Focus on Cellulose ethers

Nā pane i nā nīnau e pili ana i ka hydroxypropyl methylcellulose

1. He aha ka noi nui o ka hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC)?

——Pane: Hoʻohana nui ʻia ʻo HPMC i nā mea hana, nā uhi, nā resins synthetic, ceramics, lāʻau lapaʻau, meaʻai, textiles, mahiʻai, mea hoʻonaninani, paka a me nā ʻoihana ʻē aʻe.Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka HPMC i: papa hana, papa meaʻai a me ka lāʻau lapaʻau e like me ka hoʻohana ʻana.I kēia manawa, ʻo ka hapa nui o nā huahana home ka pae kūkulu.I ka papa hana, hoʻohana ʻia ka pauka putty i ka nui nui, ma kahi o 90% e hoʻohana ʻia no ka pauka putty, a hoʻohana ʻia ke koena no ka mortar sima a me ke kāpili.

2. He nui nā ʻano hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), a he aha nā ʻokoʻa o kā lākou hoʻohana ʻana?

——Pane: Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka HPMC i ke ʻano koke a me ke ʻano wela wela.Hoʻopuehu koke ka ʻano huahana i ka wai anuanu a nalowale i ka wai.I kēia manawa, ʻaʻohe viscosity o ka wai, no ka mea, hoʻopuehu wale ʻia ka HPMC i ka wai me ka ʻole o ka hoʻoheheʻe maoli ʻana.Ma kahi o 2 mau minuke, piʻi mālie ka viscosity o ka wai, e hana ana i kahi colloid viscous transparent.ʻO nā huahana hoʻoheheʻe wela, ke hui ʻia me ka wai anuanu, hiki ke hoʻopuehu koke i ka wai wela a nalowale i ka wai wela.Ke hāʻule ka mahana i kekahi mahana, e ʻike mālie ʻia ka viscosity a hiki i ka hana ʻana i kahi colloid viscous transparent.Hiki ke hoʻohana wale ʻia ke ʻano hoʻoheheʻe wela i ka pauka putty a me ka mortar.I loko o ke kāpili wai a me ka pena, e hui pū ʻia nā mea ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻohana.Loaʻa i ka ʻano koke ka laulā o nā noi.Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia i loko o ka pauka putty a me ka mortar, a me ka wai kelu a me ka pena, me ka ʻole o nā contraindications.

3. He aha nā ʻano hoʻoheheʻe o ka hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC)?

——Pane: Ke ʻano hoʻoheheʻe wai wela: No ka hemo ʻole ʻana o ka HPMC i ka wai wela, hiki ke hoʻopuehu like ʻia ka HPMC i ka wai wela i ka wā mua, a laila e hoʻoheheʻe koke ʻia i ka wā hoʻomaha.ʻElua mau ʻano maʻamau i wehewehe ʻia penei:

1) E hoʻokomo i ka nui o ka wai wela i makemake ʻia i loko o ka pahu a wela iā ia ma kahi o 70 ° C.Hoʻohui mālie ʻia ka hydroxypropyl methylcellulose ma lalo o ka hoʻoulu ʻana lohi, i ka manawa mua ua lana ka HPMC ma luna o ka ʻili o ka wai, a laila hana mālie i kahi slurry, i hoʻoluʻu ʻia ma lalo o ka hoʻoulu ʻana.

2), e hoʻohui i 1/3 a i ʻole 2/3 o ka nui o ka wai i makemake ʻia i loko o ka pahu, a wela iā 70 ° C, e hoʻopuehu i ka HPMC e like me ke ʻano o 1), a hoʻomākaukau i ka slurry wai wela;a laila e hoʻohui i ke koena o ka wai anuanu i ka slurry wai wela, ua maʻalili ka hui ʻana ma hope o ka hoʻoulu ʻana.
ʻO ke ʻano o ka hui ʻana o ka pauda: hoʻohui i ka pauka HPMC me ka nui o nā mea pauda ʻē aʻe, e hui pono me ka mea hui, a laila hoʻohui i ka wai e hoʻoheheʻe ʻia, a laila hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ka HPMC i kēia manawa me ka ʻole o ka hoʻohuihui ʻana, no ka mea he liʻiliʻi wale ka HPMC i kēlā me kēia liʻiliʻi. kihi Pauda, ​​e hoʻoheheʻe koke i ka wā e pili ana me ka wai.——Ke hoʻohana nei nā mea hana i ka pauda putty a me ka motar i kēia ʻano hana.[Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he mānoanoa a me ka mea mālama paʻa wai i loko o ka mortar pauka putty.

