Izinto Zokunciphisa Amanzi Ekhonkrithini: Ucwaningo Oluphelele

Ukubuka konke

Izinto Zokunciphisa Amanzi(ama-WRA) adlala indima ebalulekile kubuchwepheshe besimanje bekhonkrithi, okuvumela ukuthuthukiswa kokusebenza, amandla, kanye nokuqina ngenkathi kugcinwa isilinganiso esiphansi samanzi nosimende. Leli phepha lihlola izinhlobo, izindlela, izinzuzo, kanye nezinselele zama-WRA, imiphumela yawo ezimpahleni zekhonkrithi, kanye nezitayela zawo zesikhathi esizayo ekwakheni okusimeme.

1. Isingeniso

1.1 Incazelo Yezinto Zokunciphisa Amanzi

Ama-Water Reducing Agents (ama-WRA) ayizingxube zamakhemikhali ezinciphisa inani lamanzi adingekayo ukuze kufezwe ukusebenza okunikiwe kukhonkolo. Ngokuthuthukisa ukusabalala kwesimende nokunciphisa ukucindezeleka kobuso, ama-WRA athuthukisa amandla, ukuqina, kanye nokusebenza kahle kokubeka.

1.2 Ukubaluleka kwama-WRA kubuchwepheshe bekhonkrithi

Ikhonkrithi iyinto yokwakha esetshenziswa kakhulu, futhi ukwenza ngcono izakhiwo zayo kubalulekile ekusebenzeni kahle kwezindleko, ukuzinza, kanye nokusebenza kwesikhathi eside. Ama-WRA avumela ikhonkrithi ukuthi ifinyelele ukusebenza okufiselekayo ngaphandle kokwandisa okuqukethwe kwamanzi, ngaleyo ndlela ivimbele ukuncipha kwamandla nezinkinga ezihlobene nokuncipha.

1.3 Intuthuko Yomlando

Ukusetshenziswa kwama-WRA kwaqala ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 ngokwethulwa kwama-lignosulfonates. Emashumini eminyaka edlule, intuthuko yaholela ekuthuthukisweni kwezinciphisi zamanzi ezisezingeni eliphezulu (ama-superplasticizer) ezaguqula ubuchwepheshe bekhonkrithi.

1.4 Izinhloso Zocwaningo

• Ukuhlukanisa nokuchaza ama-WRA ahlukene.

• Ukuchaza izindlela zabo zokusebenza.

• Ukugqamisa izinzuzo nezinselele ezihambisana nama-WRA.

• Ukuhlaziya ithonya labo ekusebenzeni okubonakalayo.

• Ukuhlola izitayela zesikhathi esizayo kubuchwepheshe be-WRA.

2. Izinhlobo Zezinto Zokunciphisa Amanzi

Ama-WRA ahlukaniswa ngezigaba ngokusekelwe ekusebenzeni kwawo kanye nokwakheka kwamakhemikhali.

2.1 Izinciphisi Zamanzi Ezivamile (Ama-Plasticizer)

Lokhu kunciphisa okuqukethwe kwamanzi ngo-5–10% futhi kuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle. Ngokuvamile kusetshenziswa ekwakheni okuvamile.
Izibonelo: Ama-Lignosulfonates, ama-hydroxycarboxylic acid.

2.2 Izinciphisi Zamanzi Ezisezingeni Eliphezulu (Ama-Superplasticizer)

Lokhu kunganciphisa okuqukethwe kwamanzi ngamaphesenti afinyelela ku-40, okuvumela ukhonkolo onamandla aphezulu futhi ozihlanganisayo.
Izibonelo: Ama-ether e-Polycarboxylate (PCE), i-sulfonated melamine formaldehyde, i-sulfonated naphthalene formaldehyde.

2.3 Izinciphisi Zamanzi Ezisebenza Kakhulu Kakhulu

Lawa ma-WRA athuthukisiwe aklanyelwe izinhlelo zokusebenza ezikhethekile njengekhonkrithi esebenza kahle kakhulu (UHPC) kanye nekhonkrithi ephrintiwe nge-3D.

