithintela ukuhamba kwamacandelo eemolekyuli ze-HPMC kunye ne-HPS.
3.3.4 Uhlalutyo lokuzinza kwe-Thermal yeefilimu ezidibeneyo ezidliwayo
Isazobe 3-4 iigophe ze-TGA (a) kunye ne-derivative (DTG) iigophe (b) ze-HPS/HPMC ezidibanisa iifilimu
Ukuzinza kwe-thermal yefilimu edibeneyo edibeneyo ye-HPMC / HPS yavavanywa ngumhlalutyi we-thermogravimetric. Umzobo we-3-4 ubonisa i-curve thermogravimetric (TGA) kunye ne-curve yokulahleka kwesisindo (DTG) yefilimu edibeneyo. Ukusuka kwigophe le-TGA kuMfanekiso 3-4 (a), kunokubonwa ukuba iisampuli ze-membrane ezidibeneyo ezinemilinganiselo eyahlukeneyo zibonisa izigaba ezimbini ezicacileyo zokutshintsha kwe-thermogravimetric kunye nokunyuka kobushushu. I-volatilization yamanzi adsorbed yi-polysaccharide macromolecule iphumela kwisigaba esincinci sokulahlekelwa kwesisindo kwi-30-180 ° C ngaphambi kokuba ukuthotywa kwe-thermal yangempela kwenzeke. Emva koko, kukho isigaba esikhulu sokulahlekelwa kwesisindo kwi-300 ~ 450 ° C, apha isigaba sokuthotywa kwe-thermal ye-HPMC kunye ne-HPS.
Ukusuka kwiigophe ze-DTG kuMfanekiso 3-4(b), kunokubonwa ukuba ukuthotywa kweqondo lobushushu eliphezulu lobushushu be-HPS esulungekileyo kunye ne-HPMC esulungekileyo yi-338 °C kunye ne-400 °C, ngokulandelelana, kunye nobushushu obuphezulu bokuthotywa kwe-thermal ye-HPMC esulungekileyo. phezulu kunaleyo HPS, ebonisa ukuba HPMC Better thermal uzinzo kune HPS. Xa umxholo we-HPMC wawuyi-30% (7: 3), i-peak eyodwa yabonakala kwi-347 ° C, ehambelana neyona nto iphakamileyo ye-HPS, kodwa iqondo lokushisa laliphezulu kunokonakaliswa kwe-thermal ye-HPS; xa umxholo we-HPMC wawuyi-70% ( 3: 7 ), kuphela incopho yempawu ye-HPMC ibonakala kwi-400 ° C; xa umxholo we-HPMC wawuyi-50%, iincopho ezimbini zokuthotywa kwe-thermal zavela kwijika le-DTG, i-345 °C kunye ne-396 °C, ngokulandelanayo. Iincopho zihambelana neempawu ze-HPS kunye ne-HPMC, ngokulandelanayo, kodwa i-thermal degradation peak ehambelana ne-HPS incinci, kwaye zombini iincopho zinenguqu ethile. Kungabonwa ukuba uninzi lweembrane ezidibeneyo zibonisa kuphela uphawu olulodwa lwencopho oluhambelana necandelo elithile, kwaye luhlanjululwe xa luthelekiswa ne-membrane yecandelo elicocekileyo, elibonisa ukuba kukho umahluko othile phakathi kwe-HPMC kunye namacandelo e-HPS. iqondo lokuhambelana. Ukushisa kwe-thermal degradation peak ye-membrane edibeneyo yayiphezulu kune-HPS ecocekileyo, ebonisa ukuba i-HPMC inokuphucula ukuzinza kwe-thermal ye-membrane ye-HPS ukuya kwinqanaba elithile.
3.3.5 Uhlalutyo lweempawu zoomatshini kwifilimu edibeneyo etyiwayo
Iipropati eziqinileyo ze-HPMC/HPS bhanyabhanya ezidityanisiweyo ezinereyishini ezahlukeneyo zilinganiswe ngohlalutyi lwepropathi ngoomatshini kwi-25 °C, ukufuma okunxulumene ne-57% kunye ne-75%. Umzobo we-3-5 ubonisa i-elastic modulus (a), i-elongation at break (b) kunye namandla okuqina (c) yeefilimu ezihlanganisiweyo ze-HPMC/HPS ezinomlinganiselo ohlukeneyo phantsi kokufuma okwahlukeneyo. Inokubonwa kumzobo ukuba xa ukufuma okunxulumeneyo kuyi-57%, imodyuli elastiki kunye namandla aqinile efilimu esulungekileyo ye-HPS yeyona inkulu, kwaye iHPMC esulungekileyo yeyona incinci. Ngokunyuka komxholo we-HPS, imodyuli e-elastic kunye namandla okuqina kweefilimu ezihlanganisiweyo zanda ngokuqhubekayo. Ubude ngexesha lokuphumla kwe-membrane ye-HPMC esulungekileyo inkulu kakhulu kune-membrane ye-HPS esulungekileyo, kwaye zombini zikhulu kunaleyo ye-membrane edibeneyo.
Xa ubumanzi obunxulumeneyo buphezulu (75%) xa kuthelekiswa nama-57% ukufuma okunxulumeneyo, imodyuli elastiki kunye namandla okuqina azo zonke iisampulu ehlile, lo gama ubude ngexesha lekhefu lonyuka kakhulu. Oku kungenxa yokuba amanzi, njengeplastiki yeplastiki eqhelekileyo, anokuyihlambulula i-HPMC kunye ne-HPS matrix, anciphise amandla phakathi kwamatyathanga epolymer, kwaye aphucule ukushukuma kwamacandelo epolymer. Kumswakama ophakamileyo onxulumeneyo, imodyuli e-elastiki kunye namandla okuqina eefilimu ze-HPMC ezisulungekileyo zaziphezulu kunezo bhanyabhanya ze-HPS ezisulungekileyo, kodwa ulwandiso lwekhefu lwalusezantsi, isiphumo esahluke ngokupheleleyo kwiziphumo zokufuma okuphantsi. Kuyafaneleka ukuba uqaphele ukuba ukuhlukahluka kweempawu zemishini yeefilimu ezidibeneyo kunye nemilinganiselo yecandelo kwi-humidity ephezulu ye-75% ichasene ngokupheleleyo ne-humidity ephantsi xa kuthelekiswa nemeko kwi-humidity ye-57%. Ngaphantsi komswakama ophezulu, umthamo womswakama wefilimu uyanda, kwaye amanzi akanayo kuphela impembelelo ethile yeplastiki kwi-polymer matrix, kodwa ikhuthaza ukubuyiswa kwakhona kwesitashi. Xa kuthelekiswa ne-HPMC, i-HPS inotyekelo olunamandla lokuphinda ikristale, ngoko ke isiphumo sokufuma kwe-HPS sikhulu kakhulu kuneso se-HPMC.
Umzobo we-3-5 iipropati ze-Tensile ze-HPS / HPMC iifilimu ezinemilinganiselo eyahlukeneyo ye-HPS / HPMC elinganayo phantsi kweemeko ezahlukeneyo zokuthobeka (RH). *: Oonobumba bamanani abohlukeneyo bahluke kakhulu kwii-RH ezahlukeneyo, ezisetyenziswa kwi-dissertation epheleleyo
3.3.6 Uhlalutyo lwe-Oxygen Permeability yeeFilimu eziDikayo eziDityanisiweyo
Ifilimu edibeneyo edibeneyo isetyenziswa njengezinto zokupakisha ukutya ukwandisa ubomi beshelufu yokutya, kwaye ukusebenza kwayo komqobo weoksijini yenye yezalathi ezibalulekileyo. Ngoko ke, amazinga okuhanjiswa kwe-oksijini yeefilimu ezidliwayo ezinemilinganiselo eyahlukeneyo ye-HPMC / HPS zilinganiswe kwiqondo lokushisa kwe-23 ° C, kwaye iziphumo ziboniswa kuMfanekiso 3-6. Inokubonwa kumzobo ukuba ukunyanzeliswa kweoksijini ye-membrane ye-HPS esulungekileyo isezantsi kakhulu kune-membrane ye-HPMC esulungekileyo, ebonisa ukuba inwebu ye-HPS ineempawu ezingcono zesithintelo se-oksijini kunenwebu ye-HPMC. Ngenxa ye-viscosity ephantsi kunye nobukho bemimandla ye-amorphous, i-HPMC kulula ukwenza isakhiwo sothungelwano esincinci esincinci kwifilimu; xa ithelekiswa ne-HPS, inotyekelo oluphezulu lokuphinda iqaqambe, kwaye kulula ukwenza isakhiwo esixineneyo kwifilimu. Uphononongo oluninzi lubonise ukuba iifilimu zesitatshi zineempawu ezilungileyo zokuthintela ioksijini xa kuthelekiswa nezinye iipolymers [139, 301, 335, 336].
Umzobo we-3-6 ukunyanzeliswa kwe-oksijeni ye-HPS / HPMC yokudibanisa iifilimu
Ukongezwa kwe-HPS kunokunciphisa kakhulu ukunyanzeliswa kwe-oksijini yeembrane ze-HPMC, kwaye i-oxygen permeability ye-membrane edibeneyo iyancipha ngokukhawuleza ngokunyuka komxholo we-HPS. Ukongezwa kwe-HPS engavumelekanga ye-oksijeni kunokunyusa ukunyanzeliswa kwejelo le-oksijini kwi-membrane edibeneyo, nto leyo ekhokelela ekunciphiseni izinga lokungena kwe-oksijeni kwaye ekugqibeleni iyancipha i-oxygen. Iziphumo ezifanayo ziye zaxelwa kwezinye izitatshi [139,301].
3.4 Isishwankathelo sesi sahluko
Kwesi sahluko, ukusebenzisa i-HPMC kunye ne-HPS njengezona zinto ziphambili, kunye nokongeza i-polyethylene glycol njenge-plasticizer, iifilimu ezidibeneyo ezidliwayo ze-HPMC / HPS ezinemilinganiselo eyahlukeneyo zilungiswe ngendlela yokuphosa. Impembelelo yeempawu zendalo zamacandelo kunye nomlinganiselo wokudibanisa kwi-morphology ye-microscopic ye-membrane edibeneyo yafundwa ngokuskena i-electron microscopy; iimpawu zomatshini we-membrane edibeneyo zifundwe ngumhloli we-mechanical-properties. Impembelelo yeempawu zendalo zamacandelo kunye nomlinganiselo odibeneyo kwiipropati zesithintelo se-oksijini kunye nokuhanjiswa kokukhanya kwefilimu edibeneyo yaphononongwa ngumhloli we-oxygen transmittance kunye ne-UV-vis spectrophotometer. Ukuskena i-electron microscopy, uhlalutyo lwe-thermogravimetric kunye nohlalutyo oluguqukayo lwe-thermal lusetyenzisiwe. Uhlalutyo lomatshini kunye nezinye iindlela zokuhlalutya zazisetyenziselwa ukufunda ukuhambelana kunye nokwahlulwa kwesigaba senkqubo ye-gel ebandayo eshushu. Iziphumo eziphambili zezi zilandelayo:
- Xa kuthelekiswa ne-HPMC esulungekileyo, i-HPS esulungekileyo ilula ukwenza i-homogeneous and smooth microscopic surface morphology. Oku kubangelwa ikakhulu ukulungelelaniswa kakuhle kwemolekyuli ye-starch macromolecules (i-amylose molecules kunye ne-amylopectin molekyuli) kwisisombululo se-aqueous starch ngexesha lenkqubo yokupholisa.
- Iikhompawundi ezinomxholo ophezulu we-HPMC kunokwenzeka ukuba zenze izakhiwo ze-membrane ezilinganayo. Oku kusekelwe ikakhulu kwiipropati zejeli ze-HPMC kunye ne-HPS. Kwiqondo lokushisa lefilimu, i-HPMC kunye ne-HPS ibonisa isisombululo se-low-viscosity state kunye ne-high-viscosity gel state, ngokulandelanayo. I-high-viscosity dispersed phase isasazwa kwi-low-viscosity eqhubekayo. , kulula ukwenza inkqubo ye-homogeneous.
- Ukufuma okuhambelanayo kunempembelelo ebalulekileyo kwiipropati zemishini ye-HPMC / i-HPS yeefilimu ezidibeneyo, kwaye iqondo lempembelelo yalo liyenyuka ngokunyuka komxholo we-HPS. Kumanzi asezantsi anxulumeneyo, zombini imodyuli enwebekayo kunye namandla okuqina kweefilimu ezihlanganisiweyo zonyuka ngokunyuka komxholo we-HPS, kwaye ulwandiso ngexesha lokuphumla kweefilimu ezihlanganisiweyo lwalusezantsi kakhulu kunolo lweefilimu ezicocekileyo zecandelo. Ngokunyuka kokufuma okuhambelanayo, imodyuli e-elastic kunye namandla okuzibamba kwefilimu edibeneyo yehla, kwaye ubude ngexesha lekhefu buye banda kakhulu, kwaye ubudlelwane phakathi kweempawu zomatshini wefilimu edibeneyo kunye nomlinganiselo wokudibanisa ubonise ipateni yokutshintsha ngokupheleleyo phantsi kweendlela ezahlukeneyo. Ubuntu bezizalwane. Iimpawu zomatshini weembrane ezidibeneyo ezinemilinganiselo eyahlukeneyo yokudibanisa zibonisa ukuhlangana phantsi kweemeko ezahlukeneyo zokufuma, ezibonelela ngamathuba okuphucula ukusebenza kwemveliso ngokweemfuno ezahlukeneyo zesicelo.
- Ukongezwa kwe-HPS kuphuculwe kakhulu iipropati zomqobo we-oksijini we-membrane edibeneyo. I-oxygen permeability ye-membrane edibeneyo yehla ngokukhawuleza ngokunyuka komxholo we-HPS.
- Kwinkqubo ye-HPMC/HPS ebandayo neshushu yejeli, kukho ukuhambelana okuthile phakathi kwamacandelo amabini. Akukho jongano olucacileyo lwezigaba ezibini lufunyenwe kwimifanekiso ye-SEM yazo zonke iifilimu ezihlanganisiweyo, uninzi lweefilimu ezihlanganisiweyo zinendawo enye kuphela yokutshintsha kweglasi kwiziphumo ze-DMA, kwaye inye kuphela incopho yokuthotywa kwe-thermal yabonakala kwi-curves ye-DTG uninzi lwe-composite. iifilimu. Ibonisa ukuba kukho inkcazo ethile phakathi kwe-HPMC kunye ne-HPS.
Iziphumo zovavanyo ezingentla zibonisa ukuba ukudityaniswa kwe-HPS kunye ne-HPMC ayinakho ukunciphisa kuphela iindleko zemveliso yefilimu etyiwayo ye-HPMC, kodwa iphucula ukusebenza kwayo. Iimpawu zomatshini, iipropati zokuthintela i-oksijini kunye neempawu ze-optical zefilimu edibeneyo edibeneyo inokufezekiswa ngokulungelelanisa umlinganiselo odibeneyo wamacandelo amabini kunye nomswakama ohambelanayo wendawo yangaphandle.
Isahluko sesi-4 Ubudlelwane phakathi kweMicromorphology kunye neePropati zeMechanical zeHPMC / HPS Compound System
Xa kuthelekiswa ne-entropy ephezulu yokuxuba ngexesha lokuxuba i-alloy yensimbi, i-entropy yokuxuba ngexesha lokudibanisa i-polymer idla ngokuba yincinci kakhulu, kwaye ukushisa kokudibanisa ngexesha lokudibanisa kudla ngokufanelekileyo, okukhokelela kwiinkqubo ze-polymer compounding. Utshintsho lwamandla asimahla lweGibbs lulungile (���>), ngoko ke, ukuqulunqwa kwe-polymer kuvame ukwenza iinkqubo zesigaba-ezahlulwe ezibini, kunye ne-polymer formulations ehambelana ngokupheleleyo inqabile kakhulu [242].
Iinkqubo ezixubeneyo zekhompawundi zihlala zifezekisa ukungahambi kakuhle kwenqanaba lemolekyuli kwi-thermodynamics kwaye zenze iikhompawundi ezidibeneyo, ngoko ke uninzi lweenkqubo zekhompawundi zepolymer azichanekanga. Nangona kunjalo, iinkqubo ezininzi ze-polymer compound zinokufikelela kwimeko ehambelanayo phantsi kweemeko ezithile kwaye zibe yinkqubo edibeneyo kunye nokuhambelana okuthile [257].
Iimpawu ze-macroscopic ezifana nezixhobo zemishini yeenkqubo ezidibeneyo ze-polymer zixhomekeke kumlinganiselo omkhulu ekusebenzisaneni kunye ne-morphology yesigaba samacandelo abo, ngokukodwa ukuhambelana phakathi kwamacandelo kunye nokubunjwa kwezigaba eziqhubekayo kunye nezihlakazekileyo [301]. Ngoko ke, kubaluleke kakhulu ukufunda i-microscopic morphology kunye neempawu ze-macroscopic zenkqubo edibeneyo kunye nokuseka ubudlelwane phakathi kwabo, obaluleke kakhulu ukulawula iimpawu zezinto ezidibeneyo ngokulawula isakhiwo sesigaba kunye nokuhambelana kwenkqubo edibeneyo.
Kwinkqubo yokufunda i-morphology kunye nesigaba somzobo wenkqubo enzima, kubaluleke kakhulu ukukhetha iindlela ezifanelekileyo zokwahlula amacandelo ahlukeneyo. Nangona kunjalo, umahluko phakathi kwe-HPMC kunye ne-HPS unzima kakhulu, kuba zombini zinokucaca kakuhle kunye nesalathiso se-refractive efanayo, ngoko ke kunzima ukwahlula amacandelo amabini nge-optical microscopy; Ukongeza, ngenxa yokuba zombini ziyizinto eziphilayo ezisekelwe kwikhabhoni, ngoko ke ezi zimbini zinefuthe elifanayo lamandla, ngoko ke kunzima ukuskena i-electron microscopy ukwahlula ngokuchanekileyo iperi yamacandelo. I-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy ingabonisa utshintsho kwi-morphology kunye nedayagram yesigaba seprotein-starch complex system ngomlinganiselo wendawo ye-polysaccharide band kwi-1180-953 cm-1 kunye ne-amide band kwi-1750-1483 cm-1 [52, 337], kodwa obu buchule buntsokothile kwaye bukholisa ukufuna i-synchrotron radiation Fourier ukuguqula ubuchule be-infrared ukuvelisa umahluko owaneleyo we-HPMC/HPS hybrid systems. Kukho neendlela zokuphumeza oku kwahlulwa kwamacandelo, afana ne-electron microscopy yokudluliselwa kunye ne-X-ray encinci yokusabalalisa, kodwa obu buchule buhlala buyinkimbinkimbi [338]. Kulo mbandela, i-iodine elula yokudaya indlela yohlalutyo lwe-microscope isetyenzisiweyo, kwaye umgaqo wokuba iqela lokugqibela le-amylose isakhiwo se-helical sinokusabela kunye ne-iodine ukwenza ii-complexes ezifakiwe zisetyenziselwa ukudaya inkqubo ye-HPMC / HPS yekhompawundi ngokudaya iodine, ngoko ke. ukuba i-HPS Amacandelo aye ahlulwa kumacandelo e-HPMC ngemibala yawo eyahlukileyo phantsi kwe-microscope yokukhanya. Ke ngoko, indlela yohlalutyo ye-iodine yokudaya i-optical microscope yindlela elula nesebenzayo yophando ye-morphology kunye nomzobo wesigaba seenkqubo ezintsonkothileyo ezisekwe kwistatshi.
Kwesi sahluko, i-microscopic morphology, ukuhanjiswa kwesigaba, ukuguqulwa kwesigaba kunye nezinye i-microstructures ze-HPMC / HPS inkqubo yekhompiyutha yafundwa ngokusetyenziswa kwe-iodine yokudaya uhlalutyo lwe-microscope ye-optical; kunye neepropati zoomatshini kunye nezinye iimpawu ze-macroscopic; kunye nohlalutyo lokulungelelaniswa kwe-microscopic morphology kunye neempawu ze-macroscopic zogxininiso lwesisombululo esihlukeneyo kunye nemilinganiselo edibeneyo, ubudlelwane phakathi kwe-microstructure kunye neempawu ze-macroscopic zenkqubo yekhompawundi ye-HPMC/HPS yasekwa, ukuze kulawulwe i-HPMC/HPS. Ukubonelela ngesiseko seempawu zezinto ezidibeneyo.
4.1 IiMathiriyeli kunye neZixhobo
4.1.1 Iimathiriyeli zovavanyo eziphambili
4.2 Indlela yovavanyo
4.2.1 Ukulungiswa kwesisombululo se-HPMC/HPS sekhompawundi
Lungiselela isisombululo se-HPMC kunye nesisombululo se-HPS kwi-3%, i-5%, i-7% kunye ne-9% yoxinaniso, jonga i-2.2.1 kwindlela yokulungiselela. Xuba isisombululo se-HPMC kunye nesisombululo se-HPS ngokwe-100:0, 90:10, 80:20, 70:30, 60:40, 50:50, 45:55, 40:60, 30:70, 20:80, 0: I-100 Imilinganiselo eyahlukeneyo ixutywe ngesantya se-250 rmp / min kwi-21 ° C kwi-30 min, kunye nezisombululo ezixubileyo kunye nemilinganiselo eyahlukeneyo kunye nemilinganiselo eyahlukeneyo yafunyanwa.
4.2.2 Ukulungiswa kwe-HPMC/HPS inwebu edibeneyo
Jonga ku-3.2.1.