4. Pehea e hoʻoholo ai i ka maikaʻi o ka hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) maʻalahi a intuitively?

——Pane: (1) Keokeo: ʻOiai ʻaʻole hiki i ka keʻokeʻo ke hoʻoholo inā he maʻalahi ka HPMC e hoʻohana, a inā hoʻohui ʻia nā mea keʻokeʻo i ka wā o ke kaʻina hana, e hoʻopilikia ia i kona maikaʻi.Eia naʻe, ʻo ka hapa nui o nā huahana maikaʻi he keʻokeʻo maikaʻi.(2) Fineness: ʻO ka fineness o HPMC maʻamau he 80 mesh a me 100 mesh, 120 mesh ka liʻiliʻi, a ʻo ka hapa nui o ka HPMC i hana ʻia ma Hebei he 80 mesh, a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka fineness, ma ka ʻōlelo maʻamau, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi.(3) Ka hoʻouna māmā: e hoʻokomo i ka hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) i loko o ka wai e hana i kahi colloid māmā, a nānā i kāna transmittance māmā.ʻOi aku ka nui o ka transmittance māmā, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi, e hōʻike ana he liʻiliʻi nā insolubles i loko..Maikaʻi ka permeability o ka reactor vertical, a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka reactor horizontal, akā ʻaʻole ia he manaʻo ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka reactor vertical ma mua o ka reactor horizontal, a he nui nā kumu e hoʻoholo ai i ka maikaʻi o ka huahana. .(4) Kaumaha kikoʻī: ʻO ka nui o ka umekaumaha kikoʻī, ʻoi aku ka ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi.Nui ka kikoʻī, maʻamau no ka mea he kiʻekiʻe ka ʻike o ka hui hydroxypropyl i loko, a ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka ʻike o ka hui hydroxypropyl, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka paʻa ʻana o ka wai.

5. He aha ka viscosity kūpono o ka hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC)?

Pane: He 100,000 yuan ka nui o ka pauda Putty, a ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o nā koi no ka mortar, a ʻo 150,000 yuan e koi ʻia no ka hoʻohana maʻalahi.Eia kekahi, ʻo ka hana nui o ka HPMC ʻo ka mālama ʻana i ka wai, a ukali ʻia e ka mānoanoa.I loko o ka pauka putty, ʻoiai he maikaʻi ka paʻa ʻana o ka wai a haʻahaʻa ka viscosity (70,000-80,000), hiki nō hoʻi.ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka viscosity, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka paʻa wai pili.Ke ʻoi aku ka viscosity ma mua o 100,000, e hoʻopilikia ka viscosity i ka paʻa wai.ʻAʻole nui hou.

6. He aha nā hōʻailona ʻenehana nui o ka hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC)?

——Pane: Hydroxypropyl content and viscosity, ka hapanui o nā mea hoʻohana e hopohopo nei i kēia mau hōʻailona ʻelua.ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ka mālama ʻana i ka wai i ka poʻe me ka hydroxypropyl kiʻekiʻe.ʻO ka mea nona ka viscosity kiʻekiʻe, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka paʻa ʻana o ka wai, ma ke ʻano (ʻaʻole loa), a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka mea nona ka viscosity kiʻekiʻe i loko o ka momi sima.

7. He aha nā mea maka nui o ka hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC)?

—— Pane: ʻO nā mea maka nui o ka hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC): ka pulupulu i hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia, ka methyl chloride, propylene oxide, a me nā mea maka ʻē aʻe, ka soda caustic, acid, toluene, isopropanol, etc.

8. He aha ka hana nui o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka HPMC i ka pauka putty, a ke hana kemika?

——Pane: I loko o ka pauda putty, hoʻokani ʻo HPMC i ʻekolu hana o ka mānoanoa, paʻa wai a me ke kūkulu ʻana.Mānoanoa: Hiki ke mānoanoa ka cellulose e hoʻopaneʻe a mālama i ka hoʻonā ʻaʻahu i luna a i lalo, a pale aku i ka haʻalulu.Ka paʻa ʻana o ka wai: e hoʻomaloʻo mālie i ka pauka putty, a kōkua i ka calcium lehu e hana ma lalo o ka hana o ka wai.Hana: He hopena lubricating ka Cellulose, hiki ke hana i ka pauka putty i ke kūkulu maikaʻi.ʻAʻole komo ʻo HPMC i nā hopena kemika, akā he hana kōkua wale nō.ʻO ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka wai i ka pauka putty a kau ʻia ma ka paia he hopena kemika, no ka mea, ua hana ʻia nā mea hou.Inā wehe ʻoe i ka pauda putty ma ka paia mai ka paia, wili a lilo i pauda, ​​a hoʻohana hou, ʻaʻole ia e hana no ka mea ua hana ʻia nā mea hou (calcium carbonate).) kekahi.ʻO nā mea nui o ka pauka calcium lehu: kahi hui o Ca(OH)2, CaO a me kahi liʻiliʻi o CaCO3, CaO+H2O=Ca(OH)2—Ca(OH)2+CO2=CaCO3↓+H2O Ash calcium aia i loko o ka wai a me ka ea Ma lalo o ka hana a CO2, hoʻokumu ʻia ka calcium carbonate, ʻoiai ʻo HPMC e mālama i ka wai, e kōkua ana i ka hopena maikaʻi o ka calcium lehu, a ʻaʻole i komo i kekahi ʻano hana ponoʻī.