3. Indlela Yokusebenza

Ama-WRA asebenza ngezindlela ezahlukene ukuthuthukisa ukugeleza kwamanzi kanye nokumuncwa kwesimende.

3.1 Indlela Yokuhlakazeka

Izinhlayiya zesimende ngokwemvelo zidonsela ama-molecule amanzi futhi zihlangane ndawonye. Ama-WRA asabalalisa lezi zinhlayiya, okuvumela ukumuncwa okungcono kwesimende kanye nokuncipha kwesidingo samanzi.

3.2 Ukuxoshwa Kokushaja Okungaphezulu

Ama-WRA amaningi aletha amashaja amabi ezinhlayiyeni zesimende, okubangela ukucasula nokuvimbela ukuhlangana, ngaleyo ndlela kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kahle.

3.3 Umphumela Wokuvimbela Okuqinile

Ama-Superplasticizer, ikakhulukazi lawo asekelwe ku-PCE, akha ungqimba oluvikelayo oluzungeze izinhlayiya zesimende, oluzivimbela ukuthi zingasondeli kakhulu futhi lugcine ukugeleza isikhathi eside.

3.4 Ukuthuthukisa Ukwakheka Kwamanzi

Ngokunciphisa isidingo samanzi, ama-WRA akhuthaza inqubo yokudonsa amanzi esebenza kahle, okuholela ku-matrix eqinile futhi eqinile yekhonkrithi.

4. Izinzuzo kanye nokusetshenziswa kwama-WRA

4.1 Ukusebenza Okuthuthukisiwe

Ama-WRA avumela ukufakwa kalula, okunciphisa izidingo zabasebenzi namandla.

4.2 Amandla Athuthukisiwe

Isilinganiso esiphansi samanzi nosimende siphumela ekuthuthukisweni kwamandla okucindezela nokuthamba.

4.3 Ukuncipha Kokuncipha Nokuqhekeka

Amanzi amaningi kukhonkrithi aholela ekuncipheni okubangelwa ukuhwamuka, okusiza ama-WRA ukunciphisa.

4.4 Ukuqina Okukhulisiwe

Ngokunciphisa ukungena kwamanzi, ama-WRA athuthukisa ukumelana nemijikelezo yokuqandisa, ukuhlaselwa ngamakhemikhali, kanye nokuchayeka ku-sulfate.

4.5 Izicelo Ezinhlotsheni Ezihlukahlukene Zekhonkrithi

• Ukhonkolo Olungele Ukuhlanganiswa: Kuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kwezokuthutha kanye nokubekwa kwazo.

• Ukhonkolo Owakhiwe Ngaphambili: Kuthuthukisa ukugcwaliswa kwesikhunta kanye nokwanda kwamandla.

• Ikhonkrithi Ezihlanganisayo (SCC): Ivumela ukugeleza ngaphandle kokuhlukanisa.

• Ukhonkolo Osebenza Kakhulu (HPC): Kuthuthukisa ukuqina kanye nomthamo wokuthwala imithwalo.

5. Ithonya Ezindaweni Zekhonkrithi

5.1 Izakhiwo Ezintsha Zekhonkrithi

5.1.1 Ukusebenziseka kalula kanye nokuncipha

Umphumela oyinhloko wama-WRA usekulinganisweni kokuwa, okulinganisa ukugeleza kwekhonkrithi.

5.1.2 Okuqukethwe Komoya

Ama-WRA angathonya umoya ongaphakathi, adinga ukulawulwa okufanele komthamo ukuze kugwenywe ukwehla kwamandla.

5.1.3 Isikhathi Sokusetha

Ama-Superplasticizers angalibazisa isikhathi sokusetha, okuwusizo esimweni sezulu esishisayo kodwa kudinga ukuqapha ukuze kugwenywe ukubambezeleka ngokweqile.

