Iiarhente zokunciphisa amanzi kwiConcrete: Uphononongo oluBanzi

Isishwankathelo

Iiarhente zokunciphisa amanzi(Ii-WRAs) idlala indima ebalulekileyo kubugcisa bekhonkrithi bale mihla, ivumela ukuphuculwa kokusebenza, amandla, kunye nokuqina ngelixa igcina umlinganiselo ophantsi wamanzi ukuya kwisamente. Eli phepha liphonononga iintlobo, iindlela, iinzuzo, kunye nemingeni yee-WRAs, iziphumo zazo kwiipropati eziphathekayo, kunye neendlela zazo zexesha elizayo kulwakhiwo oluzinzileyo.

1. Intshayelelo

1.1 Inkcazo yee-Arhente zoNciphiso lwaManzi

Ii-Agents zokunciphisa amanzi (i-WRAs) ziyimixube yeekhemikhali ezinciphisa ubungakanani bamanzi afunekayo ukufezekisa ukusebenza okunikiweyo kwikhonkrithi. Ngokuphucula ukusasazwa kwesamente kunye nokunciphisa ukuxinezeleka komhlaba, ii-WRAs zomeleza amandla, ukuqina, kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kokubeka.

1.2 Ukubaluleka kwee-WRAs kwi-Concrete Technology

Ikhonkrithi sesona sixhobo sokwakha sisetyenziswa kakhulu, kwaye ukukhulisa iipropathi zayo kubalulekile ekusebenzeni kakuhle kweendleko, ukuzinza, kunye nokusebenza kwexesha elide. I-WRAs ivumela ikhonkrithi ukuba ifezekise ukusetyenzwa okufunwayo ngaphandle kokunyusa umthamo wamanzi, ngaloo ndlela ikhusela ukunciphisa amandla kunye nemiba enxulumene nokuncipha.

1.3 Uphuhliso lwezembali

Ukusetyenziswa kwe-WRAs kwaqala ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 kunye nokuqaliswa kwe-lignosulfonates. Ukutyhubela amashumi eminyaka, ukuqhubela phambili kukhokelele kuphuhliso lwezixhobo zokunciphisa amanzi kuluhlu oluphezulu (ii-superplasticizers) ezithe zaguqula ubuchwephesha bekhonkrithi.

1.4 Iinjongo zesiFundo

• Ukuhlela nokuchaza ii-WRA ezahlukeneyo.

• Ukucacisa iindlela zabo zokusebenza.

• Ukuqaqambisa iinzuzo kunye nemingeni eyayanyaniswa nee-WRAs.

• Ukuhlalutya impembelelo yabo ekusebenzeni kwekhonkrithi.

• Ukuphonononga iindlela ezizayo kwitekhnoloji yeWRA.

2. Iindidi zeearhente zokuNciphisa Amanzi

Ii-WRA zihlelwe ngokusekelwe ekusebenzeni kwazo kunye nokwakheka kweekhemikhali.

2.1 Izinciphisi zaManzi eziqhelekileyo (iPlasticizers)

Oku kunciphisa umthamo wamanzi nge-5-10% kwaye kuphucule ukusebenza. Ngokuqhelekileyo zisetyenziselwa ukwakhiwa ngokubanzi.
Imizekelo: I-Lignosulfonates, i-hydroxycarboxylic acids.

2.2 Izinciphisi zaManzi ezikuLunge oluPhezulu (Ii-Superplasticizers)

Oku kunokunciphisa umthamo wamanzi ukuya kuma-40%, okuvumela ukuba kubekho ukomelela okuphezulu kunye nokuzihlanganisa ngokwakho.
Imizekelo: Iipolycarboxylate ethers (PCE), i-sulfonated melamine formaldehyde, i-sulfonated naphthalene formaldehyde.

2.3 Izinciphisi zaManzi ezisebenza ngokuPhezulu

Ezi zi-WRA eziphambili zenzelwe izicelo ezikhethekileyo ezifana ne-ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) kunye nekhonkrithi eprintiweyo ye-3D.

3. Indlela yokwenza

Ii-WRAs zisebenza ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo zokuphucula ukuhamba nokuhamba kwesamente.

3.1 Inkqubo yokusasaza

Amasuntswana esamente ngokwendalo atsala iimolekyuli zamanzi kunye neqela kunye. Ii-WRAs zisasaza la masuntswana, zivumela ukuhanjiswa kwesamente ngcono kunye nokuncipha kwemfuno yamanzi.

3.2 I-Surface Charge Repulsion

Uninzi lwe-WRAs luzisa iintlawulo ezingalunganga kwiincinci zesamente, ezibangela ukunyanzeliswa kunye nokuthintela ukuhlangana, ngaloo ndlela kuphuculwe ukusebenza.

3.3 Impembelelo yeNgxaki eSteririki

I-Superplasticizers, ngakumbi i-PCE-based based, yenza umaleko okhuselayo ojikeleze amasuntswana e-samente, ukuthintela ukuba basondele kakhulu kwaye bagcine ukumanzi ixesha elide.

3.4 UkuPhuculwa kwamanzi

Ngokunciphisa imfuno yamanzi, ii-WRAs zikhuthaza inkqubo esebenzayo yokufakwa kwamanzi, ekhokelela kwi-matrix eqinile kunye nekhonkrithi eyomeleleyo.

4. Inzuzo kunye nezicelo zee-WRAs

4.1 Ukuphuculwa kokuSebenza

Ii-WRAs zivumela ukubekwa lula, ukunciphisa iimfuno zabasebenzi kunye namandla.

4.2 Amandla Ongeziweyo

Umlinganiselo ophantsi wesamente wamanzi ukhokelela ekuphuculeni ukunyanzeliswa kunye namandla okuqina.