9. ʻO ka HPMC he cellulose ether non-ionic, no laila he aha ka non-ionic?

——Pane: Ma ka ʻōlelo a ka poʻe kamaʻāina, ʻo ka non-ions he mau mea ʻaʻole i ionize i ka wai.ʻO ka Ionization e pili ana i ke kaʻina hana i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia kahi electrolyte i nā ion i hoʻopaʻa ʻia e hiki ke neʻe manuahi i loko o kahi mea hoʻoheheʻe kūikawā (e like me ka wai, ka waiʻona).No ka laʻana, ʻo ka sodium chloride (NaCl), ka paʻakai a mākou e ʻai ai i kēlā me kēia lā, hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i loko o ka wai a hoʻoheheʻe ʻia e hana i nā ion sodium hiki ke hoʻoneʻe ʻia (Na+) i hoʻopaʻa maikaʻi ʻia a me nā ion chloride (Cl) i hoʻoili ʻole ʻia.ʻO ia hoʻi, ke hoʻokomo ʻia ka HPMC i loko o ka wai, ʻaʻole ia e hoʻokaʻawale i loko o nā ion i kau ʻia, akā aia ma ke ʻano o nā mole.

10. He aha ka pili ana i ka mahana gel o ka hydroxypropyl methylcellulose?

——Pane: Ua pili ka wela gel o HPMC i kona mau mea methoxy.ʻO ka haʻahaʻa o ka methoxy content↓, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka mahana gel.

11. Aia kekahi pilina ma waena o ka kulu o ka pauda putty a me HPMC?

——Pane: Ua pili ka pauda o ka pauda putty i ka maikai o ka calcium lehu, a he mea li'ili'i ka pili ana i ka HPMC.ʻO ka haʻahaʻa o ka calcium haʻahaʻa o ka calcium hina a me ka ratio kūpono ʻole o CaO a me Ca(OH)2 i loko o ka calcium hina e lilo ai ka pauda.Inā pili ia me ka HPMC, a laila, inā he maika'i ka mālama 'ana o ka wai i ka HPMC, e lilo nō ho'i ia i ka pauda.

12. He aha ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o ke ʻano koke wai anuanu a me ke ʻano hoʻoheheʻe wela o ka hydroxypropyl methylcellulose i ka hana hana?

——Pane: ʻO ke ʻano wai anuanu o ka HPMC ua mālama ʻia me ka glyoxal, a e hoʻopuehu koke i ka wai anuanu, akā ʻaʻole ia e hoʻoheheʻe maoli.Hoʻoheheʻe wale ia ke piʻi ka viscosity.ʻAʻole mālama ʻia nā ʻano melt wela me ka glyoxal.Inā nui ka nui o ka glyoxal, e wikiwiki ka hoʻopuehu ʻana, akā e piʻi mālie ka viscosity, a inā liʻiliʻi ka nui, ʻo ia ka ʻaoʻao.

13. He aha ke ala o ka hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC)?

——Pane: ʻO ka HPMC i hana ʻia e ke ʻano hoʻoheheʻe e hoʻohana ana i ka toluene a me ka isopropanol i mea hoʻoheheʻe.Inā ʻaʻole maikaʻi loa ka holoi ʻana, loaʻa kekahi ʻala i koe.

14. Pehea e koho ai i ka hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) kūpono no nā kumu like ʻole?

——Pane: ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka pauda putty: ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o nā koi, a ʻo ka viscosity he 100,000, ʻo ia ka lawa.ʻO ka mea nui e mālama pono i ka wai.Ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka mortar: nā koi kiʻekiʻe, kiʻekiʻe viscosity, 150,000 ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi.Ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke kāpili: pono nā huahana koke me ka viscosity kiʻekiʻe.