4.2.3 Ukulungiswa kwee-capsules ezihlanganisiweyo ze-HPMC/HPS
Jonga kwisisombululo esilungiselelwe yindlela kwi-2.2.1, sebenzisa i-stainless-steel mold yokudipha, kwaye uyomise kwi-37 °C. Phuma ii-capsules ezomileyo, unqumle ukugqithisa, kwaye uzibeke ndawonye ukuze wenze isibini.
4.2.4 I-HPMC/HPS edibeneyo yefilimu ye-optical microscope
4.2.4.1 Imigaqo yoHlolo lweMikroskopu ye-Optical
Imakroskopu yamehlo isebenzisa umgaqo wokubona wokukhulisa umfanekiso nge-lens econvex, kwaye isebenzisa iilensi ezimbini eziguqukayo ukwandisa i-engile yokuvula yezinto ezincinci ezikufutshane emehlweni, kwaye yandise ubungakanani bezinto ezincinci ezingenakuqondwa ngeliso lomntu. de ubukhulu bezinto buqondwe ngeliso lomntu.
4.2.4.2 Indlela yokuvavanya
Izisombululo zekhompawundi ze-HPMC/HPS zogxininiso olwahlukeneyo kunye nolungelelwaniso oludityanisiweyo zithathwe kwi-21 °C, zehliswa kwisilayidi seglasi, zaphoswa kumaleko amancinci, kwaye zomiswa kwiqondo lobushushu elifanayo. Iifilimu zihlanjululwe nge-1% yesisombululo se-iodine (i-1 g ye-iodine kunye ne-10 g ye-iodide ye-potassium ifakwe kwi-flask ye-volumetric ye-100-mL, kwaye yachithwa kwi-ethanol), ifakwe kwintsimi ye-microscope yokukhanya ukuze ibonwe kwaye ifotwe.
4.2.5 Ukuhanjiswa kokukhanya kwefilimu ehlanganisiweyo ye-HPMC/HPS
4.2.5.1 Umgaqo wohlalutyo we-UV-vis spectrophotometry
Ngokufanayo no-3.2.3.1.
4.2.5.1 Indlela yokuvavanya
Jonga ku-3.2.3.2.
4.2.6 Iipropati ze-Tensile zeefilimu ezihlanganisiweyo ze-HPMC/HPS
4.2.6.1 Umgaqo-siseko wohlalutyo lwepropathi ephantsi
Ngokufanayo no-3.2.3.1.
4.2.6.1 Indlela yokuvavanya
Iisampuli zavavanywa emva kokulinganisa kwi-73% yokufuma kwiiyure ezingama-48. Jonga ku-3.2.3.2 malunga nendlela yovavanyo.
4.3 Iziphumo kunye neengxoxo
4.3.1 Ukuqwalaselwa kwemveliso elubala
Umzobo we-4-1 ubonisa iifilimu ezidliwayo kunye neepilisi ezilungiselelwe ngokudibanisa i-HPMC kunye ne-HPS kwi-70: i-30 yokudibanisa. Njengoko kunokubonwa kumzobo, iimveliso zinokucaca kakuhle, nto leyo ebonisa ukuba i-HPMC kunye ne-HPS zinezikhombisi ezifanayo ze-refractive, kunye ne-homogeneous compound inokufumaneka emva kokudibanisa ezimbini.
4.3.2 Imifanekiso ye-microscope ebonakalayo ye-HPMC/HPS complexes phambi nasemva kokungcoliswa
Umzobo 4-2 ubonisa i-morphology eqhelekileyo ngaphambi nasemva kokudaywa kweekhompleksi ze-HPMC/HPS ezinemilinganiselo eyahluka-hlukeneyo yokudityaniswa eqatshelwe phantsi kwemakroskopu yokubona. Njengoko kunokubonwa kumzobo, kunzima ukwahlula isigaba se-HPMC kunye nesigaba se-HPS kumfanekiso ongabonakaliyo; i-HPMC edayiweyo esulungekileyo kunye ne-HPS esulungekileyo ibonisa imibala yazo ekhethekileyo, ngenxa yokuba ukuphendula kwe-HPS kunye ne-iodine nge-iodine staining Umbala wayo uba mnyama. Ke ngoko, izigaba ezibini kwinkqubo yekhompawundi ye-HPMC/HPS zilula kwaye zahlulwa ngokucacileyo, nto leyo engqina ngakumbi ukuba i-HPMC kunye ne-HPS azixubeki kwaye azinakwenza ikhompawundi elinganayo. Njengoko kunokubonwa kumzobo, njengoko umxholo we-HPS usanda, indawo yendawo emnyama (isigaba se-HPS) kumzobo iqhubeka isanda njengoko kulindelekile, ngaloo ndlela iqinisekisa ukuba ukulungiswa kwakhona kwezigaba ezibini kwenzeka ngexesha lale nkqubo. Xa umxholo we-HPMC uphezulu kune-40%, i-HPMC ibonisa imeko yesigaba esiqhubekayo, kwaye i-HPS ihlakazwe kwisigaba esiqhubekayo se-HPMC njengesigaba esichithwayo. Ngokwahlukileyo, xa umxholo we-HPMC ungaphantsi kwe-40%, i-HPS ibonisa imeko yesigaba esiqhubekayo, kwaye i-HPMC ihlakazekile kwisigaba esiqhubekayo se-HPS njengesigaba esichithwayo. Ngoko ke, kwisisombululo se-5% se-HPMC / HPS, kunye nomxholo okhulayo we-HPS, kwenzeka okuchaseneyo xa i-compound ratio yayiyi-HPMC / HPS 40: 60. Isigaba esiqhubekayo sitshintsha ukusuka kwisigaba sokuqala se-HPMC ukuya kwisigaba samva se-HPS. Ngokujonga ubume besigaba, kunokubonwa ukuba isigaba se-HPMC kwi-matrix ye-HPS singqukuva emva kokusasazwa, ngelixa imilo esasaziweyo yesigaba se-HPS kwimatrix ye-HPMC ingaqhelekanga.
Ngaphezu koko, ngokubala umlinganiselo wendawo enemibala ekhanyayo (HPMC) ukuya kwindawo enombala omnyama (HPS) kwi-HPMC / HPS complex emva kokudaya (ngaphandle kokuqwalasela imeko ye-mesophase), kwafunyaniswa ukuba indawo I-HPMC (umbala okhanyayo) / i-HPS (umbala omnyama) kumzobo Umlinganiselo uhlala umkhulu kunomlinganiselo we-HPMC / HPS wekhompawundi yangempela. Ngokomzekelo, kwi-diagram ye-staining ye-HPMC / i-HPS ye-compound ene-compound ratio ye-50: i-50, indawo ye-HPS kwindawo ye-interphase ayibalwa, kwaye umlinganiselo wokukhanya / ubumnyama ngu-71/29. Esi siphumo siqinisekisa ubukho benani elikhulu le-mesophases kwinkqubo edibeneyo ye-HPMC/HPS.
Kuyaziwa ukuba iinkqubo zokudibanisa i-polymer ezihambelana ngokupheleleyo zinqabile kuba ngexesha lenkqubo yokudibanisa i-polymer, ubushushu bokudibanisa buhlala bulungile kwaye i-entropy yokudibanisa idla ngokutshintsha kancinci, oko kukhokelela kumandla asimahla ngexesha lokudibanisa utshintsho kwixabiso elilungileyo. Nangona kunjalo, kwinkqubo yekhompawundi ye-HPMC / HPS, i-HPMC kunye ne-HPS zisathembisa ukubonisa iqondo elikhulu lokuhambelana, kuba i-HPMC kunye ne-HPS zombini i-hydrophilic polysaccharides, ineyunithi efanayo yesakhiwo - i-glucose, kwaye idlulise iqela elifanayo elisebenzayo liguqulwa kunye. ihydroxypropyl. Isenzeko se-mesophases ezininzi kwi-HPMC/HPS inkqubo yekhompawundi ikwabonisa ukuba i-HPMC kunye ne-HPS kwikhompawundi inomlinganiselo othile wokuhambelana, kwaye into efana nale yenzeka kwi-starch-polyvinyl alcohol blend system ene-plasticizer eyongeziweyo. kwakhona [339].
4.3.3 Ubudlelwane phakathi kwemorphology yemicroscope kunye neempawu zemacroscopic zenkqubo edibeneyo
Ubudlelwane phakathi kwe-morphology, isenzeko sokuhlukana kwesigaba, ukungafihli kunye neempawu zemishini ye-HPMC / HPS inkqubo ehlanganisiweyo ifundwe ngokubanzi. Umzobo we-4-3 ubonisa umphumo womxholo we-HPS kwiipropati ze-macroscopic ezifana nokungafihli kunye ne-tensile modulus ye-HPMC / HPS inkqubo yekhompawundi. Inokubonwa kumzobo ukuba ukungafihli kwe-HPMC esulungekileyo kuphezulu kunoko kwe-HPS esulungekileyo, ikakhulu ngenxa yokuba i-recrystallization yesitatshi inciphisa ukucaca kwe-HPS, kunye nokuguqulwa kwe-hydroxypropyl yesitatshi kukwasisizathu esibalulekileyo sokuncipha kokungafihli. HPS [340, 341]. Inokufunyanwa kumfanekiso wokuba ukuhanjiswa kwenkqubo yekhompawundi ye-HPMC/HPS kuya kuba nexabiso elincinci kunye nokwahlukana komxholo we-HPS. Ukuhanjiswa kwenkqubo yekhompawundi, kuluhlu lwemixholo ye-HPS engaphantsi kwe-70%, inyuka ngeit iyancipha ngokunyuka komxholo we-HPS; xa umxholo we-HPS udlula i-70%, iyanda ngokunyuka komxholo we-HPS. Le nto ithetha ukuba inkqubo ye-HPMC / HPS yekhompawundi ayinakwenzeka, kuba isiganeko sokuhlukana kwesigaba senkqubo sikhokelela ekunciphiseni ukuhanjiswa kokukhanya. Ngokuchasene noko, i-Young's modulus yenkqubo yekhompawundi nayo yavela inqaku elincinci kunye nemilinganiselo eyahlukeneyo, kwaye imodyuli ye-Young yaqhubeka iyancipha ngokunyuka komxholo we-HPS, kwaye yafikelela kwindawo ephantsi xa umxholo we-HPS wawungama-60%. Imodyuli yaqhubeka ikhula, kwaye imodyuli yanda kancinci. I-Young's modulus ye-HPMC/HPS ye-compound system ibonise ixabiso elincinci, eliye labonisa ukuba inkqubo yekhompawundi yayiyinkqubo engabonakaliyo. Indawo esezantsi yokuhanjiswa kokukhanya kwe-HPMC/HPS inkqubo yekhompawundi ihambelana nenqanaba lokutshintsha kwesigaba se-HPMC esiqhubekayo ukuya kwisigaba esisasaziweyo kunye neyona ndawo isezantsi yexabiso lemodyuli ye-Young kwi-Figure 4-2.
4.3.4 Impembelelo yoxinzelelo lwesisombululo kwi-microscopic morphology ye-compound system
Umzobo we-4-4 ubonisa umphumo wogxininiso lwesisombululo kwi-morphology kunye nokuguqulwa kwesigaba se-HPMC / HPS inkqubo yekhompawundi. Njengoko kunokubonwa kumfanekiso, i-concentration ephantsi ye-3% ye-HPMC / i-HPS ye-compound system, kwi-compound ratio ye-HPMC / HPS yi-40: i-60, ukubonakala kwesakhiwo esiqhubekayo sinokubonwa; ngelixa kugxininiso oluphezulu lwesisombululo se-7%, esi sakhiwo esiqhubekayo sibonwa kumfanekiso kunye nomlinganiselo we-50:50. Esi siphumo sibonisa ukuba indawo yokutshintshwa kwesigaba se-HPMC / HPS inkqubo yekhompawundi inokuxhomekeka koxinzelelo oluthile, kwaye i-HPMC / HPS i-compound ratio yenguqu yesigaba iyanda ngokunyuka kwe-concentration concentration, kwaye i-HPS ithande ukwenza isigaba esiqhubekayo. . . Ukongezelela, imimandla ye-HPS ehlakazwe kwisigaba esiqhubekayo se-HPMC ibonise iimilo ezifanayo kunye ne-morphologies kunye nokutshintsha kokugxininiswa; ngelixa i-HPMC ihlakazekile izigaba ezihlakazekileyo kwisigaba esiqhubekayo se-HPS sibonise iimilo ezahlukeneyo kunye ne-morphologies kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo. kunye nokonyuka koxinzelelo lwesisombululo, indawo yokusasazwa kweHPMC iye yanda ngokungaqhelekanga. Esona sizathu siphambili sesi siganeko kukuba i-viscosity yesisombululo se-HPS iphezulu kakhulu kunesisombululo se-HPMC kwiqondo lokushisa, kwaye ukuthambekela kwesigaba se-HPMC ukwenza i-spherical state ecocekileyo kucinezelwe ngenxa yoxinzelelo lomphezulu.
4.3.5 Impembelelo yogxininiso lwesisombululo kwiipropati zomatshini wenkqubo edibeneyo
Ngokuhambelana ne-morphologies ye-Fig. 4-4, umzobo 4-5 ubonisa iipropati ezithintekayo zeefilimu ezidibeneyo ezenziwe phantsi kwezisombululo ezahlukeneyo zoxinzelelo. Inokubonwa kumzobo wokuba imodyuli yoNcinci kunye nokwandiswa kwenkqubo ehlanganisiweyo ye-HPMC/HPS ithande ukuncipha ngokunyuka koxinzelelo lwesisombululo, oluhambelana notshintsho oluthe ngcembe lwe-HPMC ukusuka kwisigaba esiqhubekayo ukuya kwisigaba esisasaziweyo kuMfanekiso 4. -4. I-morphology ye-microscopic iyahambelana. Ekubeni i-Young's modulus ye-HPMC homopolymer iphezulu kunaleyo ye-HPS, kuqikelelwa ukuba i-Young's modulus ye-HPMC/HPS inkqubo ehlanganisiweyo iya kuphuculwa xa i-HPMC isisigaba esiqhubekayo.
4.4 Isishwankathelo sesi sahluko
Kwesi sahluko, i-HPMC/HPS izisombululo zekhompawundi kunye neefilimu ezidityanisiweyo ezidityanisiweyo ezinezigxina ezahlukeneyo kunye nemilinganiselo ehlanganisiweyo zalungiswa, kwaye i-microscopic morphology kunye nenguqu yesigaba senkqubo yekhompawundi ye-HPMC / HPS yabonwa ngohlalutyo lwe-microscope ye-optical ye-iodine staining ukwahlula izigaba zestatshi. Ukuhanjiswa kokukhanya kunye neempawu zomatshini zefilimu edibeneyo edibeneyo ye-HPMC / i-HPS yaphononongwa yi-UV-vis spectrophotometer kunye nomhloli wepropathi yomatshini, kunye nemiphumo yoxinzelelo oluhlukeneyo kunye nemilinganiselo edibeneyo kwiipropati ze-optical kunye ne-mechanical properties zenkqubo yokudibanisa zafundwa. Ubudlelwane phakathi kwe-microstructure kunye neempawu ze-macroscopic ze-HPMC / HPS inkqubo yekhompawundi yasekwa ngokudibanisa i-microstructure yenkqubo edibeneyo, efana ne-microstructure, inguqu yesigaba kunye nokuhlukana kwesigaba, kunye neempawu ze-macroscopic ezifana neepropati ze-optical kunye nezixhobo zomatshini. Iziphumo eziphambili zezi zilandelayo:
- Indlela yokuhlalutya ye-microscope yokubona ukwahlula izigaba zesitatshi ngokungcoliswa kwe-iodine yeyona ndlela ilula, ithe ngqo nesebenzayo yokufunda i-morphology kunye nenguqu yesigaba seenkqubo zekhompawundi ezisekelwe kwistatshi. Ngokungcoliswa kwe-iodine, isigaba sesitatshi sibonakala simnyama kwaye simnyama phantsi kwe-microscopy yokukhanya, ngelixa i-HPMC ayinamabala kwaye ngoko ibonakala ilula ngombala.
- Inkqubo yekhompawundi ye-HPMC/HPS ayixubeki, kwaye kukho indawo yokutshintsha kwesigaba kwi-compound system, kwaye le ndawo yokutshintsha kwesigaba inokuxhomekeka komlinganiselo othile wekhompawundi kunye nokuxhomekeka kwisisombululo.
- Inkqubo ye-HPMC / HPS yekhompawundi inokuhambelana kakuhle, kunye nenani elikhulu le-mesophases likhoyo kwinkqubo edibeneyo. Kwinqanaba eliphakathi, isigaba esiqhubekayo sichithwa kwisigaba esichithwayo kwimeko yeengqungquthela.
- Isigaba esisasaziweyo se-HPS kwi-matrix ye-HPMC ibonise imilo ye-spherical efanayo kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo; I-HPMC ibonise i-morphology engaqhelekanga kwi-matrix ye-HPS, kwaye ukungahambi kakuhle kwe-morphology kwanda ngokunyuka koxinzelelo.
- Ubudlelwane phakathi kwe-microstructure, inguqu yesigaba, ukungafihli kunye neempawu zemishini ye-HPMC / HPS inkqubo edibeneyo yasekwa. a. Eyona ndawo isezantsi elubala yenkqubo ehlanganisiweyo ihambelana nenqanaba lenguqu ye-HPMC ukusuka kwinqanaba eliqhubekayo ukuya kwisigaba esisasaziweyo kunye nenqanaba elincinci lokuhla kwemodyuli yokuqina. b. Imodyuli eNcinci kunye nobude bekhefu kuncipha ngokunyuka koxinzelelo lwesisombululo, nto leyo enxulumene nokutshintsha kwe-morphological ye-HPMC ukusuka kwisigaba esiqhubekayo ukuya kwisigaba esisasaziweyo kwinkqubo edibeneyo.
Isishwankathelo, iimpawu ze-macroscopic zenkqubo ye-HPMC / HPS ye-composite ihambelana ngokusondeleyo nesakhiwo sayo se-microscopic morphological, ukuguqulwa kwesigaba, ukuhlukana kwesigaba kunye nezinye izinto, kunye neempawu ze-composites zinokulawulwa ngokulawula isakhiwo sesigaba kunye nokuhambelana kwe-composite. inkqubo.
Isahluko sesi-5 sempembelelo ye-HPS ye-Hydroxypropyl Substitution Degree kwi-Rheological Properties ye-HPMC/HPS Compound System
Kuyaziwa ukuba utshintsho oluncinci kwisakhiwo semichiza yesitashi kunokukhokelela ekutshintsheni okukhulu kwiimpawu zayo ze-rheological. Ngoko ke, ukuguqulwa kweekhemikhali kunika ithuba lokuphucula kunye nokulawula iimpawu ze-rheological zeemveliso ezisekelwe kwi-starch [342]. Emva koko, ukulawula impembelelo ye-starch structure yeekhemikhali kwiimpawu zayo ze-rheological kunokuqonda ngcono iimpawu zesakhiwo seemveliso ezisekelwe kwisitatshi, kwaye zinike isiseko soyilo lwesitatshi esilungisiweyo kunye neempawu eziphuculweyo zokusebenza kwesitatshi [235]. Isitashi seHydroxypropyl sisitatshi esilungisiweyo sobuchwephesha esisetyenziswa kakhulu kwindawo yokutya kunye namayeza. Ngokuqhelekileyo ilungiswe yi-etherification reaction of starch yendalo kunye nepropylene oxide phantsi kweemeko ze-alkaline. IHydroxypropyl liqela le-hydrophilic. Ukuqaliswa kwala maqela kwitsheyina le-starch molecular can break or weak intramolecular hydrogen bonds ezigcina i-starch granule structure. Ke ngoko, iipropathi ze-physicochemical of hydroxypropyl starch zihambelana nenqanaba lokutshintshwa kwamaqela e-hydroxypropyl kwikhonkco layo le-molecular [233, 235, 343, 344].
Izifundo ezininzi ziphonononge isiphumo se-hydroxypropyl substitution degree kwiipropathi zephysicochemical of hydroxypropyl starch. Han et al. wafunda iziphumo ze-hydroxypropyl waxy starch kunye ne-hydroxypropyl cornstarch kwisakhiwo kunye neempawu zokubuyisela kwakhona amaqebelengwane erayisi e-Korean glutinous. Uphononongo lufumene ukuba i-hydroxypropylation inokunciphisa ukushisa kwe-gelatinization ye-starch kunye nokuphucula amandla okugcina amanzi e-starch. ukusebenza, kwaye kwanqanda kakhulu isenzeko sokuguga sesitatshi kumaqebengwana erayisi aseKorea [345]. Kaur et al. wafunda isiphumo sokutshintshwa kwe-hydroxypropyl kwiipropati ze-physicochemical zeentlobo ezahlukeneyo zestatshi setapile, kwaye wafumanisa ukuba iqondo le-hydroxypropyl endaweni yesitatshi setapile yahluka ngeentlobo ezahlukeneyo, kunye nefuthe layo kwiimpawu zesitatshi ezinobungakanani obukhulu bamasuntswana Okubaluleke ngakumbi; ukusabela kwe-hydroxypropylation kubangela amaqhekeza amaninzi kunye ne-grooves ebusweni be-starch granules; Ukutshintshwa kwe-hydroxypropyl kunokuphucula kakhulu iimpawu zokudumba, ukunyibilika kwamanzi kunye ne-solubility yesitashi kwi-dimethyl sulfoxide, kunye nokuphucula isitashi ukucaca kwe-paste [346]. Lawal et al. wafunda isiphumo sokutshintshwa kwe-hydroxypropyl kwiipropati zesitatshi sebhatata. Uphononongo lubonise ukuba emva kokuguqulwa kwe-hydroxypropyl, umthamo wamahhala wokudumba kunye nokunyibilika kwamanzi kwesitashi kwaphuculwa; ukubuyiswa kwakhona kwesitatshi semveli kwathintelwa; Ukwetyisa kuphuculwe [347]. Schmitz et al. ilungiselelwe i-hydroxypropyl tapioca isitashi kwaye yafumanisa ukuba inomthamo ophezulu wokudumba kunye ne-viscosity, izinga eliphantsi lokuguga, kunye nokuzinza okuphezulu kwe-frize-thaw [344].
