I-Concrete Admixtures: Iintlobo, imisebenzi, kunye nezicelo

Intshayelelo

Ikhonkrithi ngumqolo weziseko ezingundoqo zale mihla, ezenza isiseko sezakhiwo, iindlela, iibhulorho, iitonela, amadama, nokunye. Ukusetyenziswa kwayo ngokubanzi kubalelwa kukuqina kwayo okuphezulu, ukuguquguquka, kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kweendleko. izithako ezisisiseko zekhonkrithi-samente, amanzi, kunye ne-aggregates-kaninzi zifuna ukuguqulwa ukuhlangabezana nokusebenza okuthe ngqo kunye neemfuno zokusingqongileyo. Kulaphoimixube eziphathekayodlala indima ebalulekileyo.

Imixube ekhonkrithiziikhemikhali zendalo okanye ezenziweyo okanye izongezo ezongeziweyo kumxube wekhonkrithi ngaphambi okanye ngexesha lokuxuba ukuguqula iipropati zawo kwimeko entsha okanye elukhuni. Zisetyenziselwa ukomeleza ukusebenza, ixesha lokubeka, amandla, ukuqina, ukuchasana nokuvezwa kwendalo, kunye nobuhle. Esi sincoko sihlalutya kuhlelo, iindlela, iinzuzo, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-admixtures, sinika ujongo oluneenkcukacha kwindima yabo eyimfuneko kulwakhiwo lwangoku.

Ukuhlelwa kweImixube ekhonkrithi

Imixube ngokubanzi ihlelwa ngokweendidi ezimbini ezinkulu:

1. Imixube yeMichiza

Ezi zikhemikhali ezinyibilikayo emanzini eziguqula ukuziphatha kwekhonkrithi. Iindidi eziqhelekileyo ziquka:

• Imixube yokunciphisa amanzi

• Ukunciphisa imixube

• Ukukhawulezisa imixube

• Ii-Superplasticizers (Izinciphisi zamanzi zoluhlu oluphezulu)

• Ukungenisa umoyaiiarhente

• I-Corrosion inhibitors

• Imixube yokunciphisa i-shrinkage

• I-alkali-silica reaction inhibitors

2. Izimbiwa (okanye i-Supplementary Cementitious) Imixube

Ezi zixhobo ezintle, zihlala ziyimveliso yemveliso, ezithatha indawo yesamente yasePortland:

• Bhabha uthuthu

• Ilitye eliphantsi legranulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS)

• Umsi we-silika

• Metakaolin

• Uthuthu lwamakhoba erayisi

Imixube yeMichiza kunye neMisebenzi yazo

1. Imixube yokunciphisa amanzi

Injongo: Ukunciphisa umxholo wamanzi kumxube wekhonkrithi ngaphandle kokuchaphazela ukusebenza.

Iintlobo:

• Okuqhelekileyo: Nciphisa amanzi nge-5–10%

• Uluhlu oluphakathi: Nciphisa amanzi nge-6–12%

• Uluhlu oluphezulu (Superplasticizers): Nciphisa amanzi ukuya kuthi ga kwi-30%

IiCompounds eziqhelekileyo:

• I-Lignosulfonates

• Naphthalene sulfonates

• Iipolycarboxylate ethers (PCEs)

Usetyenziso:

• Ukulungelelanisa ukuxuba ikhonkrithi

• Izinto ezingaphambili

• Ikhonkrithi yokusebenza okuphezulu

Iingenelo:

• Ukonyuka kwamandla

• Ukungena okuphantsi

• Ukuphuculwa kokuqina

2. Ukurhoxiswa kweMixube

Injongo: Ukucothisa ixesha lokumisela ikhonkrithi.

Isetyenziswa kwi:

• Imozulu eshushu concreting

• Amanzi amakhulu

• Iiformworks ezintsonkothileyo

Imizekelo:

• Iiswekile

• IiPhosphonates

• Hydroxycarboxylic acids

Iingenelo:

• Ikhusela amalungu abandayo

• Yandisa ukugqibezela

• Ivumela uthutho olwandisiweyo

3. I-Accelerating Admixtures

Umsebenzi: Ukukhawulezisa uphuhliso lwamandla kwangethuba.

Imizekelo:

• I-Calcium chloride (nangona isetyenziswa kancinci ngenxa yengozi yokubola)

• Calcium nitrate

• I-sodium thiocyanate

Usebenzisa:

• Ukuqiniswa kwemozulu ebandayo

• Umsebenzi wokulungisa ngokukhawuleza

• Ukwenziwa kwekhonkrithi yangaphambili

Phawula: Ii-accelerators ezingenazo i-chloride zikhethwa kwikhonkrithi eqinisiweyo ukukhusela i-corrosion yensimbi.

4. Iiplasticizers

Ingcaciso: Abanciphisi bamanzi abakwizinga eliphezulu ababonelela ngokuncipha okukhulu kwamanzi ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa kokusebenza.