15. He aha kekahi inoa no ka hydroxypropyl methylcellulose?

——Pane: Hydroxypropyl Methyl Cellulose, English: Hydroxypropyl Methyl Cellulose Abbreviation: HPMC or MHPC Alias: Hypromellose;Cellulose hydroxypropyl methyl ether;Hypromellose, Cellulose, 2-hydroxypropyl methyl Cellulose ether.Cellulose hydroxypropyl methyl ether Hyprolose.

16. ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana o HPMC i ka pauka putty, he aha ke kumu o nā ʻōhū i loko o ka pauka putty?

——Pane: I loko o ka pauda putty, hoʻokani ʻo HPMC i ʻekolu hana o ka mānoanoa, paʻa wai a me ke kūkulu ʻana.Mai komo i kekahi hopena.Nā kumu o ka ʻōhū: 1. E kau i ka wai nui.2. ʻAʻole maloʻo ka papa lalo, e ʻoki wale i kahi papa ʻē aʻe ma luna, a maʻalahi ka huʻa.

17. He aha ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o HPMC a me MC?

——Pane: ʻO MC ka methyl cellulose, ka mea i hana ʻia me ka cellulose ether ma o ka mālama ʻana i ka pulupulu i hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia me ka alkali, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka methane chloride ma ke ʻano he etherification agent, a e hele ana i nā ʻano hopena.ʻO ka maʻamau, ʻo ka degere o ka hoʻololi ʻana he 1.6 ~ 2.0, a ʻokoʻa hoʻi ka solubility me nā pae like ʻole o ka hoʻololi.No ka non-ionic cellulose ether.
(1) ʻO ka paʻa ʻana o ka wai o ka methyl cellulose e pili ana i kona nui hoʻohui, viscosity, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi a me ka helu dissolution.ʻO ka maʻamau, inā nui ka hoʻohui, liʻiliʻi ka fineness, a nui ka viscosity, kiʻekiʻe ka nui o ka paʻa ʻana o ka wai.I waena o lākou, ʻo ka nui o ka hoʻohui i ka hopena nui loa i ka nui o ka mālama ʻana i ka wai, a ʻaʻole kūlike ka pae o ka viscosity i ke kiʻekiʻe o ka paʻa wai.ʻO ka nui o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana ma muli o ke ʻano o ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka ʻili o nā ʻāpana cellulose a me ka fineness.Ma waena o nā cellulose ethers ma luna, ʻo ka methyl cellulose a me ka hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose i ʻoi aku ka nui o ka paʻa wai.
(2) Hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ka Methylcellulose i ka wai anuanu, a paʻakikī ke hoʻoheheʻe i ka wai wela.Paʻa loa kona hopena wai i ka pae o pH=3~12.He kūpono maikaʻi me ka starch, guar gum, etc. a me nā surfactants he nui.Ke piʻi ka mahana i ka mahana gelation, puka ka gelation.
(3) Hoʻololi koʻikoʻi ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka mahana i ka nui o ka mālama ʻana i ka wai o ka methyl cellulose.ʻO ka maʻamau, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka mahana, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka paʻa ʻana o ka wai.Inā ʻoi aku ka mahana o ka mortar ma mua o 40 ° C, e hoʻemi nui ʻia ka paʻa ʻana o ka wai o ka methyl cellulose, e hoʻopilikia nui i ke kūkulu ʻana i ka mortar.
(4) He hopena koʻikoʻi ka methyl cellulose i ke kūkulu ʻana a me ka hoʻopili ʻana o ka mortar.ʻO ka "adhesion" ma aneʻi e pili ana i ka ikaika pipili i manaʻo ʻia ma waena o ka mea hoʻopili a ka mea hana a me ke pani o ka pā, ʻo ia hoʻi, ka pale ʻana o ka mortar.He kiʻekiʻe ka adhesiveness, he nui ka pale ʻana o ka mortar, a ʻo ka ikaika i koi ʻia e ka poʻe hana i ka hana o ka hoʻohana ʻana he nui nō hoʻi, a ʻo ka hana ʻana o ka mortar he ʻilihune.Aia ka methyl cellulose adhesion ma kahi pae haʻahaʻa i nā huahana cellulose ether.

ʻO ka HPMC ka hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, ʻo ia ka non-ionic cellulose i hui ʻia eter i hana ʻia mai ka pulupulu hoʻomaʻemaʻe ma hope o ka alkalization, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka propylene oxide a me ka methyl chloride ma ke ʻano he etherification agents, a ma o ke ʻano o nā hopena.ʻO ka pae o ka hoʻololi ʻana he 1.2-2.0.He ʻokoʻa kona mau waiwai ma muli o nā ʻano like ʻole o ka methoxyl content a me ka hydroxypropyl content.