Nangona kunjalo, kukho izifundo ezimbalwa kwiipropathi ze-rheological ze-hydroxypropyl starch, kunye nemiphumo yokuguqulwa kwe-hydroxypropyl kwiipropati ze-rheological kunye neempawu zejel zeenkqubo zekhompawundi ezisekelwe kwi-starch ziye zaxelwa ngokungaqhelekanga ukuza kuthi ga ngoku. Chun et al. wafunda i-rheology ye-concentration ephantsi (5%) ye-hydroxypropyl isisombululo se-rice starch. Iziphumo zibonise ukuba umphumo wokuguqulwa kwe-hydroxypropyl kwi-starch-state kunye ne-dynamic viscoelasticity yesisombululo se-starch yayinxulumene neqondo lokutshintshwa, kunye nenani elincinci le-hydroxypropyl substitution ye-Propyl inokutshintsha kakhulu iipropati ze-rheological zezisombululo ze-starch; i-viscosity coefficient yezisombululo zestatshi iyancipha ngokunyuka kwesidanga sokutshintsha, kunye nokuxhomekeka kobushushu beempawu zayo ze-rheological kwandisa ngokunyuka kwe-hydroxypropyl substitution degree. Imali iyancipha ngokunyuka kweqondo lokutshintshwa [342]. ULee et al. wafunda umphumo we-hydroxypropyl substitution kwiipropati zomzimba kunye neempawu ze-rheological zesitatshi sebhatata, kwaye iziphumo zibonise ukuba ukudumba ukukwazi kunye nokunyibilika kwamanzi kwesitatshi kwanda ngokunyuka kweqondo lokuthatha indawo ye-hydroxypropyl; Ixabiso le-enthalpy liyancipha ngokunyuka kwe-hydroxypropyl substitution degree; i-viscosity coefficient, i-viscosity eyinkimbinkimbi, uxinzelelo lwesivuno, i-viscosity eyinkimbinkimbi kunye nemodyuli eguquguqukayo yesisombululo se-starch zonke ziyancipha ngokunyuka kwe-hydroxypropyl substitution degree, isalathisi se-fluid kunye ne-lahleko factor Iyanda kunye ne-degree of hydroxypropyl substitution; amandla ejeli yeglue yesitatshi ayancipha, ukuzinza kwe-freeze-thaw kuyanda, kwaye i-syneresis effect iyancipha [235].
Kwesi sahluko, umphumo we-HPS hydroxypropyl substitution degree kwiipropati ze-rheological kunye neempawu zejeli ze-HPMC / HPS ebandayo kunye nenkqubo ye-gel eshushu edibeneyo yafundwa. Imeko yenguqu ibaluleke kakhulu ekuqondeni okunzulu kobudlelwane phakathi kokubunjwa kwesakhiwo kunye neempawu ze-rheological. Ukongeza, indlela ye-gelation ye-HPMC/HPS ye-reverse-cooling system ye-compound yaxoxwa kwangaphambili, ukwenzela ukubonelela ngesikhokelo sethiyori kwezinye iinkqubo ezifanayo zejeli zokupholisa ubushushu.
5.1 IiMathiriyeli neZixhobo
5.1.1 Iimathiriyeli zovavanyo eziphambili
5.1.2 Izixhobo eziphambili kunye nezixhobo
5.2 Indlela yovavanyo
5.2.1 Ukulungiswa kwezisombululo ezimbaxa
I-15% ye-HPMC / i-HPS ye-compound solutions ene-compounds ratios ehlukeneyo (100/0, 50/50, 0/100) kunye ne-HPS ene-hydroxypropyl substitution degrees (G80, A939, A1081) yalungiswa. Iindlela zokulungiselela i-A1081, i-A939, i-HPMC kunye nezisombululo zabo ezidibeneyo ziboniswe kwi-2.2.1. I-G80 kunye nezisombululo zayo zekhompawundi kunye ne-HPMC zifakwe igelatin ngokuvuselela phantsi kweemeko ze-1500psi kunye ne-110 ° C kwi-autoclave, kuba i-G80 Native starch iphezulu i-amylose (80%), kwaye ubushushu bayo be-gelatin bungaphezulu kwe-100 °C, engakwazi ifikelelwe yindlela yokuqala yokuhlamba amanzi kwi-gelatinization [348].
5.2.2 Iimpawu zeRheological ze-HPMC/HPS izisombululo ezidityanisiweyo ezinedigri ezahlukeneyo zeHPS hydroxypropyl substitution
5.2.2.1 Umgaqo wohlalutyo lwe-rheological
Ngokufanayo no-2.2.2.1
5.2.2.2 Indlela yokuvavanya imo yokuqukuqela
I-clamp yeplate ehambelanayo kunye nobubanzi obuyi-60 mm isetyenzisiwe, kwaye isithuba sepleyiti sibekwe kwi-1 mm.
- Kukho i-pre-shear flow test method kunye ne-thixotropy enezigaba ezintathu. Ngokufanayo no-2.2.2.2.
- Indlela yokuvavanya ukuhamba ngaphandle kwe-pre-shear kunye ne-thixotropic ring thixotropy. Ubushushu bovavanyo yi-25 °C, a. Ukucheba ngesantya esonyukayo, uluhlu lwezinga lokucheba 0-1000 s-1, ixesha lokucheba 1 min; b. Ukucheba rhoqo, izinga lokucheba 1000 s-1, ixesha lokucheba 1 min; c. Ukuchetywa kwesantya esincitshisiweyo, uluhlu lwezinga lokucheba luyi-1000-0s-1, kwaye ixesha lokucheba li-1 min.
5.2.2.3 Indlela yokuvavanya imo ye-Oscillation
Kwasetyenziswa ipleyiti enxuseneyo enobubanzi obuyi-60 mm, kwaye isithuba seplate simiselwe kwi-1 mm.
- Deformation variable variable. Uvavanyo lobushushu 25 °C, frequency 1 Hz, deformation 0.01-100%.
- Ubushushu scan. I-Frequency 1 Hz, deformation 0.1%, a. Inkqubo yokufudumala, iqondo lokushisa 5-85 °C, izinga lokushisa 2 °C / min; b. Inkqubo yokupholisa, ubushushu be-85-5 °C, izinga lokupholisa i-2 °C / min. Isitywina seoli ye-silicone isetyenziselwa ukujikeleza isampuli ukuphepha ukulahleka komswakama ngexesha lovavanyo.
- Ukutshayela rhoqo. Ukwahluka 0.1%, i-frequency 1-100 rad / s. Iimvavanyo zenziwa kwi-5 ° C kunye ne-85 ° C, ngokulandelanayo, kwaye zilinganiswe kubushushu bovavanyo lwemizuzu emi-5 ngaphambi kovavanyo.
Ubudlelwane phakathi kwemodyuli yogcino G′ kunye nelahleko yemodyuli G″ yesisombululo sepolymer kunye ne-engular frequency ω ilandela umthetho wamandla:
apho u-n′ kunye no-n″ angamathambeka elog G′-log ω kunye nelog G″-log ω, ngokulandelelana;
I-G0′ kunye ne-G0″ zizithintelo zelog G′-log ω kunye nelog G″-log ω, ngokulandelelanayo.
5.2.3 Imakroskopu yamehlo
5.2.3.1 Umgaqo wesixhobo
Ngokufanayo no-4.2.3.1
5.2.3.2 Indlela yokuvavanya
Isisombululo sekhompawundi se-3% 5:5 se-HPMC/HPS sathathwa kumaqondo obushushu ahlukeneyo angama-25 °C, 45 °C, kunye nama-85 °C, sawiswa kwisilayidi seglasi esigcinwe kubushushu obufanayo, saza saphoswa kwifilimu ebhityileyo. isisombululo somaleko kwaye somiswe kwiqondo lokushisa elifanayo. Iifilimu zihlanjululwe ngesisombululo se-iodine ye-1%, ifakwe kwintsimi ye-microscope yokukhanya ukuze ibonwe kwaye ifotwe.
5.3 Iziphumo kunye neengxoxo
5.3.1 Uhlalutyo lwepateni ye-Viscosity kunye nokuhamba
5.3.1.1 Indlela yokuvavanya ukuhamba ngaphandle kokucheba kwangaphambili kunye neringi yethixotropic thixotropy
Ukusebenzisa indlela yokuvavanya ukuhamba ngaphandle kokucheba kwangaphambili kunye ne-thixotropic ring thixotropic indlela, i-viscosity ye-HPMC / HPS isisombululo sekhompawundi kunye needigri ezahlukeneyo ze-hydroxypropyl substitution HPS yafundwa. Iziphumo ziboniswe kuMfanekiso 5-1. Inokubonwa kumzobo ukuba i-viscosity yazo zonke iisampulu ibonisa indlela ehlayo kunye nokunyuka kwesantya sokucheba phantsi kwesenzo samandla okucheba, ebonisa iqondo elithile le-chear thinning phenomenon. Uninzi lwezisombululo zepolymer ezigxininisiweyo eziphezulu okanye ezinyibilikayo zingena kwi-disentanglement eyomeleleyo kunye nohlengahlengiso lwemolekyuli phantsi kwe-shear, ngaloo ndlela ibonisa ukuziphatha kwe-pseudoplastic fluid [305, 349, 350]. Nangona kunjalo, idigri zokucheba ezibhityileyo zeHPMC/HPS izisombululo ezidityanisiweyo ze-HPS ezinedigri ezahlukeneyo ze-hydroxypropyl endaweni zahlukile.
Umzobo we-5-1 Viscosities vs. ireyithi ye-shear yesisombululo se-HPS / HPMC kunye ne-hydropropyl substitution degree ye-HPS (ngaphandle kokucheba kwangaphambili, iisimboli eziqinileyo kunye nezingenanto zibonisa izinga lokunyuka kunye nenkqubo yokunciphisa izinga, ngokulandelanayo)
Inokubonwa kumzobo ukuba i-viscosity kunye ne-chear thinning degree yesampuli ye-HPS ecocekileyo iphezulu kunesampulu ye-HPMC / HPS yekhompawundi, ngelixa iqondo lokucheba lesisombululo se-HPMC lisezantsi, ngenxa yokuba i-viscosity ye-HPS kwiqondo lobushushu eliphantsi liphezulu kakhulu kunelo le-HPMC. Ukongeza, kwisisombululo se-HPMC / HPS esine-compound ratio efanayo, i-viscosity iyanda kunye ne-HPS hydroxypropyl substitution degree. Oku kungenxa yokuba ukongezwa kwamaqela e-hydroxypropyl kwiimolekyuli zesitashi kwaphula i-intermolecular hydrogen bond kwaye ngaloo ndlela kukhokelela ekuqhekekeni kwe-starch granules. IHydroxypropylation yanciphisa ngokuphawulekayo ukuchetywa kwestatshi, kwaye ukuchetywa kwesitatshi somthonyama kwaba yeyona icacileyo. Ngokunyuka okuqhubekayo kwesidanga se-hydroxypropyl, iqondo lokucheba le-HPS liye lehla kancinci.
Zonke iisampuli zinamakhonkco e-thixotropic kwi-curve ye-shear stress-shear rate, ebonisa ukuba zonke iisampuli zinezinga elithile le-thixotropy. Amandla e-thixotropic amelwe ubukhulu bendawo ye-thixotropic ring. Eyona thixotropic isampuli [351]. Isalathisi sokuhamba n kunye ne-viscosity coefficient K yesisombululo sesampuli ingabalwa ngumthetho wamandla we-Ostwald-de Waele (jonga i-equation (2-1)).
Itheyibhile 5-1 Isalathiso sokuziphatha kokuhamba (n) kunye nesalathiso sokungaguquguquki kolwelo (K) ngexesha lokunyuka kwezinga kunye nokuncipha kwenkqubo yesantya kunye nommandla welophu ye-thixotropy yesisombululo se-HPS/HPMC enedigri ye-hydropropyl substitution eyahlukeneyo ye-HPS kwi-25 °C
Itheyibhile 5-1 ibonisa i-flow index n, i-viscosity coefficient K kunye ne-thixotropic ring area ye-HPMC/HPS izisombululo zekhompawundi ezinamaqondo ahlukeneyo e-HPS yokutshintshwa kwe-hydroxypropyl kwinkqubo yokwandisa ukucheba kunye nokunciphisa ukucheba. Inokubonwa kwitheyibhile ukuba i-flow index n yazo zonke iisampulu ingaphantsi kwe-1, ebonisa ukuba zonke izisombululo zesampulu ziyi-pseudoplastic fluids. Kwinkqubo ye-HPMC / HPS yekhompawundi kunye ne-HPS efanayo ye-hydroxypropyl substitution degree, i-flow index n iyanda ngokunyuka komxholo we-HPMC, ebonisa ukuba ukongezwa kwe-HPMC kwenza isisombululo se-compound sibonise iimpawu ezinamandla ze-Newtonian fluid. Nangona kunjalo, ngokunyuka komxholo we-HPMC, i-viscosity coefficient K yehla ngokuqhubekayo, ebonisa ukuba ukongezwa kwe-HPMC kunciphise i-viscosity yesisombululo se-compound, kuba i-viscosity coefficient K yayilingana ne-viscosity. Ixabiso le-n kunye nexabiso le-K le-HPS ecocekileyo enedigri ezahlukeneyo zokutshintshwa kwe-hydroxypropyl kwinqanaba elikhulayo le-shear zombini liye lancipha ngokunyuka kwe-hydroxypropyl substitution degree, ebonisa ukuba ukuguqulwa kwe-hydroxypropylation kunokuphucula i-pseudoplasticity ye-starch kunye nokunciphisa i-Viscosity yezisombululo ze-starch. Ngokuchasene noko, ixabiso le-n linyuka ngokunyuka kweqondo lokutshintshela kwinqanaba elinciphisayo lokucheba, elibonisa ukuba i-hydroxypropylation iphucula ukuziphatha kwe-Newtonian fluid yesisombululo emva kokucheba ngesantya esiphezulu. Ixabiso le-n kunye nexabiso le-K le-HPMC / HPS inkqubo yekhompawundi yachatshazelwa zizo zombini i-HPS hydroxypropylation kunye ne-HPMC, ezibe ziziphumo zesenzo sabo esidibeneyo. Xa kuthelekiswa nenqanaba lokucheba elikhulayo, ixabiso le-n yazo zonke iisampulu kwinqanaba elihlayo lokucheba liye laba likhulu, ngelixa ixabiso le-K laba lincinci, libonisa ukuba i-viscosity yesisombululo sekhomponi yancitshiswa emva kokucheba ngesantya esiphezulu, kwaye Ukuziphatha kwe-Newtonian fluid yesisombululo esihlanganisiweyo kwandiswa. .
Ummandla wendandatho ye-thixotropic yehla ngokunyuka komxholo we-HPMC, ebonisa ukuba ukongezwa kwe-HPMC kunciphise i-thixotropy yesisombululo se-compound kunye nokuphucula ukuzinza kwayo. Kwisisombululo sekhompawundi se-HPMC / HPS esinomlinganiselo ofanayo wokudibanisa, indawo ye-thixotropic ring iyancipha ngokunyuka kwe-HPS hydroxypropyl substitution degree, ebonisa ukuba i-hydroxypropylation iphucula ukuzinza kwe-HPS.
5.3.1.2 Indlela yokucheba ngokusika kwangaphambili kunye nendlela ye-thixotropic enamanqanaba amathathu
Indlela yokucheba kunye ne-pre-chear yayisetyenziselwa ukufunda utshintsho lwe-viscosity ye-HPMC / HPS isisombululo sekhompawundi kunye needigri ezahlukeneyo ze-hydroxypropyl substitution HPS kunye nereyithi yokucheba. Iziphumo ziboniswe kuMfanekiso 5-2. Inokubonwa kumzobo ukuba isisombululo se-HPMC sibonisa phantse akukho ukucheba, ngelixa ezinye iisampuli zibonisa ukucheba. Oku kuhambelana neziphumo ezifunyenwe ngendlela yokucheba ngaphandle kokucheba kwangaphambili. Inokubonwa kwakhona kumzobo wokuba kumazinga aphantsi okucheba, isampulu efakwe endaweni ephezulu ye-hydroxypropyl ibonisa ummandla wethafa.
Umzobo we-5-2 Viscosities vs. izinga le-shear yesisombululo se-HPS / HPMC kunye ne-hydropropyl substitution degree ye-HPS (kunye nokucheba kwangaphambili)
I-zero-shear viscosity (h0), i-flow index (n) kunye ne-viscosity coefficient (K) efunyenwe ngokufanelekileyo iboniswe kwiThebhile 5-2. Ukusuka kwitheyibhile, sinokubona ukuba kwiisampulu ezicocekileyo ze-HPS, amaxabiso e-n afunyenwe ngeendlela zombini ayanda kunye neqondo lokutshintshwa, ebonisa ukuba ukuziphatha okuqinileyo kwesisombululo se-starch kuncipha njengoko iqondo lokutshintshwa linyuka. Ngokunyuka komxholo we-HPMC, amaxabiso e-n onke abonise ukuhla, ebonisa ukuba i-HPMC yanciphisa ukuziphatha okuqinileyo kwesisombululo. Oku kubonisa ukuba iziphumo zohlalutyo lomgangatho weendlela ezimbini zihambelana.
Ukuthelekisa idatha efunyenwe kwisampulu efanayo phantsi kweendlela ezahlukeneyo zovavanyo, kufumaniseke ukuba ixabiso le-n elifunyenwe emva kokucheba kwangaphambili lihlala likhulu kunelo lifunyenwe ngendlela ngaphandle kokucheba kwangaphambili, nto leyo ebonisa ukuba inkqubo edibeneyo efunyenwe ngaphambili -indlela yokucheba yindlela eqinileyo-efana neyokuziphatha ingaphantsi kunomlinganiselo wendlela ngaphandle kokucheba kwangaphambili. Oku kungenxa yokuba isiphumo sokugqibela esifunyenwe kuvavanyo ngaphandle kokucheba kwangaphambili sisiphumo sesenzo esidityanisiweyo sesantya sokucheba kunye nexesha lokucheba, ngelixa indlela yovavanyo kunye ne-pre-chear kuqala isusa isiphumo se-thixotropic ngokucheba okuphezulu kangangexesha elithile. ixesha. Ke ngoko, le ndlela inokugqiba ngokuchanekileyo ngakumbi isenzeko sokucheba esincinci kunye neempawu zokuhamba kwenkqubo edibeneyo.
Ukusuka kwitheyibhile, sinokubona kwakhona ukuba umlinganiselo ofanayo wokudibanisa (5: 5), ixabiso le-n yenkqubo yokudibanisa isondele kwi-1, kwaye i-pre-sheared n iyanda kunye neqondo lokuthatha indawo ye-hydroxypropyl Ibonisa ukuba i-HPMC isigaba esiqhubekayo kwinkqubo yekhompawundi, kwaye i-HPMC inefuthe elinamandla kwiisampulu zesitatshi ezine-hydroxypropyl substitution degree ephantsi, ehambelana nesiphumo sokuba ixabiso le-n liyanyuka ngokunyuka kweqondo lokutshintshela ngaphandle kokucheba kwangaphambili ngokuchaseneyo. Amaxabiso e-K enkqubo yekhomponi enamaqondo ahlukeneyo okutshintshwa kwezi ndlela zimbini ziyafana, kwaye akukho mkhwa ucacileyo, ngelixa i-zero-shear viscosity ibonisa ukuhla okucacileyo okuhla, kuba i-zero-shear viscosity izimele kwi-chear. izinga. I-intrinsic viscosity ingabonakalisa ngokuchanekileyo iimpawu zento ngokwayo.
Isazobe 5-3 I-thixotropy yekhefu emithathu yesisombululo somxube we-HPS/HPMC kunye neqondo elahlukileyo le-hydropropyl endaweni ye-HPS.
Indlela ye-thixotropic yamanqanaba amathathu yayisetyenziselwa ukufundisisa umphumo weedigri ezahlukeneyo ze-hydroxypropyl substitution of hydroxypropyl starch kwiipropati ze-thixotropic ze-compound system. Inokubonwa ukusuka kwi-Figure 5-3 ukuba kwinqanaba eliphantsi lokucheba, i-viscosity yesisombululo iyancipha ngokunyuka komxholo we-HPMC, kwaye iyancipha ngokunyuka kwe-substitution degree, ehambelana nomthetho we-zero shear viscosity.