5.2 Izakhiwo Zekhonkrithi Eziqinile

5.2.1 Ukuthuthukiswa Kwamandla

Isilinganiso esiphansi samanzi nosimende siphumela emandleni aphezulu okuqala nesikhathi eside.

5.2.2 Ukuthuthukiswa Kokuqina

Ukuncipha kokungena kwamanzi kuthuthukisa ukumelana nokungena kwamanzi kanye nokungena kwe-chloride.

5.2.3 Ukuncishiswa Nokucwila

Ama-WRA asiza ukulawula ukuncishiswa ngokunciphisa ukulahleka kwamanzi okungadingekile.

6. Ukuhambisana Nezinye Izingxube

6.1 Ukusebenzisana namaRetarders nama-Accelerators

Ama-WRA angahlanganiswa nama-retarder ukuze kusebenzeke isikhathi eside noma nama-accelerator ukuze kusetshenziswe ngokushesha.

6.2 Ithonya Kuma-Air-Entracing Ejenti

Ama-WRA amaningi anganciphisa okuqukethwe umoya, okuthinta ukumelana nokuqandisa.

6.3 Ukuhambisana Nezinto Ezingeziwe Zokufaka Ubumba (ama-SCM)

Ama-WRA athuthukisa ukusabalala komlotha wezimpukane, umusi we-silica, kanye nokhonkolo olusekelwe ku-slag.

7. Izinto Ezicatshangelwayo Ngezemvelo Nezomnotho

7.1 Izici Zokuzinza

• Ama-WRA anegalelo ekwakheni okuluhlaza ngokunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwesimende.

• Ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi kancane kukhuthaza imizamo yokonga.

7.2 Ukuphumelela Kwezindleko

Nakuba ama-WRA enezela ezindlekweni zezinto zokwakha, anciphisa izindleko zabasebenzi, zokugcina, kanye nokulungisa.

7.3 Ukunciphisa Unyawo Lwekhabhoni

Okuqukethwe okuphansi kwesimende kusho ukwehla kokukhishwa kwe-CO₂.

8. Izifundo Zezimo Nezicelo Ezisebenzayo

8.1 Izakhiwo Eziphakeme Kakhulu

Ama-WRA athuthukisa ukufuthwa kwamandla kanye namandla ezakhiwo eziqondile.

8.2 Amaphrojekthi Engqalasizinda

Ukuqina okuthuthukisiwe kusiza amabhuloho, imigudu kanye nemigwaqo emikhulu.

8.3 Ukuphrinta Kokhonkolo kwe-3D

Ama-WRA esizukulwane esisha avumela ukulawula okunembile kokuphrinta kanye nokusetha.

9. Izinselele kanye Nentuthuko Yesikhathi Esizayo

9.1 Imikhawulo yama-WRA amanje

• Ukweqisa umthamo kungabangela ukuhlukaniswa.

• Amanye ama-WRA asebenzisana ngendlela engalindelekile nezinhlobo ezithile zesimende.

9.2 Intuthuko kuma-WRA asekelwe ku-Polymer

Ama-WRA asekelwe ku-PCE ahlinzeka ngokusebenza okuphezulu kakhulu nemiphumela emibi emincane.

9.3 Amathrendi Esikhathi Esizayo Ebuchwephesheni Bokuxubana Kwekhonkrithi

• Ukuthuthukiswa kwama-WRA asekelwe ku-bio.

• Ukuhlanganiswa okuhlakaniphile okunezilungiso zempahla zesikhathi sangempela.

Izinto Zokunciphisa Amanziidlala indima ebalulekile kubuchwepheshe besimanje bekhonkrithi, inikeza amandla athuthukisiwe, ukuqina, kanye nokusimama. Ucwaningo lwesikhathi esizayo kufanele lugxile kuma-WRA anobungani nemvelo kanye nokwenza ngcono ukusebenza kwezinhlelo ezahlukene zokufaka isimende.