(1) Hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ka Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose i ka wai anuanu, a e loaʻa iā ia nā pilikia i ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i ka wai wela.Akā ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka mahana o ka gelation i ka wai wela ma mua o ka methyl cellulose.Hoʻomaikaʻi maikaʻi ʻia ka solubility i ka wai anuanu ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka methyl cellulose.
(2) ʻO ka viscosity o ka hydroxypropyl methylcellulose e pili ana i kona kaumaha mole, a ʻoi aku ka nui o ke kaumaha mole, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka viscosity.Hoʻopili ka mahana i kona viscosity, i ka piʻi ʻana o ka mahana, emi ka viscosity.Eia nō naʻe, ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o kona viscosity kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ka methyl cellulose.Paʻa kona hopena ke mālama ʻia ma ka lumi wela.
(3) He kūpaʻa ka Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose i ka waika a me ka alkali, a paʻa loa kona ʻano wai i ka pae o ka pH = 2 ~ 12.He liʻiliʻi ka hopena o ka soda a me ka wai lime i kāna hana, akā hiki i ka alkali ke wikiwiki i kona hoʻoheheʻe ʻana a hoʻonui i kona viscosity.ʻO ka Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose paʻa i nā paʻakai maʻamau, akā inā kiʻekiʻe ke kiʻekiʻe o ka paʻakai paʻakai, piʻi ka viscosity o ka hydroxypropyl methylcellulose solution.
(4) ʻO ka paʻa ʻana o ka wai o ka hydroxypropyl methylcellulose e pili ana i kona nui hoʻohui, viscosity, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, a ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka paʻa wai ma lalo o ka nui hoʻohui like ma mua o ka methyl cellulose.
(5) Hiki ke hoʻohui ʻia ka Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose me nā pūhui polymer hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka wai e hana i kahi ʻano like ʻole a ʻoi aku ka viscosity solution.E like me ka waiʻona polyvinyl, starch ether, mea ʻai meaʻai, etc.
(6) ʻOi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka hoʻopili ʻana o ka hydroxypropyl methylcellulose i ke kūkulu ʻana i ka mortar ma mua o ka methylcellulose.
(7) He ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ke kūʻē ʻana o ka enzyme hydroxypropyl methylcellulose ma mua o ka methylcellulose, a ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻia e nā enzyme ma mua o ka methylcellulose.

18. He aha ka mea e pono e hoʻolohe i ka noi maoli o ka pilina ma waena o ka viscosity a me ka mahana o HPMC?

——Pane: Ua like ka viscosity o HPMC me ka wela, ʻo ia hoʻi, piʻi ka viscosity i ka emi ʻana o ka mahana.ʻO ka viscosity o kahi huahana a mākou e ʻōlelo pinepine ai e pili ana i ka hopena hoʻāʻo o kāna 2% aqueous solution ma kahi mahana o 20 degere Celsius.

Ma nā hoʻohana pono, pono e hoʻomaopopo ʻia i nā wahi me nā ʻokoʻa wela nui ma waena o ke kauwela a me ka hoʻoilo, ua ʻōlelo ʻia e hoʻohana i kahi viscosity haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa i ka hoʻoilo, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ke kūkulu ʻana.A i ʻole, ke haʻahaʻa ka mahana, e piʻi ka viscosity o ka cellulose, a kaumaha ka lima i ka wā e ʻoki ai.

Medium viscosity: 75000-100000 Hoʻohana nui ʻia no ka putty.

Ke kumu: maikaʻi ka mālama ʻana i ka wai.

ʻO ka viscosity kiʻekiʻe: 150000-200000 Hoʻohana nui ʻia no ka polystyrene particle thermal insulation mortar glue powder a me vitrified microbead thermal insulation mortar.
Ke kumu: kiʻekiʻe viscosity, ʻaʻole maʻalahi ka hāʻule ʻana o ka mortar, kau, a hoʻomaikaʻi i ke kūkulu ʻana.

Akā ma ka ʻōlelo maʻamau, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka viscosity, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka paʻa ʻana o ka wai.No laila, i ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i ke kumukūʻai, nui nā hale hana mortar pauka maloʻo e hoʻololi i ka cellulose viscosity haʻahaʻa (20000-40000) me ka cellulose medium-viscosity (20000-40000) e hōʻemi i ka nui o ka hoʻohui..


Ka manawa hoʻouna: Nov-21-2022
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