Iqondo lokubuyiswa kwesakhiwo emva kwexesha elihlukeneyo kwinqanaba lokubuyisela libonakaliswa yizinga lokubuyisela i-viscosity ye-DSR, kwaye indlela yokubala iboniswe kwi-2.3.2. Inokubonwa kwiThebhile 5-2 ukuba ngexesha elifanayo lokubuyisela, i-DSR ye-HPS ecocekileyo iphantsi kakhulu kune-HPMC ecocekileyo, eyona nto ibangelwa kukuba i-molecule ye-HPMC iyikhonkco eqinile, kwaye ixesha layo lokuphumla lifutshane, kwaye isakhiwo sinokufunyanwa kwakhona ngexesha elifutshane. ukuchacha. Ngelixa i-HPS iyitsheyini eguquguqukayo, ixesha layo lokuphumla lide, kwaye ukubuyiswa kwesakhiwo kuthatha ixesha elide. Ngokunyuka kwedigri yokutshintsha, i-DSR ye-HPS ecocekileyo iyancipha ngokunyuka kwe-degree degree, ebonisa ukuba i-hydroxypropylation iphucula ukuguquguquka kwe-starch chain chain kwaye yenza ixesha lokuphumla le-HPS libe lide. I-DSR yesisombululo sekhompawundi isezantsi kune-HPS ecocekileyo kunye neesampulu ze-HPMC ezicocekileyo, kodwa ngokunyuka kwedigri ye-HPS hydroxypropyl, i-DSR yesampulu yesampulu iyanda, ebonisa ukuba i-thixotropy yenkqubo yekhompawundi iyanda kunye ukwanda kweHPS hydroxypropyl endaweni. Iyancipha ngokunyuka kweqondo lokuthatha indawo yeradical, ehambelana neziphumo ngaphandle kokucheba kwangaphambili.
Itheyibhile 5-2 i-Zero shear viscosity (h0), isalathisi sokuziphatha kwe-flow (n), i-fluid consistency index (K) ngexesha lokunyuka kwesantya kunye neqondo lokubuyiswa kwesakhiwo (DSR) emva kwexesha elithile lokubuyisela isisombululo se-HPS / HPMC kunye ne-hydropropyl eyahlukileyo. iqondo lokutshintsha kwe-HPS kwi-25 °C
Isishwankathelo, uvavanyo oluzinzileyo lwemeko ngaphandle kokucheba kwangaphambili kunye novavanyo lwe-thixotropic ring thixotropy lunokuhlalutya ngokufanelekileyo iisampulu ezinomahluko omkhulu wokusebenza, kodwa kwiikhompawundi ezineedigri ezahlukeneyo ze-HPS hydroxypropyl substitution kunye nomahluko omncinci wokusebenza Iziphumo zophando zesisombululo zichasene iziphumo zangempela, kuba idatha elinganisiweyo ziziphumo ezibanzi zempembelelo yezinga lokucheba kunye nexesha lokucheba, kwaye ayikwazi ukubonisa ngokwenene impembelelo yenguqu enye.
5.3.2 Ummandla we-Linear viscoelastic
Kuyaziwa kakuhle ukuba i-hydrogels, imodyuli yokugcina i-G imiselwe bubunzima, amandla kunye nenani lamatyathanga eemolekyuli asebenzayo, kunye nemodyuli yelahleko ye-G igqitywe ngokufuduka, intshukumo kunye nokukhuhlana kweemolekyuli ezincinci kunye namaqela asebenzayo. . Kumiselwa ngokusetyenziswa kwamandla okukhubekisayo njengokungcangcazela nokujikeleza. Ubukho bophawu lwesiphambuka semodyuli yogcino G′ kunye nemodyuli yelahleko G″ (okt. tan δ = 1). Ukutshintsha ukusuka kwisisombululo ukuya kwijeli kubizwa ngokuba yindawo yejeli. Imodyuli yokugcina iG′ kunye nelahleko yemodyuli G″ ihlala isetyenziselwa ukufunda indlela yokuziphatha kwe-gelation, izinga lokubunjwa kunye neempawu zesakhiwo sesakhiwo senethiwekhi yejeli [352]. Bangabonakalisa kwakhona ukuphuhliswa kwesakhiwo sangaphakathi kunye nesakhiwo se-molecular ngexesha lokuqulunqwa kwesakhiwo senethiwekhi ye-gel. intsebenziswano [353].
Umzobo we-5-4 ubonisa ii-curves ze-strain sweep ze-HPMC / i-HPS izisombululo zekhompawundi ezinamaqondo ahlukeneyo e-hydroxypropyl substitution HPS kwi-frequency ye-1 Hz kunye ne-strain range ye-0.01% -100%. Inokubonwa kumfanekiso ukuba kwindawo ephantsi yokuguqulwa (0.01-1%), zonke iisampuli ngaphandle kwe-HPMC ziyi-G′> G″, ebonisa i-gel state. Kwi-HPMC, i-G ikuyo yonke imilo Uluhlu oluguquguqukayo luhlala lungaphantsi kwe-G”, ebonisa ukuba i-HPMC ikwimo yesisombululo. Ukongezelela, ukuxhomekeka kwe-deformation ye-viscoelasticity yeesampuli ezahlukeneyo kuyahluka. Kwisampulu ye-G80, ukuxhomekeka rhoqo kwe-viscoelasticity kubonakala ngakumbi: xa i-deformation inkulu kune-0.3%, kunokubonwa ukuba i-G 'iyancipha ngokuthe ngcembe, ihamba kunye nokunyuka okukhulu kwe-G". ukwanda, kunye nokunyuka okubonakalayo kwi-tan δ; kwaye inqumle xa isixa-mali se-deformation yi-1.7%, ebonisa ukuba isakhiwo senethiwekhi ye-gel ye-G80 sonakaliswe kakhulu emva kokuba isixa se-deformation sidlula i-1.7%, kwaye sikwimeko yesisombululo.
Umzobo 5-4 Imodyuli yoGcino (G′) kunye nemodyuli yolahleko (G″) ngokuchasene noxinzelelo lwe-HPS/HPMC ixutywa neqondo elahlukileyo le-hydroypropyl yokutshintsha kwe-HPS (Iisimboli eziqinileyo nezinomgongxo zibonisa i-G′ kunye ne-G″, ngokulandelelanayo)
Umzobo 5-5 tan δ ngokuchasene noxinzelelo lwe-HPMC/HPS yomxube wesisombululo kunye nenqanaba elahlukileyo le-hydropropyl endaweni ye-HPS
Inokubonwa kumzobo wokuba ummandla we-viscoelastic ocacileyo we-HPS esulungekileyo ngokucacileyo ucuthekile ngokuncipha kwe-hydroxypropyl substitution degree. Ngamanye amazwi, njengoko idigri ye-HPS hydroxypropyl yokutshintshwa inyuka, utshintsho olubalulekileyo kwi-tan δ ijiko luthanda ukubonakala kuluhlu lwesixa esiphezulu soguquko. Ngokukodwa, ummandla we-viscoelastic we-G80 ngowona mxinwa kuzo zonke iisampuli. Ngoko ke, ummandla we-viscoelastic we-G80 usetyenziselwa ukumisela
Iikhrayitheriya zokumisela ixabiso le-deformation variable kuluhlu olulandelayo lweemvavanyo. Kwinkqubo yekhompawundi ye-HPMC/HPS enomlinganiselo ofanayo wokudityaniswa, ummandla we-viscoelastic ongqameneyo nawo uyancipha ngokuncipha kwe-hydroxypropyl substitution degree ye-HPS, kodwa isiphumo esicuthekayo se-hydroxypropyl substitution degree kwi-linear viscoelastic region ayicacanga kangako.
5.3.3 Iimpawu ze-Viscoelastic ngexesha lokufudumeza kunye nokupholisa
Iimpawu ze-viscoelastic eziguquguqukayo ze-HPMC / HPS izisombululo zekhompawundi ze-HPS ezinedigri ezahlukeneyo ze-hydroxypropyl substitution ziboniswe kwi-Figure 5-6. Njengoko kunokubonwa kulo mzobo, i-HPMC ibonisa izigaba ezine ngexesha lenkqubo yokufudumeza: ingingqi yethafa lokuqala, izigaba ezibini zokubumba, kunye nommandla wethafa lokugqibela. Kwinqanaba lokuqala lethafa, G’ < G″, amaxabiso e-G kunye ne-G” mancinci, kwaye athande ukuncipha kancinci ngokunyuka kwamaqondo obushushu, ebonisa indlela yolwelo oluqhelekileyo lwe-viscoelastic. I-thermal gelation ye-HPMC inezigaba ezibini ezihlukeneyo zokwakheka kwesakhiwo esibotshelelwe kukuhlangana kwe-G′ kunye ne-G″ (oko kukuthi, indawo yokutshintsha ijeli, malunga ne-49 °C), ehambelanayo neengxelo zangaphambili. Iyahambelana [160, 354]. Kwiqondo lokushisa eliphezulu, ngenxa yombutho we-hydrophobic kunye ne-hydrophilic association, i-HPMC ngokuthe ngcembe yenza i-cross-network structure [344, 355, 356]. Kwingingqi ye-plateau yomsila, ixabiso le-G kunye ne-G liphezulu, elibonisa ukuba i-HPMC gel network structure yenziwe ngokupheleleyo.
Ezi zigaba zine ze-HPMC zivela ngokulandelelana ngokulandelelana njengoko ubushushu buyancipha. Ukudibana kwe-G′ kunye ne-G″ kutshintshela kwindawo yobushushu obuphantsi malunga ne-32 °C ngexesha lokupholisa, okunokuthi kube ngenxa ye-hysteresis [208] okanye isiphumo sokujiya kwekhonkco kwiqondo lobushushu eliphantsi [355]. Ngokufanayo ne-HPMC, ezinye iisampuli ngexesha lenkqubo yokufudumeza Kukho kwakhona izigaba ezine, kwaye isiganeko esibuyiselwayo senzeke ngexesha lokupholisa. Nangona kunjalo, kunokubonwa kumfanekiso ukuba i-G80 kunye ne-A939 zibonisa inkqubo eyenziwe lula ngaphandle kokudibana phakathi kwe-G' kunye no-G”, kwaye ijika le-G80 alibonakali. Indawo yeqonga ngasemva.
Kwi-HPS ecocekileyo, i-degree ephezulu ye-hydroxypropyl substitution inokutshintsha zombini iqondo lokushisa lokuqala kunye nelokugqibela lokubunjwa kwejeli, ngakumbi ukushisa kokuqala, okuyi-61 °C ye-G80, i-A939, kunye ne-A1081, ngokulandelanayo. , 62 °C kunye ne-54 °C. Ukongeza, kwiisampulu ze-HPMC / HPS ezinomlinganiselo ofanayo wokudibanisa, njengoko iqondo lokutshintshwa linyuka, ixabiso le-G kunye ne-G ″ omabini ahlala ehla, ehambelana neziphumo zezifundo zangaphambili [357, 358]. Njengoko iqondo lokutshintshwa landa, ukuthungwa kwejeli kuya kuba thambileyo. Ke ngoko, i-hydroxypropylation iphula ulwakhiwo olucwangcisiweyo lwesitashi semveli kwaye iphucule i-hydrophilicity yayo [343].
Kwisampulu zekhompawundi ze-HPMC/HPS, zombini i-G kunye ne-G″ zehle ngokunyuka kwe-HPS hydroxypropyl substitution degree, eyayihambelana neziphumo ze-HPS esulungekileyo. Ngaphezu koko, ngokongezelelwa kwe-HPMC, isidanga sokutshintsha sibe nefuthe elibonakalayo kwi-G′ Isiphumo ngo-G” siye sicace.
I-viscoelastic curves yazo zonke iisampuli ze-HPMC / HPS ezidibeneyo zibonise indlela efanayo, ehambelana ne-HPS kwiqondo lokushisa eliphantsi kunye ne-HPMC kwiqondo lokushisa eliphezulu. Ngamanye amazwi, kwiqondo lokushisa eliphantsi, i-HPS ilawula iipropati ze-viscoelastic zenkqubo edibeneyo, ngelixa i-HPMC ephezulu yokushisa imisela iimpawu ze-viscoelastic zenkqubo edibeneyo. Esi siphumo sibangelwa ikakhulu yi-HPMC. Ngokukodwa, i-HPS i-gel ebandayo, eguqukayo ukusuka kwisimo se-gel ukuya kwimeko yesisombululo xa ishushu; ngokuchaseneyo, i-HPMC yijeli eshushu, eyenza ngokuthe ngcembe ijeli kunye nokwanda kwesakhiwo sothungelwano lobushushu. Kwinkqubo ye-HPMC / HPS yekhompawundi, kwiqondo eliphantsi lobushushu, iipropati zejeli zenkqubo yekhompawundi zixhaswa ikakhulu yijeli ebandayo ye-HPS, kunye nobushushu obuphezulu, kumaqondo obushushu afudumeleyo, i-gelation ye-HPMC ilawula kwi-system ye-compound.
Isazobe 5-6 imodyuli yoGcina (G′), imodyuli yolahleko (G″) kunye netan δ vs. ubushushu besisombululo somxube weHPS/HPMC ngeqondo elahlukileyo lehydroypropyl yokutshintsha kweHPS
Imodyuli yenkqubo ehlanganisiweyo ye-HPMC/HPS, njengoko kulindelekile, iphakathi kwemoduli ye-HPMC ecocekileyo kunye ne-HPS ecocekileyo. Ngaphezu koko, inkqubo entsonkothileyo ibonisa i-G′> G″ kulo lonke uluhlu lobushushu bokuskena, nto leyo ebonisa ukuba zombini i-HPMC kunye ne-HPS inokwenza i-intermolecular hydrogen bond kunye neamolekyu zamanzi, ngokulandelelanayo, kwaye inokwenza i-intermolecular hydrogen bond kunye nomnye. Ukongeza, Kwi-curve factor curve, zonke iinkqubo eziyinkimbinkimbi zine-tan δ peak malunga ne-45 °C, ebonisa ukuba ukuguquka kwesigaba esiqhubekayo kwenzekile kwinkqubo enzima. Olu tshintsho lwesigaba luya kuxoxwa kwi-5.3.6 elandelayo. qhubeka nengxoxo.
5.3.4 Impembelelo yeqondo lokushisa kwi-viscosity edibeneyo
Ukuqonda umphumo weqondo lokushisa kwiipropati ze-rheological zezixhobo kubalulekile ngenxa yoluhlu olubanzi lwamaqondo okushisa anokuthi avele ngexesha lokucubungula kunye nokugcinwa [359, 360]. Kuluhlu lwe-5 ° C - 85 ° C, umphumo weqondo lokushisa kwi-viscosity eyinkimbinkimbi ye-HPMC / HPS izisombululo zekhompawundi ezinedigri ezahlukeneyo ze-HPS yokutshintshwa kwe-hydroxypropyl iboniswe kwi-Figure 5-7. Ukususela kwi-Figure 5-7 (a), kunokubonwa ukuba i-viscosity eyinkimbinkimbi ye-HPS ecocekileyo iyancipha kakhulu ngokunyuka kweqondo lokushisa; i-viscosity ye-HPMC esulungekileyo yehla kancinane ukusuka ekuqaleni ukuya kuma-45 °C ngokunyuka kwamaqondo obushushu. ukuphucula.
I-viscosity curves yazo zonke iisampulu ezihlanganisiweyo zibonise iindlela ezifanayo kunye nobushushu, okokuqala kuncipha ngokunyuka kwamaqondo obushushu kwaye zenyuka ngokunyuka kwamaqondo obushushu. Ukongeza, i-viscosity yeesampulu ezidityanisiweyo isondele kuleyo ye-HPS kwiqondo lobushushu eliphantsi kwaye isondele kuleyo ye-HPMC kubushushu obuphezulu. Esi siphumo sikwanxulumene nokuziphatha okungaqhelekanga kwe-gelation yazo zombini i-HPMC kunye ne-HPS. Ijika le-viscosity yesampulu edibeneyo ibonise utshintsho olukhawulezayo kwi-45 ° C, mhlawumbi ngenxa yenguqu yesigaba kwi-HPMC / HPS inkqubo edibeneyo. Nangona kunjalo, kuyafaneleka ukuba uqaphele ukuba i-viscosity ye-G80 / HPMC 5: isampuli ye-5 ye-compound kwiqondo lokushisa eliphezulu iphezulu kune-HPMC ecocekileyo, eyona nto ibangelwa yi-viscosity ephezulu ye-G80 kwiqondo lokushisa eliphezulu [361]. Ngaphantsi komlinganiselo ofanayo wokudibanisa, i-viscosity edibeneyo yenkqubo yokudibanisa iyancipha ngokunyuka kwe-HPS hydroxypropyl substitution degree. Ke ngoko, ukuqaliswa kwamaqela e-hydroxypropyl kwiimolekyuli zesitatshi kunokukhokelela ekwaphulweni kweebhondi ze-hydrogen ze-intramolecular kwiimolekyuli zesitatshi.
Isazobe 5-7 Complex viscosity vs. iqondo lobushushu leHPS/HPMC ixubene nedigri yehydroypropyl substitution eyahlukileyo yeHPS
Umphumo weqondo lokushisa kwi-viscosity eyinkimbinkimbi ye-HPMC / HPS inkqubo yekhompawundi ihambelana nobudlelwane be-Arrhenius ngaphakathi kwinqanaba elithile lobushushu, kwaye i-viscosity eyinkimbinkimbi inobudlelwane obucacileyo kunye nobushushu. I-equation ye-Arrhenius ihamba ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:
Phakathi kwazo, η* yi-viscosity entsonkothileyo, Pa s;
A yinto engatshintshiyo, Pa s;
T bubushushu obupheleleyo, K;
R yirhasi engatshintshiyo, 8.3144 J · mol–1 · K–1;
U-E ngamandla ovulayo, J·mol–1.
Ifakwe ngokwefomula (5-3), i-viscosity-temperature curve ye-compound system inokwahlulwa ibe ngamacandelo amabini ngokwe-tan δ peak kwi-45 °C; inkqubo ye-compound kwi-5 °C - 45 °C kunye ne-45 °C - 85 ° Amaxabiso okusebenza kwamandla E kunye ne-A rhoqo efunyenwe ngokufanelekileyo kwi-C iboniswe kwiThebhile 5-3. Amaxabiso abalwayo amandla okusebenza E aphakathi -174 kJ·mol−1 kunye ne-124 kJ·mol−1, kwaye amaxabiso e-A rhoqo aphakathi kwe-6.24×10−11 Pa·s kunye ne-1.99×1028 Pa·s. Ngaphakathi koluhlu olufanelekileyo, i-coefficients edibeneyo yokulungelelanisa yayiphezulu (R2 = 0.9071 -0.9892) ngaphandle kwesampuli ye-G80 / HPMC. Isampulu ye-G80 / HPMC ine-coefficient ephantsi yokulungelelanisa (R2 = 0.4435) kwiqondo lokushisa kwe-45 ° C - 85 ° C, enokuthi ibe ngenxa yobunzima obuphezulu be-G80 kunye nobunzima bayo obukhawulezayo xa kuthelekiswa nezinye i-HPS Crystallization rate [ 362]. Le propati ye-G80 yenza ukuba kube lula ukwenza iikhompawundi ezingena-homogeneous xa zidityaniswe ne-HPMC.
Kuluhlu lweqondo lokushisa kwe-5 ° C - 45 ° C, ixabiso le-E le-HPMC / i-HPS yesampulu edibeneyo ingaphantsi kancinane kune-HPS ecocekileyo, enokuthi ibe ngenxa yentsebenziswano phakathi kwe-HPS kunye ne-HPMC. Ukunciphisa ukuxhomekeka kweqondo lokushisa kwe-viscosity. Ixabiso le-E le-HPMC elisulungekileyo liphezulu kunelo lezinye iisampuli. Amandla okusebenza kuzo zonke iisampuli ezinesitatshi ayezixabiso eliphantsi elincomekayo, ebonisa ukuba kumaqondo obushushu asezantsi, ukuhla kwe-viscosity ngeqondo lobushushu kwakungavakaliswanga kangako kwaye ukwakheka kubonise ukuthungwa okufana nesitatshi.
Itheyibhile 5-3 i-Arrhenius equation parameters (E: amandla okusebenza; A: rhoqo; R 2: i-coefficient yokumisela) ukusuka kwi-Eq.(1) ye-HPS / HPMC idibanisa kunye needigri ezahlukeneyo ze-hydroxypropylation ye-HPS
Nangona kunjalo, kuluhlu oluphezulu lobushushu be-45 °C - 85 °C, ixabiso le-E litshintshile ngokomgangatho phakathi kwe-HPS ecocekileyo kunye neesampuli ze-HPMC/HPS ezihlanganisiweyo, kwaye ixabiso le-E lee-HPS ezisulungekileyo laliyi-45.6 kJ·mol−1 - Kuluhlu lwe 124 kJ·mol−1, ixabiso le-E leekhompleksi likuluhlu lwe -3.77 kJ·mol−1– -72.2 kJ·mol−1. Olu tshintsho lubonisa impembelelo eyomeleleyo ye-HPMC kusetyenziso lwamandla enkqubo entsonkothileyo, njengoko ixabiso le-E le-HPMC esulungekileyo iyi- -174 kJ mol−1. Ixabiso le-E le-HPMC ecocekileyo kunye nenkqubo edibeneyo imbi, ebonisa ukuba kumaqondo aphezulu aphezulu, i-viscosity iyanda ngokunyuka kweqondo lokushisa, kwaye i-compound ibonisa i-HPMC-like texture texture.
Iziphumo ze-HPMC kunye ne-HPS kwi-viscosity eyinkimbinkimbi ye-HPMC / i-HPS ye-compound systems kwiqondo lokushisa eliphezulu kunye neqondo lokushisa eliphantsi lihambelana neempawu ze-viscoelastic ezixutyushwayo.
5.3.5 Iimpawu zoomatshini abaguqukayo
Amanani 5-8 abonisa iigophe zokutshayela rhoqo kwi-5 °C ye-HPMC/HPS izisombululo zekhompawundi ze-HPS ezinedigri ezahlukeneyo zokutshintshwa kwe-hydroxypropyl. Inokubonwa kumzobo ukuba i-HPS esulungekileyo ibonisa isimilo esifana nesiqinileyo (G′> G″), ngelixa i-HPMC ibubumanzi obufana nolwelo (G′ <G″). Zonke iifomula ze-HPMC/HPS zibonise ukuziphatha okuqinileyo. Kwiisampulu ezininzi, zombini i-G kunye no-G″ yonyuka ngokunyuka rhoqo, nto leyo ebonisa ukuba ukuziphatha okuqinileyo kwesixhobo kunamandla.