Iikhompawundi:

• Iipolycarboxylate ethers

• I-admixtures esekelwe kwi-melamine

Usetyenziso:

• Ikhonkrithi ephezulu yamandla

• Ikhonkrithi yokuziqinisa (SCC)

• Ikhonkrithi emponthiweyo

Iingenelo:

• Ukunyuka kwamanzi ngaphandle kokwahlula

• Ukugqitywa komphezulu ophuculweyo

• Ikhonkrithi eshinyeneyo nehlala ixesha elide

5. Ii-Admixtures zoMoya-Entraining

Injongo: Yazisa amaqamza omoya amancinci kwikhonkrithi.

Umsebenzi:

• Phucula ukuxhathisa ukunyibilika komkhenkce

• Ukuphucula ukusebenza

• Ukunciphisa ukuphuma kwegazi kunye nokwahlula

Usetyenziso:

• IiPavements

• Iidekhi zebhulorho

• Ikhonkrithi eveziweyo kwimimandla ebandayo

Iiarhente ezisetyenziswayo:

• I-Vinsol resin

• Iiasidi ezinamafutha

• Iihydrocarbon eziSulfonated

6. Ii-Corrosion Inhibitors

Umsebenzi: Khusela ukuqiniswa kwentsimbi efakwe kwi-corrosion.

Iintlobo eziqhelekileyo:

• Calcium nitrite

• I-Zinc-based inhibitors

• I-Organic corrosion inhibitors

Usetyenziso:

• Izakhiwo zaselwandle

• Iibhulorho zohola wendlela

• Iigaraji zokupaka

7. Imixube eNcitshiswayo yokuNcitshiswa (SRAs)

Umsebenzi: Nciphisa ukomisa ukuncipha kunye nokuqhekeka okuhambelanayo.

Inkqubo: Uxinzelelo olusezantsi lwamanzi kwii-capillaries.

Usetyenziso:

• Amacwecwe kwibakala

• IiToppings

• Amalungu okwakhiwa abonakaliswe kwiimeko zokomisa

8. I-Alkali-Silica Reaction (ASR) Inhibitors

Injongo: Ukunciphisa ukwanda okubangelwa ukusabela phakathi kwe-alkali kwi-samente kunye ne-silica esebenzayo kwii-aggregates.

Imixube:

• I-lithium nitrate

• Izinto zePozzolanic ezibopha iialkali

Imixube yeziMbiwa (SCMs)

1. Bhabha uthuthu

Imvelaphi: Imveliso yokutsha kwamalahle kwimizi-mveliso yombane.

Iiklasi:

• Iklasi F: I-calcium ephantsi

• Iklasi C: I-calcium ephezulu

Iingenelo:

• Ukuphucula ukusebenza

• Yongeza ukuqina

• Yehlisa ubushushu be-hydration

2. I-Silica Fume

Umthombo: Ngemveliso ye-silicon yesinyithi okanye imveliso ye-ferrosilicon alloy.

Iipropati:

• Ilunge kakhulu (100x icoleke kunesamente)

• Umsebenzi ophezulu we-pozzolanic

Usebenzisa:

• Ikhonkrithi ephezulu yamandla

• Iidekhi zebhulorho

• Izakhiwo zaselwandle

3. I-Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBFS)

Imvelaphi: Imveliso eyenziwe ngentsimbi.

Iingenelo:

• Ukumelana ne-sulfate ephezulu

• Ukuphucula amandla exesha elide

• Ikhanyisa umbala wekhonkrithi (uluncedo kwizicelo zoyilo)

4. Metakaolin

Iveliswe ngu: Ukucoca udongwe lwe-kaolin.

Iingenelo:

• Ukusebenza okuphezulu

• Ukuphucula amandla kunye nokugqiba

• Yehlisa i-efflorescence

5. I-Rice Husk Ash

Umthombo: Imveliso yenkunkuma yezolimo

Sebenzisa:

• Ikhonkrithi eco-friendly

• Ukuphucula ukungakwazi ukungena

• Yehlisa ukopha

IiNdlela zokuSebenza

1. Ukusabela kwePozzolanic: I-silica kwi-admixtures yamaminerali iphendula kunye ne-calcium hydroxide ukwenza i-CSH eyongezelelweyo (i-calcium silicate hydrate), eyona nto inika amandla amandla.

2. Ukusasazwa kweeNcam zesamente: Ii-superplasticizers zinciphisa i-flocculation, ukwandisa indawo ephezulu kunye ne-hydration.

3. Iipokotho zoMoya ezifakiweyo: Yenza amagumbi amancinci afunxa uxinzelelo lokwandisa kumanzi abandayo.

4. Ukuphazamiseka kweMichiza: Eminye imixube iphazamisa okanye ikhawulezise ukusabela kwe-hydration ukuguqula indlela yokuziphatha.