4.3 UkuNcitshiswa kokuNcitshiswa kunye nokuQonda

Ukugqithiswa kwamanzi kwikhonkrithi kukhokelela ekuncipheni okubangelwa ngumphunga, nto leyo i-WRAs inceda ukunciphisa.

4.4 Ukonyuka koKuhlala ixesha elide

Ngokunciphisa ukungeneka, ii-WRAs ziphucula ukuxhathisa kwimijikelo yokunyibilika komkhenkce, uhlaselo lweekhemikhali, kunye nokuvezwa kwesulfate.

4.5 Izicelo kwiintlobo ngeentlobo zeConcrete

• I-Ready-Mix Concrete: Iphucula ubuchule bothutho kunye nokubekwa.

• Precast Concrete: Yandisa ukuzaliswa kokungunda kunye nokuzuza amandla.

• I-Concrete eZidibanisayo (SCC): Yenza ukuhambahamba ngaphandle kokwahlulwa.

• I-High-Performance Concrete (HPC): Ukwandisa ukuqina kunye nomthamo wokuthwala umthwalo.

5. Impembelelo kwiiPropati zeConcrete

5.1 IiPropati zeConcrete eNtsha

5.1.1 Ukusebenza kunye nokudodobala

Esona siphumo siphambili se-WRAs kukudodobala kwexabiso, elilinganisa ukuqukuqela kwekhonkrithi.

5.1.2 Isiqulatho soMoya

Ii-WRAs zinokuphembelela umoya ofakiweyo, zifuna ulawulo olufanelekileyo lwedosi ukunqanda ukunciphisa amandla.

5.1.3 Ukumisela ixesha

Ii-superplasticizers zinokulibazisa ukuseta ixesha, eliluncedo kwimozulu eshushu kodwa lifuna ukubekwa esweni ukunqanda ukulibaziseka okugqithisileyo.

5.2 Iipropati zeConcrete eQingqiweyo

5.2.1 Uphuhliso lwamandla

Umlinganiselo ophantsi wesamente wamanzi ukhokelela kumandla aphezulu kwangethuba nangexesha elide.

5.2.2 UkuPhuculwa koKuhlala ixesha elide

Ukunciphisa ukunyanzeliswa kuphucula ukuchasana nokungena kwamanzi kunye nokungena kwe-chloride.

5.2.3 Ukushwabana nokuNgxadaza

Ii-WRAs zinceda ukulawula ukucutheka ngokunciphisa ilahleko yamanzi ngokungeyomfuneko.

6. Ukuhambelana nezinye ii-Admixtures

6.1 Ukudibana neeRetarders kunye neeAccelerators

Ii-WRAs zinokudityaniswa kunye ne-retarders ngokusebenza okwandisiweyo okanye kunye ne-accelerators ukuseta ngokukhawuleza.

6.2 Impembelelo kwii-Arhente zokuNgenisa umoya

I-WRAs egqithisileyo inokunciphisa umxholo womoya, ichaphazela ukuxhathisa ukunyibilika komkhenkce.

6.3 Ukuhambelana neMathiriyeli eyoNgezelelweyo yeCementitious (SCMs)

I-WRAs iphucula ukusasazeka kwi-fly ash, i-silica fume, kunye ne-slag-based concrete.

7. IiNgqwalasela zokusiNgqongileyo nezoQoqosho

7.1 Imiba yoZinzo

• Ii-WRAs zinegalelo kulwakhiwo oluluhlaza ngokunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwesamente.

• Ukusetyenziswa kwamanzi aphantsi kukhuthaza iinzame zokulondoloza.

7.2 Iindleko-zokusebenza

Nangona ii-WRAs zongeza kwiindleko zezinto eziphathekayo, zinciphisa umsebenzi, ukunyamekela nokulungisa iindleko.

7.3 Ukuncitshiswa kweCarbon Footprint

Umxholo osezantsi wesamente uguqulela ekunciphiseni ukukhutshwa kweCO₂.

8. Izifundo zeCase kunye nezicelo eziSebenzayo

8.1 IZakhiwo ezinoKuphezulu

Ii-WRAs zongeza ukumpompa kunye nokomelela kwezakhiwo ezithe nkqo.

8.2 IiProjekthi zeZiseko zoPhuhliso

Ukuphucuka kokuqina kuluncedo kwiibhulorho, itonela, kunye nohola wendlela.

8.3 3D Ushicilelo lweConcrete

I-WRA yesizukulwana esitsha yenza ulawulo oluchanekileyo phezu kokuprinta kunye nokusetha.

9. Imingeni kunye noPhuhliso lwexesha elizayo

9.1 Ukunyinwa kwee-WRAs zangoku

• Ukugqithisa ngokweqile kunokubangela ulwahlulo.

• Ezinye ii-WRAs zisebenzisana ngokungalindelekanga kunye neentlobo ezithile zesamente.

9.2 Ukuqhubela phambili kwii-WRAs ezisekelwe kwiPolymer

Ii-WRA ezisekelwe kwi-PCE zibonelela ngokusebenza okuphezulu kunye nemiphumo emibi encinci.

9.3 IiNdlela zekamva kwiTekhnoloji yeConcrete Admixture

• Ukuphuhliswa kwee-WRAs ezisekelwe kwibhayoloji.

• Ii-admixtures ezihlakaniphile kunye nohlengahlengiso lwepropathi yexesha langempela.

Iiarhente zokunciphisa amanziidlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu kubuchwepheshe bekhonkrithi bale mihla, inika amandla aphuculweyo, ukuqina, kunye nozinzo. Uphando lwexesha elizayo kufuneka lugxininise kwii-WRAs ezilungele i-eco-friendly kunye nokuphucula ukusebenza kweenkqubo ezahlukeneyo zesamente.