Ii-HPMC ezicocekileyo zibonisa ukuxhomekeka okucacileyo okunzima ukukubona kwiisampuli ze-HPS ezisulungekileyo. Njengoko bekulindelekile, inkqubo entsonkothileyo ye-HPMC/HPS ibonise iqondo elithile lokuxhomekeka kwamaza. Kuzo zonke iisampulu eziqulathe i-HPS, n′ isoloko ingaphantsi kune-n″, kwaye i-G″ ibonisa ukuxhomekeka okunamandla okuphindaphinda kune-G′, ebonisa ukuba ezi sampuli zinwebeka ngakumbi kune-viscous [352, 359, 363]. Ke ngoko, ukusebenza kweesampulu ezidityanisiweyo kumiselwe ikakhulu yi-HPS, eyona nto ibangelwa kukuba i-HPMC ibonelela ngesisombululo esisezantsi se-viscosity kubushushu obuphantsi.
Itheyibhile 5-4 n′, n″, G0′ kunye ne-G0″ ye-HPS/HPMC ene-hydropropyl substitution degree ye-HPS kwi-5 °C njengoko kumiselwe kwi-Eqs. (5-1) kunye (5-2)
Isazobe 5-8 imodyuli yoGcino (G′) kunye nemodyuli yokulahleka (G″) vs.
Ii-HPMC ezicocekileyo zibonisa ukuxhomekeka okucacileyo okunzima ukukubona kwiisampuli ze-HPS ezisulungekileyo. Njengoko kulindelekile kwi-HPMC/HPS complex, inkqubo ye-ligand ibonise iqondo elithile lokuxhomekeka kwamaza. Kuzo zonke iisampulu eziqulathe i-HPS, n′ isoloko ingaphantsi kune-n″, kwaye i-G″ ibonisa ukuxhomekeka okunamandla okuphindaphinda kune-G′, ebonisa ukuba ezi sampuli zinwebeka ngakumbi kune-viscous [352, 359, 363]. Ke ngoko, ukusebenza kweesampulu ezidityanisiweyo kumiselwe ikakhulu yi-HPS, eyona nto ibangelwa kukuba i-HPMC ibonelela ngesisombululo esisezantsi se-viscosity kubushushu obuphantsi.
Amanani 5-9 abonisa iigophe zokutshayela rhoqo ze-HPMC/HPS izisombululo zekhompawundi ze-HPS ezinedigri ezahlukeneyo zokutshintshwa kwe-hydroxypropyl kwi-85 ° C. Njengoko kunokubonwa kumzobo, zonke ezinye iisampulu ze-HPS ngaphandle kwe-A1081 zibonise ukuziphatha okuqinileyo okufana noko. Kwi-A1081, amaxabiso e-G' kunye no-G” asondele kakhulu, kwaye u-G' mncinci kancinci kuno-G”, nto leyo ebonisa ukuba i-A1081 iziphatha njengolwelo.
Oku kungenxa yokuba i-A1081 yijeli ebandayo kwaye ingena kwi-gel-to-solution inguqu kwiqondo lokushisa eliphezulu. Kwelinye icala, iisampulu ezinomlinganiselo ofanayo wokudibanisa, amaxabiso e-n′, n″, G0′ kunye ne-G0″ (Itheyibhile 5-5) zonke zehla ngokunyuka kwe-hydroxypropyl substitution degree, ebonisa ukuba i-hydroxypropylation yehlile i-slid- njengokuziphatha kwesitatshi kubushushu obuphezulu (85°C). Ngokukodwa, i-n′ kunye ne-n″ ye-G80 isondele ku-0, ibonisa ukuziphatha okuqinileyo okuqinileyo; ngokuchaseneyo, i-n′ kunye no-n″ amaxabiso e-A1081 asondele ku-1, ebonisa ukuziphatha okunamandla kwamanzi. La maxabiso ka-n' kunye no-n” ayangqinelana neenkcukacha zika-G' no-G”. Ukongeza, njengoko kunokubonwa kwiMifanekiso 5-9, idigri ye-hydroxypropyl substitution inokuphucula kakhulu ukuxhomekeka rhoqo kwe-HPS kwiqondo lokushisa eliphezulu.
Isazobe 5-9 imodyuli yoGcino (G′) kunye nemodyuli yokulahleka (G″) vs.
Amanani 5-9 abonisa ukuba i-HPMC ibonisa ukuziphatha okuqinileyo okuqhelekileyo (G′ > G″) kuma-85 ° C, okubangelwa ikakhulu kwiimpawu zayo ze-thermogel. Ukongeza, i-G kunye ne-G ″ ye-HPMC iyahluka ngokuphindaphindiweyo Ukunyuka akuzange kutshintshe kakhulu, kubonisa ukuba ayinakho ukuxhomekeka okucacileyo.
Kwinkqubo yekhompawundi ye-HPMC/HPS, amaxabiso e-n′ kunye ne-n″ omabini asondele ku-0, kwaye i-G0′ iphezulu kakhulu kune-G0 (Itheyibhile″ 5-5), eqinisekisa ukuziphatha kwayo okuqinileyo. Kwelinye icala, ukutshintshwa kwe-hydroxypropyl ephezulu kunokutshintsha i-HPS ukusuka kwi-slid-like ukuya kwindlela yokuziphatha efana nolwelo, into engenzekiyo kwizisombululo ezidityanisiweyo. Ukongeza, kwisixokelelwano esidityaniswe ne-HPMC, ngokunyuka kwamaxesha, zombini i-G' kunye ne-G” zahlala zizinzile, kwaye ixabiso le-n' kunye ne-n” lalisondele kwezo ze-HPMC. Zonke ezi ziphumo zibonisa ukuba i-HPMC ilawula i-viscoelasticity yenkqubo edibeneyo kubushushu obuphezulu be-85 ° C.
Itheyibhile 5-5 n′, n″, G0′ kunye ne-G0″ ye-HPS/HPMC ene-hydropropyl eyahlukileyo endaweni ye-HPS kwi-85 °C njengoko kumiselwe kwi-Eqs. (5-1) kunye (5-2)
5.3.6 I-Morphology ye-HPMC/HPS inkqubo ehlanganisiweyo
Utshintsho lwesigaba se-HPMC/HPS inkqubo edityanisiweyo yaphononongwa ngemakroskopu ye-iodine engcolisa amehlo. Inkqubo yekhompawundi ye-HPMC/HPS ene-compound ratio ye-5:5 yavavanywa kwi-25 °C, 45 °C kunye ne-85 °C. Imifanekiso ye-microscope yokukhanya enemibala engezantsi iboniswe kwiMifanekiso 5-10. Inokubonwa kumfanekiso ukuba emva kokudaya nge-iodine, isigaba se-HPS sidayiwe sibe ngumbala omnyama, kwaye isigaba se-HPMC sibonisa umbala okhanyayo kuba awukwazi ukudaywa nge-iodine. Ke ngoko, amanqanaba amabini e-HPMC/HPS anokwahlulwa ngokucacileyo. Kwiqondo lokushisa eliphezulu, indawo yemimandla emnyama (isigaba se-HPS) iyanda kwaye indawo yemimandla eqaqambileyo (isigaba se-HPMC) iyancipha. Ngokukodwa, kwi-25 ° C, i-HPMC (umbala oqaqambileyo) yinqanaba eliqhubekayo kwinkqubo edibeneyo ye-HPMC / HPS, kunye nesigaba esincinci se-HPS esiyi-spherical (umbala omnyama) sichithwa kwisigaba esiqhubekayo se-HPMC. Ngokwahlukileyo, kwi-85 °C, i-HPMC yaba sisigaba esichithakeleyo esincinci kakhulu kwaye simile ngendlela engaqhelekanga esasasazwa kwisigaba esiqhubekayo se-HPS.
Isazobe 5-8 IiMorphologies zedayiwe 1:1 I-HPMC/HPS ixutywa kwi-25 °C, 45 °C kunye ne85 °C
Ngokunyuka kweqondo lokushisa, kufuneka kubekho indawo yenguqu ye-morphology yesigaba sesigaba esiqhubekayo ukusuka kwi-HPMC ukuya kwi-HPS kwi-HPMC / HPS system compound. Ngokwethiyori, kufuneka yenzeke xa i-viscosity ye-HPMC kunye ne-HPS zifana okanye zifana kakhulu. Njengoko kunokubonwa kwi-micrographs ye-45 ° C kwiMifanekiso 5-10, umzobo wesigaba "solwandle-isiqithi" esiqhelekileyo asibonakali, kodwa isigaba esiqhubekayo sibonwa. Olu qwalaselo lukwaqinisekisa inyaniso yokuba inguqu yesigaba sesigaba esiqhubekayo inokuba yenzeke kwi-tan δ incopho ye-disipation factor-temperature curve exoxwa ku-5.3.3.
Inokubonwa kwakhona kumfanekiso ukuba kwiqondo lobushushu eliphantsi (25 °C), ezinye iindawo zesigaba esimnyama se-HPS esasasazwayo zibonisa iqondo elithile lombala oqaqambileyo, osenokuba ngenxa yokuba inxalenye yesigaba se-HPMC ikhona kwisigaba se-HPS uhlobo lwesigaba esichithakeleyo. phakathi. Ngokuzenzekelayo, kwiqondo lobushushu eliphezulu (85 °C), amanye amasuntswana amnyama amancinci asasazwa kwisigaba esihlakazekileyo se-HPMC, kwaye la masuntswana amnyama sisigaba esiqhubekayo se-HPS. Olu qwalaselo lucebisa ukuba iqondo elithile le-mesophase likhona kwinkqubo yekhompawundi ye-HPMC-HPS, ngaloo ndlela ikwabonisa ukuba i-HPMC inokuhambelana okuthile ne-HPS.
5.3.7 Umzobo weSchematic wenguqu yesigaba se-HPMC/HPS system compound
Ngokusekwe kwindlela yokuziphatha ye-rheological classical yezisombululo zepolymer kunye namanqaku ejeli adibeneyo [216, 232] kunye nothelekiso kunye nezakhiwo ezixutyushwayo kwiphepha, imodeli yomgaqo wokuguqulwa kwesakhiwo se-HPMC / HPS complexes kunye nobushushu bucetywayo, njengoko kubonisiwe kwiFig. 5-11.
Umzobo 5-11 Izakhiwo zeSchematic zenguqu ye-sol-gel ye-HPMC (a); HPS (b); kunye ne-HPMC/HPS (c)
Ukuziphatha kwejeli ye-HPMC kunye nesisombululo esihambelanayo se-gel-transition mechanism ifundwe kakhulu [159, 160, 207, 208]. Enye yezona zivunyiweyo ngokubanzi kukuba amatyathanga e-HPMC akhoyo kwisisombululo ngokohlobo lweebhandle ezidityanisiweyo. La maqela adityanisiwe ngokusonga ezinye izinto ezingafakwanga endaweni okanye ezinganyibilikiyo kancinci, kwaye ziqhagamshelwe kwimimandla exineneyo ngokudityaniswa kwe-hydrophobic yamaqela e-methyl kunye namaqela e-hydroxyl. Kwiqondo lokushisa eliphantsi, iimolekyuli zamanzi zenza izakhiwo ezinjenge-cage ngaphandle kwamaqela e-methyl hydrophobic kunye nezakhiwo zeqokobhe lamanzi ngaphandle kwamaqela e-hydrophilic afana namaqela e-hydroxyl, ukuthintela i-HPMC ekwenzeni i-interchain hydrogen bonds kumaqondo aphantsi. Njengoko iqondo lobushushu lisanda, i-HPMC ifunxa amandla kwaye ezi kheji zamanzi kunye nezakhiwo zeqokobhe lamanzi ziyaphulwa, okuyi-kinetics yenguqu yesisombululo-gel. Ukuqhekeka kwegobolondo lamanzi kunye negobolondo lamanzi kuveza amaqela e-methyl kunye ne-hydroxypropyl kwindawo enamanzi, okubangelwa ukwanda okukhulu kwevolumu yamahhala. Kwiqondo lokushisa eliphezulu, ngenxa yombutho we-hydrophobic wamaqela e-hydrophobic kunye nombutho we-hydrophilic wamaqela e-hydrophilic, isakhiwo senethiwekhi ye-3-dimensional ye-gel ekugqibeleni yenziwe, njengoko kuboniswe kwi-Figure 5-11 (a).
Emva kwe-starch gelatinization, i-amylose inyibilika kwi-starch granules ukuze yenze i-helical structure enye engenanto, ehlala inxeba kwaye ekugqibeleni ibonise imeko yeekhoyili ezingahleliwe. Esi sakhiwo se-helix esisodwa senza i-hydrophobic cavity ngaphakathi kunye ne-hydrophilic surface ngaphandle. Esi sakhiwo esixineneyo sesitatshi sisinika uzinzo olungcono [230-232]. Ke ngoko, i-HPS ikhona ngohlobo lweekhoyili eziguquguqukayo eziguquguqukayo ezinamacandelwana e-helical owoluliweyo kwisisombululo samanzi kubushushu obuphezulu. Njengoko iqondo lobushushu liyehla, iibhondi ze-hydrogen phakathi kwe-HPS kunye neemolekyuli zamanzi ziyaphuka kwaye amanzi abophekileyo alahlekile. Ekugqibeleni, isakhiwo senethiwekhi esine-dimensional-dimensional senziwe ngenxa yokubunjwa kweebhondi ze-hydrogen phakathi kwamaketanga eemolekyuli, kwaye i-gel yenziwe, njengoko kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 5-11 (b).
Ngokuqhelekileyo, xa amacandelo amabini ane-viscosity ehluke kakhulu edibeneyo, icandelo eliphezulu le-viscosity livame ukwenza isigaba esisasazekayo kwaye lihlakazekile kwisigaba esiqhubekayo secandelo eliphantsi le-viscosity. Kubushushu obuphantsi, i-viscosity ye-HPMC isezantsi kakhulu kune-HPS. Ngoko ke, i-HPMC yenza isigaba esiqhubekayo esijikeleze i-high-viscosity HPS isigaba sejeli. Emaphethelweni ezigaba ezibini, amaqela e-hydroxyl kumatyathanga e-HPMC alahlekelwa yinxalenye yamanzi adibeneyo kwaye enze i-intermolecular hydrogen bond kunye ne-HPS ye-molecular chain. Ngethuba lenkqubo yokufudumeza, i-HPS ye-molecular chain yahamba ngenxa yokufunxa amandla okwaneleyo kwaye yenza iibhondi ze-hydrogen kunye neemolekyuli zamanzi, okubangelwa ukugqabhuka kwesakhiwo sejeli. Ngelo xesha, ukwakhiwa kwe-cage yamanzi kunye ne-shell-shell yamanzi kwi-chain HPMC yatshatyalaliswa kwaye ngokuthe ngcembe yaphuka ukuze iveze amaqela e-hydrophilic kunye namaqela e-hydrophobic. Kwiqondo lokushisa eliphezulu, i-HPMC yenza i-gel network structure ngenxa ye-intermolecular hydrogen bonds kunye ne-hydrophobic association, kwaye ngaloo ndlela iba yinqanaba eliphezulu le-viscosity ehlakazekileyo ehlakazekile kwisigaba esiqhubekayo se-HPS yeekhoyili ezizenzekelayo, njengoko kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 5-11 (c). Ngoko ke, i-HPS kunye ne-HPMC zilawula iipropati ze-rheological, iipropati ze-gel kunye ne-morphology yesigaba se-gel edibeneyo kumaqondo aphantsi kunye aphezulu, ngokulandelanayo.
Ukuqaliswa kwamaqela e-hydroxypropyl kwiimolekyuli zesitatshi kwaphula ubume be-intramolecular hydrogen bond bond, ukuze iimolekyuli ze-gelatinized amylose zikwimeko edumbileyo neyoluliweyo, nto leyo eyandisa umthamo we-hydration osebenzayo weemolekyuli kwaye inqanda ukuthambekela kweemolekyuli zesitatshi ukuba zibambene ngokungacwangciswanga. kwisisombululo esimanzi [362]. Ngoko ke, i-bulky and hydrophilic properties of hydroxypropyl yenza ukudityaniswa kwe-amylose ye-molecular chain kunye nokwakhiwa kwemimandla edibeneyo enqamlezayo kunzima [233]. Ke ngoko, ngokuhla kwamaqondo obushushu, xa kuthelekiswa nesitatshi somthonyama, i-HPS ithande ukwenza ulwakhiwo lwejeli ekhululekileyo nethambileyo.
Ngokunyuka kwe-hydroxypropyl substitution degree, kukho amaqhekeza e-helical awoluliweyo ngakumbi kwisisombululo se-HPS, esinokwenza i-intermolecular hydrogen bond kunye ne-HPMC ye-molecular chain kumda wezigaba ezibini, ngaloo ndlela zenza isakhiwo esifanayo. Ukongezelela, i-hydroxypropylation inciphisa i-viscosity yesitashi, enciphisa ukuhlukana kwe-viscosity phakathi kwe-HPMC kunye ne-HPS ekuqulunqweni. Ngoko ke, indawo yokutshintshwa kwesigaba kwi-HPMC / HPS inkqubo eyinkimbinkimbi itshintshela kwiqondo lokushisa eliphantsi kunye nokunyuka kwe-HPS hydroxypropyl substitution degree. Oku kunokuqinisekiswa ngokutshintsha ngokukhawuleza kwi-viscosity kunye nokushisa kweesampuli ezihlaziyiweyo kwi-5.3.4.
5.4 IsiShwankathelo seSahluko
Kwesi sahluko, i-HPMC / HPS izisombululo zekhompawundi ezinedigri ezahlukeneyo ze-HPS hydroxypropyl substitution zalungiswa, kwaye umphumo we-HPS hydroxypropyl substitution degree kwiipropati ze-rheological kunye neempawu zejel ze-HPMC / HPS ebandayo kunye nenkqubo ye-gel ye-gel eshushu yaphandwa nge-rheometer. Ukuhanjiswa kwesigaba se-HPMC/HPS ebandayo kunye ne-hot gel composite inkqubo yaphononongwa ngohlalutyo lwe-iodine yokungcolisa imakroskopu. Iziphumo eziphambili zezi zilandelayo:
- Kwiqondo lobushushu begumbi, i-viscosity kunye nokuchetywa kwe-chear ye-HPMC/HPS isisombululo sekhompawundi yehle ngokunyuka kwe-HPS hydroxypropyl substitution degree. Oku kungenxa yokuba ukuqaliswa kweqela le-hydroxypropyl kwi-molecule ye-starch kutshabalalisa i-intramolecular hydrogen bond structure kunye nokuphucula i-hydrophilicity ye-starch.
- Kwiqondo lokushisa kwegumbi, i-zero-shear viscosity h0, i-flow index n, kunye ne-viscosity coefficient K ye-HPMC / HPS izisombululo zekhompawundi zichaphazelekayo zombini i-HPMC kunye ne-hydroxypropylation. Ngokunyuka komxholo we-HPMC, i-zero shear viscosity h0 iyancipha, i-flow index n iyanda, kwaye i-viscosity coefficient K iyancipha; i-zero shear viscosity h0, i-flow index n kunye ne-viscosity coefficient K ye-HPS esulungekileyo yonke inyuka nge-hydroxyl Ngokunyuka kweqondo lokutshintshwa kwepropyl, iba yincinci; kodwa kwi-compound system, i-zero shear viscosity h0 iyancipha ngokunyuka kweqondo lokutshintshwa, ngelixa i-flow index n kunye ne-viscosity rhoqo i-K inyuka ngokunyuka kweqondo lokuthatha indawo.
- Indlela yokucheba nge-pre-chearing kunye ne-thixotropy yamanqanaba amathathu ingabonakalisa ngokuchanekileyo i-viscosity, i-flow properties kunye ne-thixotropy yesisombululo se-compound.
- Ummandla we-viscoelastic we-linear we-HPMC/HPS inkqubo yekhompawundi iyacutha ngokuncipha kwe-hydroxypropyl substitution degree ye-HPS.
- Kule nkqubo ye-gel ebandayo-eshushu, i-HPMC kunye ne-HPS inokwenza izigaba eziqhubekayo kumaqondo aphantsi kunye aphezulu, ngokulandelanayo. Olu tshintsho lwesakhiwo sesigaba lunokuchaphazela kakhulu i-viscosity eyinkimbinkimbi, i-viscoelastic properties, ukuxhomekeka rhoqo kunye neempawu ze-gel ze-gel eyinkimbinkimbi.
- Njengezigaba ezihlakaziweyo, i-HPMC kunye ne-HPS inokumisela iimpawu ze-rheological kunye neempawu zejel ze-HPMC / HPS iinkqubo zekhompawundi kumaqondo aphezulu kunye namaqondo aphantsi, ngokulandelanayo. I-viscoelastic curves ye-HPMC / HPS iisampulu ezidibeneyo zihambelana ne-HPS kwiqondo lokushisa eliphantsi kunye ne-HPMC kwiqondo lokushisa eliphezulu.
- Iqondo elihlukeneyo lokuguqulwa kweekhemikhali zesakhiwo se-starch nalo libe nefuthe elibalulekileyo kwiipropati zejeli. Iziphumo zibonisa ukuba i-viscosity entsonkothileyo, imodyuli yokugcina, kunye nemodyuli yokulahleka zonke ziyancipha ngokunyuka kwe-HPS hydroxypropyl substitution degree. Ke ngoko, i-hydroxypropylation yesitashi somthonyama inokuphazamisa ubume bayo obucwangcisiweyo kwaye inyuse i-hydrophilicity yesitashi, okukhokelela kuthungelwano lwejeli ethambileyo.