Izinto eziluncedo zokusebenzisa imixube

• Iphuculweukusebenza

• Ngconoukuqinakwayeukuxhathisakwindawo ezinzima

• Nciphisiweumlinganiselo wesamente yamanzi(uphucula amandla)

• Ukulawula ixesha(ukuseta kunye nokuqina)

• Ukusebenza kweendleko ngeukuncitshiswa kwesamente

• Ezinye iindlela ezivumelana nokusingqongileyo (ulwakhiwo oluzinzileyo)

Imingeni kunye neMida

• Imiba yokuhambelanaphakathi kwemixube kunye nesamente

• Imingcipheko yokugqithisa umthamo(inokunciphisa amandla okanye ibangele ulibaziseko lokumisela)

• Iindleko zeendleko, ngakumbi ngemixube ephambili

• Iinkxalabo zokusingqongileyokunye nezinye iikhompawundi zokwenziwa

• Ulawulo lwemekokunye nesidingo soyilo lomxube olufanelekileyo

Usetyenziso oluSebenzisayo

1. IiProjekthi zeziseko zophuhliso

• Amadama, itonela, oohola bendlela, kunye nemigaqo yeenqwelomoya yeenqwelomoya zisebenzisa imixube ukomelela, ukulawulwa kokuqhekeka, kunye nobomi benkonzo ende.

2. IZakhiwo eziPhakamileyo

• I-Superplasticizers kunye ne-retarders iququzelela ukubekwa kwekhonkrithi kwiindawo eziphakamileyo kunye nokunciphisa amajoyina abandayo.

3. Ulwakhiwo lwaseLwandle nolwaseluNxwemeni

• I-Corrosion inhibitors kunye ne-air-entraining agents zinceda ukulwa neendawo ezinobundlavini ze-chloride.

4. Precast Concrete

• I-accelerators kunye nabanciphisi bamanzi bakhawulezisa umjikelo wemveliso kunye nokuphucula umgangatho womphezulu.

5. I-Mass Concrete Pours

• I-retarders kunye ne-mineral admixtures inciphisa i-gradients ye-thermal kunye ne-shrinkage-induced cracks.

Uzinzo kunye noLwakhiwo oluHlaza

Iingxube zekhonkrithi zinegalelo elikhuluulwakhiwo oluzinzileyo:

• Nciphisaukusetyenziswa kwesamente, ukunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwekhabhoni.

• Phuculaumsebenzi wobomi, ukunciphisa imfuneko yokulungiswa.

• Vumela ukusetyenziswa kweiimveliso eziphuma kwimizi-mveliso(umzekelo, bhabha uthuthu, slag).

• Ukuxhasa uphuhliso lweikhonkrithi ephantsi kwekhabhoni.

I-Admixtures ihambelana neziqinisekiso zokwakha eziluhlaza ezifanaI-LEEDkwayePHUMULA.

Imizila yekamva kunye nezinto ezintsha

1. Ii-Admixtures zokuziphilisa

• Faka ii-microcapsules okanye iibhaktheriya ezisabela kwiintanda kwaye uzitywine ngokuzimeleyo.

2. I-Nano-Admixtures

• Sebenzisa i-nanoparticles njenge-nano-silica ukuphucula i-microstructure kunye neempawu zomatshini.

3. Ii-Admixtures ezihlakaniphile

• Iinzwa ezifakwe ngaphakathi kwe-admixtures ezinokunika ingxelo yedatha yexesha lokwenyani kuxinzelelo, uxinzelelo, kunye nobushushu.

4. Ikhonkrithi yoShicilelo lwe-3D

• Ifuna imixube equkuqelayo kunye neseti ekhawulezayo yokumaleko echanekileyo.

5. I-Carbon-Capturing Admixtures

• Uphuhliso luyaqhubeka ukubambisa i-CO₂ ngaphakathi kwekhonkrithi ngexesha lokunyanga, ukunciphisa ukukhutshwa.

Imixube ekhonkrithibaye baluguqula ulwakhiwo lwale mihla ngokwenza ukuba kuveliswe ikhonkrithi eyomeleleyo, ehlala ixesha elide, nezinzileyo. Ukusuka kuphuculo olusisiseko lokusebenza ukuya kwizakhono zokuziphilisa eziphucukileyo, imixube ilungelelanisa ikhonkrithi ukuhlangabezana neemfuno ezithile zesakhiwo kunye nokusingqongileyo. Njengoko ukufudukela kwabantu ezidolophini kuya kukhula kwaye ikhwelo leziseko zophuhliso ezizinzileyo likhula ngamandla, indima yokudibanisa ekudaleni ukusebenza okuphezulu, ikhonkrithi ehambelana nendalo iya kuba baluleke ngakumbi.

Iinjineli, abakhi bezakhiwo, kunye neengcali zokwakha kufuneka bahlale benolwazi ngeteknoloji ye-admixture, bekhetha kwaye basebenzise ezi zixhobo ngobulumko ukuze bavule amandla apheleleyo ekhonkrithi kwinkulungwane yama-21.