- IHydroxypropylation inokunciphisa ukuziphatha okuqinileyo kwezisombululo zesitatshi kubushushu obuphantsi kunye nokuziphatha okufana nolwelo kubushushu obuphezulu. Kwiqondo lobushushu eliphantsi, ixabiso le-n′ kunye ne-n″ liye laba likhulu ngokunyuka kwe-HPS hydroxypropyl substitution degree; kwiqondo lobushushu eliphezulu, n′ kunye n″ amaxabiso aye abe mancinci ngokunyuka kwe-HPS hydroxypropyl substitution degree.
- Ubudlelwane phakathi kwe-microstructure, iipropati ze-rheological kunye neepropati ze-gel ze-HPMC / i-HPS yenkqubo edibeneyo yasekwa. Zombini utshintsho olukhawulezileyo kwigophe le-viscosity yenkqubo edibeneyo kunye ne-tan δ incopho kwi-curve factor curve ibonakala kwi-45 °C, ehambelana nesenzeko sesigaba esiqhubekayo esibonwa kwi-micrograph (kwi-45 °C).
Isishwankathelo, i-HPMC/HPS inkqubo edibeneyo yejeli ebandayo eshushu ibonisa imopholoji yesigaba esilawulwa ngubushushu obukhethekileyo kunye neempawu. Ngokuguqulwa kweekhemikhali ezahlukeneyo zesitatshi kunye neselulosi, inkqubo ye-HPMC/HPS ebandayo kunye neshushu yejeli ingasetyenziselwa uphuhliso kunye nokusetyenziswa kwexabiso eliphezulu lemathiriyeli ehlakaniphile.
ISahluko sesi-6 seziphumo zeSidanga seHPS sokuTshintsha kwiiPropati kunye neSistim eCompability ye-HPMC/HPS Composite Membranes
Inokubonwa kwiSahluko sesi-5 ukuba utshintsho lwesakhiwo sekhemikhali samacandelo kwi-compound system simisela umahluko kwiipropati ze-rheological, iipropati ze-gel kunye nezinye iipropathi zokucubungula zenkqubo edibeneyo. Ukusebenza ngokubanzi kunempembelelo ebalulekileyo.
Esi sahluko sigxile kwimpembelelo yesakhiwo samakhemikhali samacandelo kwi-microstructure kunye neempawu ze-macroscopic ze-HPMC / HPS i-membrane edibeneyo. Idityaniswe nempembelelo yeSahluko 5 kwiipropati ze-rheological zenkqubo edibeneyo, iimpawu ze-rheological ze-HPMC / HPS inkqubo edibeneyo zisekwe- ubudlelwane phakathi kweepropati zefilimu.
6.1 IiMathiriyeli kunye neZixhobo
6.1.1 Iimathiriyeli zovavanyo eziphambili
6.1.2 Izixhobo eziphambili kunye nezixhobo
6.2 Indlela yovavanyo
6.2.1 Ukulungiswa kwe-HPMC/HPS inwebu edibeneyo enedigri ezahlukeneyo zeHPS hydroxypropyl substitution
Uxinzelelo olupheleleyo lwesisombululo se-compound yi-8% (w / w), i-HPMC / HPS i-compound ratio yi-10:0, 5:5, 0:10, i-plasticizer yi-2.4% (w / w) i-polyethylene glycol, I-edible Ifilimu ehlanganisiweyo ye-HPMC/HPS yalungiswa ngendlela yokuphosa. Ukufumana indlela ethile yokulungiselela, jonga ku-3.2.1.
6.2.2 Ulwakhiwo lweMicrodomain yeHPMC/HPS yeembrane ezidityanisiweyo ezinedigri ezahlukeneyo zeHPS hydroxypropyl substitution
6.2.2.1 Umgaqo wohlalutyo lwe-microstructure ye-synchrotron imitha ye-engile encinci ye-X-reyi yokusasazwa
I-Angel encinci ye-X-ray Scattering (i-SAXS) ibhekisela kwinto yokusabalalisa ebangelwa yi-X-ray beam irradiating isampuli phantsi kovavanyo ngaphakathi kwe-angle encinci kufuphi ne-X-ray beam. Ngokusekwe kumahluko woxinaniso lwe-electron ye-nanoscale phakathi kwe-scatterer kunye ne-medium medium, i-angle encinci ye-X-reyi yokusasazwa ngokuqhelekileyo isetyenziswa kuphononongo lwezinto eziqinileyo, i-colloidal, kunye ne-liquid polymer kuluhlu lwe-nanoscale. Xa kuthelekiswa neteknoloji ye-X-ray ye-wide-angle diffraction, i-SAXS inokufumana ulwazi lwesakhiwo kwisikali esikhulu, esingasetyenziselwa ukuhlalutya ukulungelelaniswa kwamakhonkco e-polymer molecular, izakhiwo zexesha elide, kunye nesigaba sesigaba kunye nokusabalalisa kwesigaba se-polymer complex systems. . Umthombo wokukhanya we-synchrotron X-ray luhlobo olutsha lomthombo wokukhanya osebenza kakhulu, onezibonelelo zokucoceka okuphezulu, ukuhlambuluka okuphezulu, i-pulse emxinwa, ukukhanya okuphezulu, kunye nokungqubana okuphezulu, ngoko ke inokufumana ulwazi lwesakhiwo se-nanoscale ngokukhawuleza. kwaye ngokuchanekileyo. Ukuhlalutya i-spectrum ye-SAXS yento elinganisiweyo inokufumana ngokusemgangathweni ukufana koxinaniso lwelifu le-electron, ukufana kwesigaba esinye soxinaniso lwelifu le-electron (ukutenxa okulungileyo kwi-Porod okanye kwithiyori ye-Debye), kunye nokucaca kojongano lwamanqanaba amabini (ukutenxa okungalunganga kwi-Porod okanye ithiyori kaDebye). ), Ukuzichitha-zichitha-zifana (nokuba zineempawu ze-fractal), i-scatterer dispersity (i-monodispersity okanye i-polydispersity egqitywe nguGuinier) kunye nolunye ulwazi, kunye ne-scatterer dimension fractal, i-gyration radius, kunye ne-avareji ye-avareji yeeyunithi eziphindaphindayo nazo zinokufunyanwa ngokobuninzi. Ukutyeba, ubungakanani obuqhelekileyo, iqhekeza levolumu ye-scatterer, indawo ethile yendawo kunye nezinye iiparameter.
6.2.2.2 Indlela yokuvavanya
Kwiziko le-Australian Synchrotron Radiation Centre (iClayton, iVictoria, eOstreliya), isizukulwana sesithathu somthombo wemitha ye-synchrotron (flux 1013 photons/s, wavelength 1.47 Å) yasetyenziselwa ukumisela ubume be-micro-domain kunye nolunye ulwazi olunxulumeneyo lwe-composite. ifilimu. Ipateni yokusabalalisa i-dimensional-dimensional yesampuli yovavanyo iqokelelwe yi-Pilatus 1M detector (169 × 172 μm indawo, 172 × 172 μm ubukhulu be-pixel), kwaye isampuli elinganisiweyo yayikuluhlu lwe-0.015 <q <0.15 Å−1 ( q yivektha esasazayo) Ingaphakathi elinedimensional encinci-engile X-reyi yokuchithachitha ijika ifumaneka kwiphethini yokusasaza emacala mabini ngesoftware yeScatterBrain, kunye nevektha yokusasaza q kunye ne-angle yokusasazeka 2 ziguqulwa ngefomula i / , buphi ubude be-X-reyi. Yonke idatha yalungiswa kwangaphambili ngaphambi kohlalutyo lwedatha.
6.2.3 Uhlalutyo lwe-Thermogravimetric ye-HPMC/HPS inwebu edibeneyo enedigri ezahlukeneyo zeHPS hydroxypropyl substitution
6.2.3.1 Umgaqo wohlalutyo lwe-thermogravimetric
Ngokufanayo no-3.2.5.1
6.2.3.2 Indlela yokuvavanya
Jonga ku-3.2.5.2
6.2.4 Iipropati ze-Tensile ze-HPMC/HPS iifilimu ezihlanganisiweyo ezinedigri ezahlukeneyo zeHPS hydroxypropyl substitution
6.2.4.1 Umgaqo wohlalutyo lwepropathi ephantsi
Ngokufanayo no-3.2.6.1
6.2.4.2 Indlela yokuvavanya
Jonga ku-3.2.6.2
Ukusebenzisa umgangatho we-ISO37, inqunyulwe kwi-splines e-dumbbell, kunye nobude obupheleleyo be-35mm, umgama phakathi kwemigca yokumakisha ye-12mm, kunye nobubanzi be-2mm. Zonke iisampulu zovavanyo zilinganiswe kwi-75% yokufuma ngaphezulu kwe-3 d.
6.2.5 Ukungena kweoksijini yeHPMC/HPS inwebu edibeneyo enedigri ezahlukeneyo zeHPS hydroxypropyl substitution
6.2.5.1 Umgaqo-siseko wohlalutyo lwe-oxygen permeability
Ngokufanayo no-3.2.7.1
6.2.5.2 Indlela yokuvavanya
Jonga ku-3.2.7.2
6.3 Iziphumo kunye neengxoxo
6.3.1 Uhlalutyo lwesakhiwo secrystal yeefilimu ezihlanganisiweyo zeHPMC/HPS ezinedigri ezahlukeneyo zeHPS hydroxypropyl substitution
Umzobo we-6-1 ubonisa i-angle encinci ye-X-ray yokusabalalisa i-spectra ye-HPMC / i-HPS iifilimu ezihlanganisiweyo ezinamaqondo ahlukeneyo e-HPS hydroxypropyl substitution. Inokubonwa kumzobo ukuba kuluhlu lomlinganiselo omkhulu we-q > 0.3 Å (2θ > 40), iincopho ezicacileyo zeempawu zibonakala kuzo zonke iisampulu zenwebu. Ukusuka kwipatheni yokusasazwa kweX-reyi yefilimu ecocekileyo yecandelo (Fig. 6-1a), i-HPMC esulungekileyo ine-X-ray eyomeleleyo yokusabalalisa uphawu kwi-0.569 Å, ebonisa ukuba i-HPMC inencopho ye-X-ray yokusasazeka kwi-engile ebanzi. ummandla we-7.70 (2θ > 50). Iimpawu zeCrystal encochoyini, ebonisa ukuba i-HPMC inolwakhiwo oluthile lwekristale apha. Zombini i-A939 ecocekileyo kunye ne-A1081 iisampulu zesitatshi zibonise incopho ecacileyo ye-X-ray yokusasazwa kwe-0.397 Å, ebonisa ukuba i-HPS inophawu oluyikristale olubonakalayo kwingingqi ebanzi-engile ye-5.30, ehambelana nencopho ye-B-crystalline yesitatshi. Inokubonwa ngokucacileyo kumzobo ukuba i-A939 ene-hydroxypropyl substitution ephantsi inendawo encopho enkulu kune-A1081 enokutshintshwa okuphezulu. Oku kungenxa yokuba ukuqaliswa kweqela le-hydroxypropyl kwitsheyina le-molekyuli ye-starch kwaphula isakhiwo esiyalelweyo sokuqala seemolekyuli zesitatshi, kwandisa ubunzima bokuhlengahlengiswa kunye nokudibanisa phakathi kwamakhonkco e-starch molecular, kwaye kunciphisa iqondo le-starch recrystallization. Ngokunyuka kweqondo lokutshintshwa kweqela le-hydroxypropyl, umphumo wokuthintela weqela le-hydroxypropyl kwi-starch recrystallization ibonakala ngakumbi.
Inokubonwa ukusuka kwi-spectra ye-X-ray encinci yokusabalalisa iisampulu ezidibeneyo (Umfanekiso 6-1b) ukuba iifilimu ezidibeneyo ze-HPMC-HPS zonke zibonise iincopho ezibonakalayo ezibonakalayo kwi-0.569 Å kunye ne-0.397 Å, ehambelana ne-7.70 HPMC crystal crystal iincopho zeempawu, ngokulandelelanayo. Ummandla ophakamileyo we-HPS crystallization ye-HPMC/A939 ifilimu ehlanganisiweyo inkulu kakhulu kunefilimu edibeneyo ye-HPMC/A1081. Ukulungiswa kwakhona kucinezelwe, okuhambelana nokuhluka kwendawo ye-HPS ye-crystallization peak kunye neqondo lokutshintshwa kwe-hydroxypropyl kwiifilimu zecandelo elicocekileyo. Ummandla ophakamileyo we-crystalline ohambelana ne-HPMC kwi-7.70 yeembrane ezidibeneyo ezinedigri ezahlukeneyo ze-HPS hydroxypropyl substitution ayizange itshintshe kakhulu. Xa kuthelekiswa ne-spectrum yeesampulu zecandelo elicocekileyo (umzobo 5-1a), iindawo ze-HPMC crystallization peaks kunye ne-HPS crystallization peaks yeesampulu ezidibeneyo ziyancipha, ezibonisa ukuba ngokudibanisa ezimbini, zombini i-HPMC kunye ne-HPS inokusebenza elinye iqela. I-recrystallization phenomenon yezinto zokwahlula ifilimu idlala indima ethile yokuthintela.
Umzobo 6-1 SAXS spectra of HPMC/HPS umxube bhanyabhanya kunye hydroxypropyl substitution degree ezahlukeneyo zeHPS
Ukuqukumbela, ukwanda kwe-HPS hydroxypropyl substitution degree kunye nokudityaniswa kwamacandelo amabini kunokuthintela i-recrystallization phenomenon ye-HPMC / HPS i-membrane edibeneyo ukuya kwinqanaba elithile. Ukunyuka kwe-hydroxypropyl substitution degree ye-HPS ikakhulu inqanda ukuvuselelwa kwe-HPS kwi-membrane edibeneyo, ngelixa i-component composite edibeneyo idlala indima ethile yokuthintela kwi-recrystallization ye-HPS kunye ne-HPMC kwi-membrane edibeneyo.
6.3.2 Uhlalutyo lwesakhiwo esifanayo se-fractal ye-HPMC/HPS iimbumba ezidibeneyo ezinedigri ezahlukeneyo zeHPS hydroxypropyl substitution
Umndilili wobude betsheyini (R) yeemolekyuli zepolysaccharide ezifana neemolekyuli zesitatshi kunye neemolekyuli zeselulosi zikuluhlu lwe-1000-1500 nm, kwaye q ukuluhlu lwe-0.01-0.1 Å-1, kunye ne-qR >> 1. Ngokutsho Ifomyula ye-Porod, iisampuli zefilimu ze-polysaccharide zingabonwa Ubudlelwane phakathi kwe-engile encinci ye-X-ray yokusabalalisa amandla kunye ne-angle yokusasazeka yile:
Phakathi koku, I(q) ndingumlinganiselo omncinci wokusasazwa kweX-reyi;
q yi-engile yokuchithachitha;
α yi-Porod ithambeka.
I-Porod slope α inxulumene nesakhiwo se-fractal. Ukuba i-α <3, ibonisa ukuba isakhiwo sezinto eziphathekayo sikhululekile, ubuso be-scatterer bubushelelezi, kwaye bubunzima be-fractal, kunye ne-fractal dimension D = α; ukuba i-3 <α <4, ibonisa ukuba isakhiwo sezinto eziphathekayo sixinene kwaye i-scatterer yi-surface i-rough, eyi-surface fractal, kunye ne-fractal dimension D = 6 - α.
Umzobo we-6-2 ubonisa iiplani ze-lnI (q) -lnq ze-HPMC / i-HPS edibeneyo yeembrane ezinedigri ezahlukeneyo ze-HPS hydroxypropyl substitution. Inokubonwa kumzobo ukuba zonke iisampulu zibonisa ulwakhiwo olufanayo lwefractal ngaphakathi koluhlu oluthile, kunye nethambeka lePorod α lingaphantsi kwe-3, ebonisa ukuba ifilimu ehlanganisiweyo inikezela nge-mass fractal, kwaye umphezulu wefilimu ehlanganisiweyo ulingana. egudileyo. Ubukhulu be-fractal dimensions ye-HPMC/HPS ye-membrane edibeneyo enedigri ezahlukeneyo ze-HPS hydroxypropyl substitution iboniswe kwiThebhile 6-1.
Itheyibhile 6-1 ibonisa i-fractal dimension ye-HPMC / HPS i-membrane edibeneyo enedigri ezahlukeneyo ze-HPS hydroxypropyl substitution. Inokubonwa kwitheyibhile ukuba iisampulu ze-HPS ezisulungekileyo, i-fractal dimension ye-A939 endaweni ye-hydroxypropyl ephantsi iphezulu kakhulu kune-A1081 endaweni ye-hydroxypropyl ephezulu, ebonisa ukuba ngokunyuka kweqondo le-hydroxypropyl substitution, kwi-membrane. Ubuninzi besakhiwo esifana ncitshiswe kakhulu. Oku kungenxa yokuba ukuqaliswa kwamaqela e-hydroxypropyl kwitsheyina lemolekyuli yesitatshi kuthintela kakhulu ukudityaniswa kwamacandelo e-HPS, okukhokelela ekuncipheni koxinaniso lwesakhiwo esizimelayo kwifilimu. Amaqela e-Hydrophilic hydroxypropyl anokwenza i-intermolecular hydrogen bonds kunye neamolekyu zamanzi, ukunciphisa intsebenziswano phakathi kwamacandelo e-molecular; Amaqela amakhulu e-hydroxypropyl anciphisa ukudityaniswa kwakhona kunye nokudibanisa phakathi kwamacandelo e-starch molecular, ngoko ke ngokunyuka kweqondo lokuthatha indawo ye-hydroxypropyl, i-HPS yenza ulwakhiwo olukhululekile ngakumbi olufana.
Kwinkqubo yekhompawundi ye-HPMC/A939, i-fractal dimension ye-HPS iphezulu kunaleyo ye-HPMC, ngenxa yokuba isitatshi siphinda sihlaziyeke, kwaye isakhiwo esicwangcisiweyo senziwe phakathi kwamatyathanga eemolekyuli, nto leyo ekhokelela kulwakhiwo olufanayo kwinwebu. . Ukuxinana okuphezulu. Ubukhulu besampulu yesampulu ye-fractal ingaphantsi kuneyo yamacandelo amabini ahlambulukileyo, kuba ngokudibanisa, ukudityaniswa kwamacandelo eemolekyuli zamacandelo amabini kuthintelwa enye kwenye, okukhokelela ekunciphiseni kwezakhiwo ezifanayo. Ngokwahlukileyo, kwinkqubo ye-HPMC/A1081 yekhompawundi, i-fractal dimension ye-HPS ingaphantsi kakhulu kune-HPMC. Oku kungenxa yokuba ukuqaliswa kwamaqela e-hydroxypropyl kwiimolekyuli zesitashi kuthintela ngokuphawulekayo ukubuyiswa kwakhona kwestatshi. Ulwakhiwo oluzimeleyo olufana nemithi lukhululekile ngakumbi. Ngelo xesha, i-fractal dimension ye-HPMC/A1081 isampuli yekhompawundi iphezulu kune-HPS esulungekileyo, ekwahluke kakhulu kwi-HPMC/A939 system compound. Ubume obufanayo, i-chain-like HPMC molekyuli zinokungena kumngxuma wesakhiwo sayo esikhululekileyo, ngaloo ndlela iphucula ukuxinana kwesakhiwo esifana ne-HPS, esikwabonisa ukuba i-HPS ene-hydroxypropyl substitution ephezulu inokwenza i-complex eyinkimbinkimbi emva kokudibanisa. kunye ne-HPMC. izithako. Ukusuka kwidatha yeepropathi ze-rheological, kunokubonwa ukuba i-hydroxypropylation inokunciphisa i-viscosity ye-starch, ngoko ke ngexesha lenkqubo yokudibanisa, umahluko we-viscosity phakathi kwamacandelo amabini kwinkqubo yokudibanisa iyancitshiswa, eyenza ngakumbi ukubunjwa kwe-homogeneous. ikhompawundi.
Isazobe 6-2 lnI(q)-lnq iipateni kunye namagophe ayo afanelekileyo kwiHPMC/HPS edibanisa iifilim ezinedigri yehydroxypropyl substitution eyahlukeneyo yeHPS
Itheyibhile 6-1 imilinganiselo yesakhiwo se-Fractal ye-HPS/HPMC yokudibanisa iifilimu ezinedigri ye-HPS eyahluka-hlukeneyo ye-hydroxypropyl.
Kwiimbumba ezidibeneyo ezinomlinganiselo ofanayo wokudibanisa, i-fractal dimension nayo iyancipha ngokunyuka kweqondo lokuthatha indawo yeqela le-hydroxypropyl. Ukuqaliswa kwe-hydroxypropyl kwi-molecule ye-HPS kunokunciphisa ukudibanisa kwamacandelo e-polymer kwi-compound system, ngaloo ndlela kuncitshiswe ubuninzi be-membrane edibeneyo; I-HPS ene-hydroxypropyl substitution ephezulu inokuhambelana ngcono ne-HPMC, Kulula ukwenza iyunifomu kunye nekhompawundi eshinyeneyo. Ke ngoko, ukuxinana kwesakhiwo esifanayo kwinwebu edibeneyo kuncipha ngokunyuka kwenqanaba lokuthatha indawo ye-HPS, esisiphumo sempembelelo edibeneyo yenqanaba lokutshintsha kwe-HPS hydroxypropyl kunye nokuhambelana kwamacandelo amabini kwi-composite. inkqubo.
6.3.3 Uhlalutyo lokuzinza kwe-Thermal yeefilimu ezihlanganisiweyo ze-HPMC/HPS ezinedigri ezahlukeneyo zeHPS hydroxypropyl substitution
I-Thermogravimetric analyzer yayisetyenziselwa ukuvavanya ukuzinza kwe-thermal ye-HPMC / HPS iifilimu ezidibeneyo ezidliwayo ezinedigri ezahlukeneyo ze-hydroxypropyl substitution. Umzobo we-6-3 ubonisa i-curve thermogravimetric (TGA) kunye ne-curve yokulahleka kwesisindo (i-DTG) yeefilimu ezidibeneyo ezinedigri ezahlukeneyo ze-HPS ye-hydroxypropyl substitution. Inokubonwa kwijika le-TGA kwi-Figure 6-3 (a) ukuba iisampulu ze-membrane edibeneyo kunye ne-HPS ye-hydroxypropyl substitution degrees. Kukho amanqanaba amabini acacileyo okutshintsha kwe-thermogravimetric ngokunyuka kwamaqondo obushushu. Okokuqala, kukho inqanaba elincinci lokulahlekelwa kwesisindo kwi-30 ~ 180 ° C, eyona nto ibangelwa yi-volatilization yamanzi adsorbed yi-polysaccharide macromolecule. Kukho isigaba esikhulu sokulahlekelwa kwesisindo kwi-300 ~ 450 ° C, eyona nqanaba lokuthotywa kwe-thermal, ngokukodwa okubangelwa ukuthotywa kwe-thermal ye-HPMC kunye ne-HPS. Kwakhona kunokubonwa kumzobo ukuba iigophe zokwehla kobunzima be-HPS ezinedigri ezahlukeneyo ze-hydroxypropyl substitution ziyafana kwaye zahluke kakhulu kwezo ze-HPMC. Phakathi kwezi ntlobo zimbini zokwehla kobunzima begophe kwi-HPMC esulungekileyo kunye neesampulu ze-HPS ezisulungekileyo.
Ukusuka kwiigophe ze-DTG kwi-Figure 6-3 (b), kunokubonwa ukuba amaqondo obushushu okuthotywa kwe-thermal ye-HPS ecocekileyo enedigri ezahlukeneyo ze-hydroxypropyl substitution isondele kakhulu, kwaye i-thermal degradation amaqondo obushushu e-A939 kunye ne-A081 yi-310 °C. kunye ne-305 °C, ngokulandelelana Iqondo lobushushu lokuthotywa kwe-thermal lesampulu ecocekileyo ye-HPMC liphezulu kakhulu kunelo le-HPS, kwaye iqondo lobushushu liphezulu yi-365 °C; Ifilimu edibeneyo ye-HPMC / HPS ineencopho ezimbini zokuthotywa kwe-thermal kwi-curve ye-DTG, ehambelana nokuthotywa kwe-thermal ye-HPS kunye ne-HPMC, ngokulandelanayo. Iimpawu zeempawu, ezibonisa ukuba kukho iqondo elithile lokuhlukana kwesigaba kwi-composite system kunye ne-composite ratio ye-5: 5, ehambelana neziphumo zokuthotywa kwe-thermal yefilimu edibeneyo kunye ne-composite ratio ye-5: 5 kwiSahluko 3 Amaqondo obushushu obushushu obuphezulu be-HPMC/A939 yeesampulu zefilimu ehlanganisiweyo ibingama-302 °C kunye nama-363 °C, ngokulandelelanayo; amaqondo obushushu obushushu obuphezulu be-HPMC/A1081 yeesampulu zefilimu edibeneyo yayingama-306 °C kunye ne-363 °C, ngokulandelelanayo. Iqondo lokushisa eliphezulu leesampuli zefilimu ezidibeneyo zitshintshelwe kumaqondo aphantsi angaphantsi kuneesampuli zecandelo elicocekileyo, elibonisa ukuba ukuzinza kwe-thermal yeesampuli ezidibeneyo zancitshiswa. Kwiisampulu ezinomlinganiselo ofanayo wokudibanisa, iqondo lobushushu lokuthotywa kwe-thermal lehlile ngokunyuka kwe-hydroxypropyl substitution degree, ebonisa ukuba ukuzinza kwe-thermal yefilimu edibeneyo yehla ngokunyuka kwe-hydroxypropyl substitution degree. Oku kungenxa yokuba ukuqaliswa kwamaqela e-hydroxypropyl kwiimolekyuli zesitashi kunciphisa intsebenziswano phakathi kwamacandelo eemolekyuli kwaye inqanda ukuhlenga-hlengiswa kwakhona kweeathom. Iyahambelana neziphumo zokuba ukuxinana kwezakhiwo ezifanayo kuncipha ngokunyuka kwezinga le-hydroxypropyl substitution.
Umzobo we-6-3 i-TGA curves (a) kunye ne-derivative (DTG) igophe (b) ye-HPMC/HPS yokudibanisa iifilimu ezinedigri eyohlukeneyo ye-hydroxypropyl substitution ye-HPS
6.3.4 Uhlalutyo lweempawu zeMechanical ze-HPMC/HPS inwebu edibeneyo enezidanga ezahlukeneyo zeHPS hydroxypropyl substitution
Umzobo 6-5 iipropathi zokuqina zeHPMC/HPS bhanyabhanya ezine-hydroxypropyl substitution degree ye-HPS
Iipropati eziqinileyo ze-HPMC/HPS iifilimu ezihlanganisiweyo ezinedigri ezahlukeneyo zeHPS hydroxypropyl endaweni zavavanywa sisihlalutyi sepropathi esingumatshini kwi-25 °C kunye ne-75% yokufuma. Amanani 6-5 abonisa i-elastic modulus (a), i-elongation at break (b) kunye namandla okuqina (c) eefilimu ezidibeneyo ezinedigri ezahlukeneyo ze-HPS hydroxypropyl substitution. Inokubonwa kumfanekiso wokuba inkqubo ye-HPMC / A1081 yekhompawundi, ngokunyuka komxholo we-HPS, imodyuli e-elastic kunye namandla okuqina kwefilimu edibeneyo yehla ngokuthe ngcembe, kwaye ukunyuswa kwekhefu kwanda kakhulu, okwakuhambelana ne-3.3. 5 ukufuma okuphakathi kunye nokuphezulu. Iziphumo zeembrane ezidityanisiweyo ezinemilinganiselo eyahluka-hlukeneyo yokudityaniswa ziyafana.
Kwiimembrane ze-HPS ezisulungekileyo, zombini imodyuli e-elastiki kunye namandla okuqina anyuke ngokuhla kwe-HPS hydroxypropyl substitution degree, ecebisa ukuba i-hydroxypropylation yehlisa ukuqina kwenwebu edibeneyo kwaye iphucule ukuguquguquka kwayo. Oku kungenxa yokuba ngokunyuka kwe-hydroxypropyl substitution degree, i-hydrophilicity ye-HPS iyanda, kwaye ulwakhiwo lwe-membrane lukhululeka ngakumbi, oluhambelana nesiphumo sokuba i-fractal dimension iyancipha ngokunyuka kwesidanga sokutshintsha kwi-angle encinci X- Uvavanyo lokusasazeka kwe-ray. Nangona kunjalo, ulwandiso ngexesha lekhefu luyancipha ngokuhla kweqondo lokutshintsha kweqela le-HPS hydroxypropyl, nto leyo ikakhulu ngenxa yokuba ukuqaliswa kweqela le-hydroxypropyl kwimolekyuli yesitatshi kunokuthintela ukuphinda kuphinde kubekho istatshi. Iziphumo zihambelana nokunyuka kunye nokuncipha.
Kwi-HPMC/HPS inwebu ehlanganisiweyo enomlinganiselo ofanayo wekhompawundi, imodyuli elastiki yemathiriyeli yenwebu iyenyuka ngokuncipha kweqondo lokuthatha indawo yeHPS hydroxypropyl, kunye namandla okuqina kunye nobude bekhefu zombini ziyancipha ngokuhla kwesidanga sokutshintsha. Kuyafaneleka ukuba uqaphele ukuba iimpawu zomatshini weembrane ezidibeneyo ziyahluka ngokupheleleyo kunye nomlinganiselo wokudibanisa kunye nemigangatho eyahlukeneyo ye-HPS hydroxypropyl substitution. Oku kubangelwa ubukhulu becala ngenxa yokuba iipropati zemishini ye-membrane edibeneyo azichatshazelwa kuphela yi-HPS substitution degree kwi-membrane isakhiwo, kodwa kunye nokuhambelana phakathi kwamacandelo kwi-compound system. I-viscosity ye-HPS iyancipha ngokunyuka kwe-hydroxypropyl substitution degree, kuyathandeka ngakumbi ukwenza ikhompawundi efanayo ngokudibanisa.
6.3.5 Uhlalutyo lwe-Oxygen permeability ye-HPMC/HPS inwebu ezihlanganisiweyo ezinedigri ezahlukeneyo zeHPS hydroxypropyl substitution
I-oxidation ebangelwa yi-oksijini yinqanaba lokuqala ngeendlela ezininzi zokubangela ukubola kokutya, ngoko ke iifilimu ezidibeneyo ezidliwayo ezineempawu ezithile zokuthintela i-oksijini zinokuphucula umgangatho wokutya kunye nokwandisa ubomi beshelufu yokutya [108, 364]. Ngoko ke, amazinga okuhanjiswa kwe-oksijini ye-HPMC / i-HPS ye-membrane edibeneyo kunye ne-HPS eyahlukileyo ye-hydroxypropyl substitution degrees yalinganiswa, kwaye iziphumo ziboniswe kuMzobo 5-6. Inokubonwa kumzobo wokuba i-oxygen permeability yazo zonke ii-membrane ze-HPS ezicocekileyo ziphantsi kakhulu kunee-membrane ze-HPMC ezicocekileyo, ezibonisa ukuba ii-membrane ze-HPS zinezakhiwo ezingcono zomqobo we-oksijini kuneembrane ze-HPMC, ezihambelana neziphumo zangaphambili. Kwimimbrane ye-HPS ecocekileyo enedigri ezahlukeneyo zokutshintshwa kwe-hydroxypropyl, izinga lokudluliselwa kwe-oksijini liyenyuka ngokunyuka kwezinga lokutshintshwa, elibonisa ukuba indawo apho i-oksijini ingena khona kwizinto ze-membrane zanda. Oku kuhambelana nohlalutyo lwe-microstructure ye-engile encinci ye-X-ray esasaza ukuba ulwakhiwo lwe-membrane luba lukhululekile kunye nokwanda kweqondo lokuthatha indawo ye-hydroxypropyl, ngoko umjelo we-oxygen kwi-membrane uba mkhulu, kunye ne-oksijini kwi-membrane. iyangena Njengoko indawo isanda, izinga lokuhanjiswa kweoksijini nalo linyuka kancinci.
Umzobo 6-6 Ukungena kweoksijini yeefilimu ze-HPS/HPMC ezinedigri eyahluka-hlukeneyo ye-hydroxypropyl ye-HPS
Kwiimbumba ezidibeneyo ezinedigri ezahlukeneyo ze-HPS hydroxypropyl substitution, izinga lokuhanjiswa kwe-oksijini liyancipha ngokunyuka kwe-hydroxypropyl substitution degree. Oku kungenxa yokuba kwi-5: 5 inkqubo yokudibanisa, i-HPS ikhona kwimo yesigaba esichithwayo kwi-low-viscosity HPMC isigaba esiqhubekayo, kwaye i-viscosity ye-HPS iyancipha ngokunyuka kwe-hydroxypropyl substitution degree. Umncinci umehluko we-viscosity, ukulungeleka ngakumbi ekubunjweni kwekhompawundi ene-homogeneous, i-tortuous ijelo le-oxygen permeation kwi-membrane yempahla, kunye nesantya sokuhanjiswa kwe-oksijini encinci.
6.4 IsiShwankathelo seSahluko
Kwesi sahluko, iifilimu ezidibeneyo ze-HPMC / HPS ezidliwayo zalungiswa ngokuphosa i-HPS kunye ne-HPMC enedigri ezahlukeneyo ze-hydroxypropyl substitution, kunye nokongeza i-polyethylene glycol njengeplastiki. Isiphumo seedigri ezahlukeneyo ze-HPS ze-hydroxypropyl kwi-crystal structure kunye ne-microdomain structure ye-membrane edibeneyo yaphononongwa yi-synchrotron radiation encinci ye-X-ray yokusabalalisa iteknoloji. Imiphumo yeedigri ezahlukeneyo ze-HPS ze-hydroxypropyl endaweni yokuzinza kwe-thermal, iipropati ze-mechanical kunye ne-oxygen permeability ye-membrane edibeneyo kunye nemithetho yabo yafundwa ngumhlalutyi we-thermogravimetric, umhloli wepropati yomatshini kunye nomhloli we-oxygen permeability. Iziphumo eziphambili zezi zilandelayo:
- Kwi-membrane edibeneyo ye-HPMC / HPS ene-compounding ratio efanayo, ngokunyuka kwe-hydroxypropyl substitution degree, indawo ye-crystallization peak ehambelana ne-HPS kwi-5.30 iyancipha, ngelixa i-crystallization peak area ehambelana ne-HPMC kwi-7.70 ayitshintshi kakhulu, ebonisa ukuba i-hydroxypropylation ye-starch inokuthintela ukubuyiswa kwakhona kwesitashi kwifilimu edibeneyo.
- Xa kuthelekiswa ne-membrane yecandelo elicocekileyo le-HPMC kunye ne-HPS, iindawo eziphakamileyo ze-crystallization ze-HPS (5.30) kunye ne-HPMC (7.70) ye-membrane edibeneyo ziyancipha, ezibonisa ukuba ngokudibanisa ezimbini, zombini i-HPMC kunye ne-HPS inokusebenza inwebu edibeneyo. I-recrystallization yelinye icandelo idlala indima ethile yokuthintela.
- Zonke iimbumba ezidibeneyo ze-HPMC/HPS zibonise ubume be-fractal obufanayo. Kwiimbumba ezidibeneyo ezinomlinganiselo ofanayo wekhompawundi, ubuninzi bezinto ze-membrane zehle kakhulu ngokunyuka kwe-hydroxypropyl substitution degree; I-HPS ephantsi ye-hydroxypropyl substitution Ubuninzi bezinto ezidibeneyo ze-membrane zingaphantsi kakhulu kunezinto ezimbini ezihlambulukileyo, ngelixa ubuninzi bezinto ezidibeneyo ze-membrane ezine-HPS eziphezulu ze-hydroxypropyl substitution degree ziphezulu kune-membrane ecocekileyo ye-HPS, ikakhulu ngenxa yokuba ubuninzi bezinto ezidibeneyo ze-membrane zichaphazeleka ngaxeshanye. Umphumo we-HPS hydroxypropylation ekunciphiseni i-polymer segment binding kunye nokuhambelana phakathi kwamacandelo amabini enkqubo edibeneyo.
- I-Hydroxypropylation ye-HPS inokunciphisa ukuzinza kwe-thermal ye-HPMC / i-HPS yeefilimu ezidibeneyo, kunye ne-thermal degradation incopho yeqondo lokushisa kweefilimu ezidibeneyo zitshintshela kwindawo yokushisa ephantsi kunye nokunyuka kwe-hydroxypropyl substitution degree, ngenxa yokuba iqela le-hydroxypropyl kwiimolekyuli zesitashi. Intshayelelo inciphisa intsebenziswano phakathi kwamacandelo eemolekyuli kwaye inqanda ukuhlenga-hlengiswa kwakhona kweemolekyuli.
- I-elastic modulus kunye namandla okuzibamba kwe-membrane ye-HPS ecocekileyo yehle ngokunyuka kwe-HPS i-hydroxypropyl substitution degree, ngelixa ubude bekhefu bunyuka. Oku kubangelwa ukuba i-hydroxypropylation inqanda i-recrystallization of starch kwaye yenza ifilimu edibeneyo ibe yinto ekhululekile.
- Imodyuli elastiki yefilimu ehlanganisiweyo ye-HPMC/HPS yehle ngokunyuka kwe-HPS hydroxypropyl substitution degree, kodwa amandla okubamba kunye nobude bekhefu anyukile, ngenxa yokuba iipropathi zomatshini zefilimu edibeneyo azichatshazelwanga yi-HPS hydroxypropyl substitution degree. Ukongeza kwimpembelelo, ikwachatshazelwa kukuhambelana kwamacandelo amabini enkqubo edibeneyo.
- I-oxygen permeability ye-HPS ecocekileyo iyanda ngokunyuka kwe-hydroxypropyl substitution degree, kuba i-hydroxypropylation inciphisa ubuninzi be-HPS yengingqi ye-amorphous kwaye yandisa indawo ye-oksijini ephuma kwi-membrane; I-HPMC / i-HPS ye-membrane edibeneyo I-oxygen permeability iyancipha ngokunyuka kwe-hydroxypropyl substitution degree, eyona nto ibangelwa ukuba i-HPS ye-hyperhydroxypropylated ihambelana ngcono ne-HPMC, ekhokelela ekunyukeni kwe-tortuosity ye-oxygen permeation channel kwi-membrane edibeneyo. Ukunciphisa i-oxygen permeability.
Iziphumo zovavanyo ezingentla zibonisa ukuba iipropathi ze-macroscopic ezinje ngeempawu zomatshini, ukuzinza kwe-thermal kunye ne-oxygen permeability ye-HPMC / HPS i-membrane edibeneyo inxulumene ngokusondeleyo nesakhiwo sazo sangaphakathi se-crystalline kunye nesakhiwo sengingqi ye-amorphous, engachatshazelwa kuphela yi-HPS hydroxypropyl substitution, kodwa. kwakhona nge-complex. Impembelelo yokuhambelana kwamacandelo amabini kwiinkqubo ze-ligand.
Ukuqukumbela kunye ne-Outlook
- Ukuqukumbela
Kweli phepha, ijeli ye-thermal ye-HPMC kunye nejeli ebandayo ye-HPS iyadityaniswa, kwaye i-HPMC / HPS ebandayo kunye ne-hot reverse gel i-compound system yakhiwe. Isisombululo soxinaniso, umlinganiselo odibeneyo kunye nefuthe lokucheba kwinkqubo yekhompawundi zifundwa ngokucwangcisiweyo impembelelo yeempawu zerheological ezifana ne-viscosity, isalathisi sokuhamba kunye ne-thixotropy, idityaniswe neempawu zomatshini, iimpawu ze-thermomechanical eziguqukayo, ukugqithiswa kwe-oksijini, iimpawu zokuhambisa ukukhanya kunye nokuzinza kwe-thermal. iifilimu ezihlanganisiweyo ezilungiselelwe ngendlela yokuphosa. Iipropati ezibanzi, kunye newayini ye-iodine edaya ukuhambelana, inguqu yesigaba kunye nemo yesigaba senkqubo ehlanganisiweyo zaphononongwa ngemakroskopu yamehlo, kunye nobudlelwane phakathi kolwakhiwo oluncinci kunye neempawu ezinkulu zeHPMC/HPS zasekwa. Ukuze ulawule iipropati ze-composites ngokulawula isakhiwo sesigaba kunye nokuhambelana kwenkqubo ye-HPMC / HPS edibeneyo ngokobudlelwane phakathi kweempawu ze-macroscopic kunye nesakhiwo se-micromorphological ye-HPMC / HPS inkqubo edibeneyo. Ngokufunda imiphumo ye-HPS yokuguqulwa kweekhemikhali ngeedigri ezahlukeneyo kwiipropati ze-rheological, iipropati ze-gel, i-microstructure kunye neempawu ze-macroscopic ze-membrane, ubudlelwane phakathi kwe-microstructure kunye neempawu ze-macroscopic ze-HPMC / HPS ebandayo kunye ne-hot inverse system yejeli yaphandwa ngakumbi. Ubudlelwane phakathi kwezi zibini, kunye nomzekelo womzimba wasekwa ukucacisa indlela ye-gelation kunye nezinto ezichaphazelayo kunye nemithetho yejeli ebandayo kunye neshushu kwi-compound system. Izifundo ezifanelekileyo ziye zafikelela kwizigqibo ezilandelayo.
- Ukutshintsha i-compounding ratio ye-HPMC / HPS inkqubo yekhompawundi inokuphucula kakhulu iimpawu ze-rheological ezifana ne-viscosity, fluidity kunye ne-thixotropy ye-HPMC kwiqondo lokushisa eliphantsi. Ubudlelwane phakathi kweempawu ze-rheological kunye ne-microstructure yenkqubo yekhompawundi yafundwa ngakumbi. Iziphumo ezithile zezi zilandelayo:
(1) Kwiqondo lokushisa eliphantsi, inkqubo ye-compound yisigaba esiqhubekayo se-dispersed phase "sea-island" isakhiwo, kwaye ukutshintshwa kwesigaba esiqhubekayo kwenzeka kwi-4: 6 kunye nokunciphisa umlinganiselo we-HPMC / HPS. Xa umlinganiselo we-compounding uphezulu (ngaphezulu komxholo we-HPMC), i-HPMC ene-viscosity ephantsi yisigaba esiqhubekayo, kwaye i-HPS yinqanaba elichithakeleyo. Kwinkqubo ye-HPMC / HPS ye-compound, xa i-low-viscosity component yinqanaba eliqhubekayo kunye ne-high-viscosity component yinqanaba eliqhubekayo, igalelo le-viscosity yesigaba esiqhubekayo kwi-viscosity ye-compound system ihluke kakhulu. Xa i-HPMC ye-low-viscosity iyisigaba esiqhubekayo, i-viscosity yenkqubo yekhompawundi ibonisa ikakhulu igalelo le-viscosity yesigaba esiqhubekayo; xa i-HPS ye-viscosity ephezulu iyisigaba esiqhubekayo, i-HPMC njengesigaba esisasazekayo siya kunciphisa i-viscosity ye-HPS ephezulu. isiphumo. Ngokunyuka komxholo we-HPS kunye nokugxininiswa kwesisombululo kwinkqubo yekhompawundi, i-viscosity kunye ne-shear thinning phenomenon yenkqubo yekhompawundi yanda ngokuthe ngcembe, i-fluidity yehla, kwaye ukuziphatha okuqinileyo kwenkqubo yekhompawundi kwaphuculwa. I-viscosity kunye ne-thixotropy ye-HPMC ilinganiswe ngokuqulunqwa kunye ne-HPS.
(2) Kwi-5: i-5 inkqubo yokudibanisa, i-HPMC kunye ne-HPS inokwenza izigaba eziqhubekayo kumaqondo aphantsi kunye aphezulu, ngokulandelanayo. Olu tshintsho lwesakhiwo sesigaba lunokuchaphazela kakhulu i-viscosity eyinkimbinkimbi, i-viscoelastic properties, ukuxhomekeka rhoqo kunye neempawu ze-gel ze-gel eyinkimbinkimbi. Njengezigaba ezihlakaziweyo, i-HPMC kunye ne-HPS inokumisela iimpawu ze-rheological kunye neempawu zejel ze-HPMC / HPS iinkqubo zekhompawundi kumaqondo aphezulu kunye namaqondo aphantsi, ngokulandelanayo. I-viscoelastic curves ye-HPMC / HPS iisampulu ezidibeneyo zihambelana ne-HPS kwiqondo lokushisa eliphantsi kunye ne-HPMC kwiqondo lokushisa eliphezulu.
(3) Ubudlelwane phakathi kwe-microstructure, iipropati ze-rheological kunye neempawu ze-gel ze-HPMC / i-HPS yenkqubo edibeneyo yasekwa. Zombini utshintsho olukhawulezileyo kwigophe le-viscosity yenkqubo edibeneyo kunye nencopho ye-tan delta kwi-curve factor curve ibonakala kwi-45 °C, ehambelana nesenzeko sesigaba esiqhubekayo esibonwa kwi-micrograph (kwi-45 °C).
- Ngokufunda i-microstructure kunye neempawu zoomatshini, iipropathi eziguqukayo ze-thermomechanical, ukuhanjiswa kokukhanya, ukunyanzeliswa kweoksijini kunye nokuzinza kwe-thermal ye-membrane edibeneyo elungiselelwe phantsi kwemilinganiselo eyahlukeneyo yokudibanisa kunye noxinzelelo lwesisombululo, kudityaniswe ne-iodine yokudaya iteknoloji ye-optical microscopy, uphando Isigaba se-morphology, inguqu yesigaba kunye nokuhambelana. kwezakhiwo zaphandwa, kwaye ubudlelwane phakathi kwe-microstructure kunye neempawu ze-macroscopic ze-complexes zasekwa. Iziphumo ezithile zezi zilandelayo:
(1) Akukho ujongano olucacileyo lwesigaba esibini kwimifanekiso ye-SEM yeefilimu ezihlanganisiweyo ezinemilinganiselo eyahlukeneyo yokudibanisa. Uninzi lweefilimu ezihlanganisiweyo zinendawo enye yokutshintsha kweglasi kwiziphumo ze-DMA, kwaye uninzi lweefilimu ezidibeneyo zinencopho enye yokuncipha kwe-thermal kwijika le-DTG. Ezi kunye zibonisa ukuba HPMC has a ukuhambelana ethile HPS.
(2) Umswakama ohambelanayo unempembelelo ebalulekileyo kwiipropati zemishini ye-HPMC / i-HPS yeefilimu ezidibeneyo, kwaye iqondo lomphumo walo liyenyuka ngokunyuka komxholo we-HPS. Kumanzi asezantsi anxulumeneyo, zombini imodyuli enwebekayo kunye namandla okuqina kweefilimu ezihlanganisiweyo zonyuka ngokunyuka komxholo we-HPS, kwaye ulwandiso ngexesha lokuphumla kweefilimu ezihlanganisiweyo lwalusezantsi kakhulu kunolo lweefilimu ezicocekileyo zecandelo. Ngokunyuka kokufuma okuhambelanayo, imodyuli e-elastic kunye namandla okuzibamba kwefilimu edibeneyo yehla, kwaye ubude ngexesha lekhefu buye banda kakhulu, kwaye ubudlelwane phakathi kweempawu zomatshini wefilimu edibeneyo kunye nomlinganiselo wokudibanisa ubonise ipateni yokutshintsha ngokupheleleyo phantsi kweendlela ezahlukeneyo. Ubuntu bezizalwane. Iimpawu zomatshini weembrane ezidibeneyo ezinemilinganiselo eyahlukeneyo yokudibanisa zibonisa ukuhlangana phantsi kweemeko ezahlukeneyo zokufuma, ezibonelela ngamathuba okuphucula ukusebenza kwemveliso ngokweemfuno ezahlukeneyo zesicelo.
(3) Ubudlelwane phakathi kwe-microstructure, utshintsho lwesigaba, ukungafihli kunye neempawu zemishini ye-HPMC / HPS inkqubo edibeneyo yasekwa. a. Eyona ndawo isezantsi elubala yenkqubo ehlanganisiweyo ihambelana nenqanaba lenguqu ye-HPMC ukusuka kwinqanaba eliqhubekayo ukuya kwisigaba esisasaziweyo kunye nenqanaba elincinci lokuhla kwemodyuli yokuqina. b. Imodyuli eNcinci kunye nobude bekhefu kuncipha ngokunyuka koxinzelelo lwesisombululo, nto leyo enxulumene nokutshintsha kwe-morphological ye-HPMC ukusuka kwisigaba esiqhubekayo ukuya kwisigaba esisasaziweyo kwinkqubo edibeneyo.
(4) Ukongezwa kwe-HPS kwandisa i-tortuosity ye-oxygen permeation channel kwi-membrane edibeneyo, inciphisa kakhulu i-oxygen permeability ye-membrane, kwaye iphucula ukusebenza komqobo we-oksijini ye-membrane ye-HPMC.
- Umphumo wokuguqulwa kweekhemikhali ze-HPS kwiipropati ze-rheological zenkqubo edibeneyo kunye neempawu ezibanzi ze-membrane edibeneyo ezifana nesakhiwo se-crystal, isakhiwo sommandla we-amorphous, iipropati ze-mechanical, i-oxygen permeability kunye nokuzinza kwe-thermal zifundwe. Iziphumo ezithile zezi zilandelayo:
(1) I-hydroxypropylation ye-HPS inokunciphisa i-viscosity ye-compound system kwiqondo lokushisa eliphantsi, iphucule i-fluidity yesisombululo se-compound, kunye nokunciphisa i-phenomenon ye-shear thinning; i-hydroxypropylation ye-HPS inokunciphisa umgca we-viscoelastic ummandla we-compound system, ukunciphisa ubushushu benguqu yesigaba se-HPMC / HPS inkqubo yekhompawundi, kunye nokuphucula ukuziphatha okuqinileyo kwenkqubo ye-compound kwiqondo lokushisa eliphantsi kunye ne-fluidity kwiqondo lokushisa eliphezulu.
(2) I-hydroxypropylation ye-HPS kunye nokuphuculwa kokuhambelana kwamacandelo amabini kunokuthintela ngokuphawulekayo ukubuyisela isitashi kwi-membrane, kunye nokukhuthaza ukubunjwa kwesakhiwo esifana ne-looser kwi-membrane edibeneyo. Ukwaziswa kwamaqela amakhulu e-hydroxypropyl kwitsheyina lemolekyuli yestatshi kuthintela ukubophelelana kunye nohlengahlengiso olucwangcisiweyo lwamacandelo eemolekyuli ze-HPS, okukhokelela ekwenziweni kolwakhiwo olukhululekileyo ngakumbi lwe-HPS. Kwinkqubo entsonkothileyo, ukonyuka kwezinga le-hydroxypropyl substitution ivumela iimolekyuli ze-HPMC ezifana nekhonkco ukuba zingene kwindawo ekhululekileyo ye-HPS, ephucula ukuhambelana kwenkqubo enzima kunye nokuphucula ukuxinana kwesakhiwo esifana ne-HPS. Ukuhambelana kwenkqubo ye-compound kwandisa ngokunyuka kweqondo lokutshintshela leqela le-hydroxypropyl, elihambelana neziphumo zeempawu ze-rheological.
(3) Iimpawu ze-macroscopic ezifana neempawu zomatshini, ukuzinza kwe-thermal kunye ne-oxygen permeability ye-HPMC / i-HPS edibeneyo ye-membrane ihambelana ngokusondeleyo nesakhiwo sayo sangaphakathi se-crystalline kunye nesakhiwo sommandla we-amorphous. Isiphumo esidibeneyo semiphumo emibini yokuhambelana kwamacandelo amabini.
- Ngokufunda imiphumo yoxinzelelo lwesisombululo, ubushushu kunye nokuguqulwa kweekhemikhali ze-HPS kwiipropati ze-rheological zenkqubo yekhompawundi, indlela ye-gelation ye-HPMC / HPS ebanda-i-heat-heat inverse system compound ye-gel yaxoxwa. Iziphumo ezithile zezi zilandelayo:
(1) Kukho ugxininiso olubalulekileyo (8%) kwinkqubo ye-compound, ngaphantsi kwe-concentration ebaluleke kakhulu, i-HPMC kunye ne-HPS zikhona kwiintambo ezizimeleyo ze-molecular kunye nemimandla yesigaba; xa ugxininiso olubalulekileyo lufikelelwa, isigaba se-HPS senziwe kwisisombululo njenge-condensate. Iziko lejel liyisakhiwo se-microgel esidityaniswe ngokudityaniswa kwamatyathanga e-molecular HPMC; ngaphezu koxinzelelo olubalulekileyo, ukudibanisa kuyinkimbinkimbi kwaye ukusebenzisana kunamandla, kwaye isisombululo sibonisa ukuziphatha okufana ne-polymer melt.
(2) Inkqubo eyinkimbinkimbi inendawo yokutshintshwa kwesigaba esiqhubekayo kunye nokutshintsha kweqondo lokushisa, elihambelana nokuziphatha kwe-gel ye-HPMC kunye ne-HPS kwinkqubo enzima. Kwiqondo lokushisa eliphantsi, i-viscosity ye-HPMC iphantsi kakhulu kune-HPS, ngoko ke i-HPMC yenza isigaba esiqhubekayo esijikeleze isigaba sejeli se-HPS esiphezulu se-viscosity. Emaphethelweni ezigaba ezibini, amaqela e-hydroxyl kwitsheyini le-HPMC alahlekelwa yinxalenye yamanzi abophezelayo kwaye enze iibhondi ze-hydrogen ze-intermolecular kunye ne-HPS ye-molecular chain. Ngethuba lenkqubo yokufudumeza, i-HPS ye-molecular chain yahamba ngenxa yokufunxa amandla okwaneleyo kwaye yenza iibhondi ze-hydrogen kunye neemolekyuli zamanzi, okubangelwa ukugqabhuka kwesakhiwo sejeli. Kwangaxeshanye, i-cage yamanzi kunye ne-water-shell structures kumaketanga e-HPMC yatshatyalaliswa, kwaye ngokuthe ngcembe yaphuka ukuze iveze amaqela e-hydrophilic kunye namaqela e-hydrophobic. Kwiqondo lokushisa eliphezulu, i-HPMC yenza i-gel network structure ngenxa ye-intermolecular hydrogen bonds kunye ne-hydrophobic association, kwaye ngaloo ndlela iba yinqanaba eliphezulu le-viscosity elihlakazekileyo elichithwa kwisigaba esiqhubekayo se-HPS yeekhoyili ezingahleliwe.
(3) Ngokunyuka kwe-hydroxypropyl substitution degree ye-HPS, ukuhambelana kwenkqubo ye-HPMC / HPS ye-compound iphucula, kwaye ubushushu benguqu yesigaba kwi-compound system ihambela kwiqondo lokushisa eliphantsi. Ngokunyuka kwe-hydroxypropyl substitution degree, kukho amaqhekeza e-helical awoluliweyo ngakumbi kwisisombululo se-HPS, esinokwenza i-intermolecular hydrogen bond kunye ne-HPMC ye-molecular chain kumda wezigaba ezibini, ngaloo ndlela zenza isakhiwo esifanayo. I-Hydroxypropylation inciphisa i-viscosity ye-starch, ukuze umahluko we-viscosity phakathi kwe-HPMC kunye ne-HPS kwikhompawundi iyancipha, nto leyo inceda ukwakhiwa kwekhompawundi ene-homogeneous, kunye nexabiso eliphantsi lomahluko we-viscosity phakathi kwamacandelo amabini ahamba ukuya ephantsi. ummandla wobushushu.
2. Amanqaku okusungula
1. Yila kwaye wakhe i-HPMC / HPS ebandayo kunye ne-hot reversed-phase gel compound system, kwaye ufunde ngokucwangcisiweyo iimpawu ezikhethekileyo ze-rheological zale nkqubo, ngokukodwa uxinaniso lwesisombululo sekhompawundi, umlinganiselo wekhompawundi, ubushushu kunye nokuguqulwa kweekhemikhali zamacandelo. Imithetho yempembelelo yeempawu ze-rheological, iipropati zejeli kunye nokuhambelana kwenkqubo yekhompawundi zaye zaphononongwa ngakumbi, kwaye i-morphology yesigaba kunye nokutshintshwa kwesigaba senkqubo yekhompawundi zaye zaphononongwa ngakumbi kunye nokuqwalaselwa kwe-iodine yokudaya imakroskopu ebonakalayo, kunye ne-micro-morphological. Ulwakhiwo lwesixokelelwano sekhompawundi sasekwa- Rheological properties-gel properties relationship. Ngethuba lokuqala, imodeli ye-Arrhenius yayisetyenziselwa ukuhambelana nomthetho wokwenza i-gel ye-gel ebanda kunye ne-hot reversed-phase composite gels kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zokushisa.
2. Ukuhanjiswa kwesigaba, ukutshintshwa kwesigaba kunye nokuhambelana kwenkqubo ye-HPMC / HPS ye-composite system yabonwa nge-iodine yokudaya i-optical microscope ye-teknoloji yohlalutyo, kunye neempawu ze-transparency-mechanical zasekwa ngokudibanisa iipropati ze-optical kunye ne-mechanical properties of composite films. Ubudlelwane phakathi kwe-microstructure kunye neempawu ze-macroscopic ezifana ne-propert-phase morphology kunye ne-concentration-mechanical properties-phase morphology. Yisihlandlo sokuqala ukujonga ngokuthe ngqo umthetho wokutshintsha kwe-morphology yesigaba sale nkqubo ye-compounding ratio, iqondo lokushisa kunye nokugxininiswa, ngokukodwa iimeko zenguqu yesigaba kunye nomphumo wenguqu yesigaba kwiipropati zenkqubo ye-compound.
3. Isakhiwo se-crystalline kunye nesakhiwo se-amorphous se-membrane edibeneyo kunye ne-HPS ezahlukeneyo ze-hydroxypropyl substitution degrees zafundwa yi-SAXS, kwaye indlela ye-gelation kunye nefuthe leejeli ezidibeneyo zaxutyushwa ngokudibanisa neziphumo ze-rheological kunye neempawu ze-macroscopic ezifana ne-oxygen permeability ye-membrane ezidibeneyo. Izinto kunye nemithetho, kwafunyaniswa okokuqala ukuba i-viscosity yenkqubo edibeneyo inxulumene noxinaniso lwesakhiwo esifanayo kwi-membrane edibeneyo, kwaye imisela ngokuthe ngqo iipropati ze-macroscopic ezifana ne-oxygen permeability kunye neempawu zoomatshini ze-composite. I-membrane, kwaye iseka ubudlelwane be-rheological-microstructure-membrane phakathi kweempawu eziphathekayo.
3. Umbono
Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, uphuhliso lwezixhobo zokupakisha ezikhuselekileyo nezinokutyiwa kusetyenziswa iipolima zendalo ezivuselelekayo njengezinto ezikrwada ziye zaba yindawo yophando kwindawo yokupakisha ukutya. Kweli phepha, i-polysaccharide yendalo isetyenziswa njengeyona nto iphambili. Ngokudibanisa i-HPMC kunye ne-HPS, ixabiso lezinto eziluhlaza liyancitshiswa, ukusebenza kwe-HPMC kwiqondo lokushisa eliphantsi kuphuculwe, kunye nokusebenza komqobo we-oksijeni we-membrane edibeneyo iphuculwe. Ngokudityaniswa kohlalutyo lwe-rheological, uhlalutyo lwe-iodine yokudaya i-optical microscope kunye ne-microstructure yefilimu edibeneyo kunye nohlalutyo olubanzi lwentsebenzo, i-morphology yesigaba, inguqu yesigaba, ukwahlukana kwesigaba kunye nokuhambelana kwenkqubo edibeneyo yejeli ebandayo-eshushu eguqulwayo. Ubudlelwane phakathi kwe-microstructure kunye neempawu ze-macroscopic zenkqubo edibeneyo yasekwa. Ngokutsho kobudlelwane phakathi kweempawu ze-macroscopic kunye nesakhiwo se-micromorphological ye-HPMC / HPS inkqubo edibeneyo, isakhiwo sesigaba kunye nokuhambelana kwenkqubo edibeneyo inokulawulwa ukulawula izinto ezidibeneyo. Uphando kweli phepha lunokubaluleka okukhokelayo okubalulekileyo kweyona nkqubo yokuvelisa; indlela yokwenza, izinto ezichaphazelayo kunye nemithetho yeejeli ezidibeneyo ezibandayo kunye nezishushu ezidibeneyo zixutyushwa, okuyinkqubo efanayo edibeneyo yeegels ezibandayo kunye nezishushu eziphambeneyo. Uphando lweli phepha lubonelela ngemodeli yethiyori ukubonelela ngesikhokelo sethiyori kuphuhliso kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezinto ezikhethekileyo ezilawulwa ngubushushu obulawulwa ngubushushu. Iziphumo zophando zeli phepha zinexabiso elihle lethiyori. Uphando lweli phepha lubandakanya ukuhlangana kokutya, izinto eziphathekayo, ijeli kunye nokudibanisa kunye nezinye iinkalo. Ngenxa yokunciphisa ixesha kunye neendlela zophando, uphando lwesi sihloko lusenamanqaku amaninzi angekagqitywa, anokuthi agxininiswe kwaye aphuculwe kule miba ilandelayo. yandisa:
Imiba yethiyori:
- Ukuphonononga iziphumo zereyishini ezahlukeneyo zesebe, ubunzima bemolekyuli kunye neendidi ze-HPS kwiipropathi zerheological, iipropathi zemembrane, i-morphology yesigaba, kunye nokuhambelana kwenkqubo yekhompawundi, kunye nokuphonononga umthetho wempembelelo yayo kwindlela yokwakheka kwejeli yekhompawundi. inkqubo.
- Phanda iziphumo ze-HPMC i-hydroxypropyl substitution degree, i-methoxyl substitution degree, ubunzima bemolekyuli kunye nomthombo kwiipropati ze-rheological, iipropati ze-gel, iimpawu ze-membrane kunye nokuhambelana kwenkqubo yenkqubo yekhompawundi, kwaye uhlalutye umphumo we-HPMC yokuguqulwa kweekhemikhali kwi-condensation edibeneyo. Umgaqo wempembelelo yendlela yokwenza i-gel.
- Impembelelo yetyuwa, i-pH, i-plasticizer, i-agent ye-cross-linking, i-agent ye-antibacterial kunye nezinye iinkqubo zekhompawundi kwiipropati ze-rheological, iipropati ze-gel, isakhiwo se-membrane kunye neempawu kunye nemithetho yazo yafundwa.
Isicelo:
- Yandisa ifomula yokupakisha ukusetyenziswa kweepakethi zesinongo, iipakethi zemifuno kunye neesuphu eziqinileyo, kwaye ufunde isiphumo sokugcinwa kwesonka, imifuno kunye neesuphu ngexesha lokugcinwa, iipropathi zoomatshini bezinto, kunye notshintsho ekusebenzeni kwemveliso xa ziphantsi kwamandla angaphandle. , kunye nokunyibilika kwamanzi kunye nesalathiso sococeko semathiriyeli. Isenokusetyenziswa ekutyeni okugayiweyo okufana nekofu kunye neti yobisi, kunye nokupakishwa okutyiwayo kweekeyiki, iitshizi, izimuncumuncu kunye nokunye ukutya.
- Lungiselela uyilo lwefomula yokusetyenziswa kweekhapsuli zezityalo zezityalo, ufunde ngakumbi iimeko zokusetyenzwa kunye nokhetho olufanelekileyo lweearhente ezincedisayo, kwaye ulungiselele iimveliso ze-capsules ezingenanto. Iimpawu ezibonakalayo kunye neekhemikhali ezifana nokuqina, ixesha lokuchithwa, umxholo wentsimbi enzima, kunye nomxholo we-microbial wavavanywa.
- Kuba isicelo fresh-ukugcina iziqhamo kunye nemifuno, iimveliso zenyama, njl, ngokweendlela ezahlukeneyo zokusetyenzwa yokutshiza, nkxu, kunye nokupeyinta, khetha ifomula efanelekileyo, kwaye ufunde izinga elibolileyo iziqhamo, ilahleko ukufuma, ukusetyenziswa izondlo, ubulukhuni. yemifuno emva kokupakishwa ngexesha lokugcinwa, i-gloss kunye ne-flavour kunye nezinye izikhombisi; umbala, i-pH, ixabiso le-TVB-N, i-thiobarbituric acid kunye nenani le-microorganisms yeemveliso zenyama emva kokupakishwa.
Ixesha lokuposa: Oct-17-2022