Zosakaniza Konkriti: Mitundu, Ntchito, ndi Ntchito

Mawu Oyamba

Konkire ndiye msana wa zomangamanga zamakono, zomwe zimapanga maziko a nyumba, misewu, milatho, tunnel, madamu, ndi zina zambiri. Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwake kwakukulu kumatheka chifukwa cha mphamvu zake zopondereza, kusinthasintha, komanso kutsika mtengo. Zopangira zopangira konkriti - simenti, madzi, ndi zophatikiza - nthawi zambiri zimafunikira kusinthidwa kuti zikwaniritse zofunikira zenizeni komanso zachilengedwe. Apa ndi pamenekonkriti zosakanizathandizani kwambiri.

Zosakaniza za konkritindi mankhwala achilengedwe kapena opangidwa kapena zowonjezera zomwe zimawonjezeredwa kusakaniza konkire isanayambe kapena panthawi yosakaniza kuti isinthe katundu wake mumkhalidwe watsopano kapena wouma. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kupititsa patsogolo kugwira ntchito, kukhazikitsa nthawi, mphamvu, kulimba, kukana kukhudzana ndi chilengedwe, komanso kukongola. Nkhaniyi ikuyang'ana m'magulu, machitidwe, maubwino, ndi kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka admixtures, ndikuwonetsa mwatsatanetsatane gawo lawo lofunikira pakumanga kwamasiku ano.

Gulu laKonkire Zosakaniza

Admixtures nthawi zambiri amagawidwa m'magulu awiri akuluakulu:

1. Mankhwala osakaniza

Awa ndi mankhwala osungunuka m'madzi omwe amasintha machitidwe a konkriti. Mitundu yodziwika bwino ndi:

• Zosakaniza zochepetsera madzi

• Kuchedwetsa zosakaniza

• Kuthamangitsa zosakaniza

• Superplasticizers (zochepetsera madzi apamwamba kwambiri)

• Air-entrainingothandizira

• Corrosion inhibitors

• Zosakaniza zochepetsera kuchepa

• Alkali-silica reaction inhibitors

2. Zosakaniza za Mineral (kapena Supplementary Cementitious).

Izi ndi zida zabwino, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimakhala zopangidwa ndi mafakitale, zomwe zimalowa m'malo mwa simenti ya Portland:

• Thirani phulusa

• Ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS)

• silika fumbi

• Metakaolin

• Phulusa la mankhusu a mpunga

Chemical Admixtures ndi Ntchito Zawo

1. Zosakaniza Zochepetsa Madzi

Cholinga: Kuchepetsa madzi omwe ali mu konkire kusakaniza popanda kusokoneza ntchito.

Mitundu:

• Wamba: Chepetsani madzi ndi 5-10%

• Wapakati: Chepetsani madzi ndi 6-12%

• Mtundu waukulu (Superplasticizers): Chepetsani madzi mpaka 30%

Common Compounds:

• Lignosulfonates

• Naphthalene sulfonates

• Polycarboxylate ethers (PCEs)

Mapulogalamu:

• Okonzeka-kusakaniza konkire

• Precast zinthu

• Konkire yogwira ntchito kwambiri

Ubwino:

• Mphamvu zowonjezera

• M'munsi permeability

• Kupititsa patsogolo kukhazikika

2. Kuchedwetsa Admixtures

Cholinga: Kuchepetsa nthawi yoyika konkriti.

Zogwiritsidwa ntchito mu:

• Kutentha kwanyengo

• Zakudya zazikulu

• Complex formworks

Zitsanzo:

• Shuga

• Phosphonates

• Hydroxycarboxylic acid

Ubwino wake:

• Amateteza mafupa ozizira

• Kumawonjezera kumaliza

• Amaloleza mayendedwe ataliatali

3. Kupititsa patsogolo Zosakaniza

Ntchito: Kufulumizitsa kukula kwamphamvu koyambirira.

Zitsanzo:

• Calcium chloride (ngakhale ntchito yochepa chifukwa cha chiwopsezo cha dzimbiri)

• Calcium nitrate

• Sodium thiocyanate

Ntchito:

• Kuzizira kozizira

• Ntchito yokonza mwachangu

• Kupanga konkriti yokhazikika

Zindikirani: Ma accelerator opanda chloride amawakonda mu konkire yolimba kuti apewe dzimbiri.

4. Superplasticizers

Tanthauzo: Zochepetsera zamadzi zapamwamba zomwe zimapereka kuchepetsa kwambiri madzi popanda kutaya ntchito.

Zosakaniza:

• Polycarboxylate ethers

• Zosakaniza zochokera ku melamine

Mapulogalamu:

• Konkire yamphamvu kwambiri

• Konkire yokhazikika (SCC)

• Konkire yopopa

Ubwino wake:

• Kuchuluka kwa madzimadzi popanda tsankho

• Kumaliza kowonjezera pamwamba

• Konkriti wandiweyani komanso wolimba

5. Air-Entraining Admixtures

Cholinga: Yambitsani tinthu tating'onoting'ono ta mpweya mu konkriti.

Ntchito:

• Limbikitsani kukana kuzizira kwachisanu

• Limbikitsani ntchito

• Chepetsani kutuluka kwa magazi ndi kulekanitsa

Mapulogalamu:

• Mipando

• Zipinda za Bridge

• Konkire yowonekera m'madera ozizira

Ma Agents Ogwiritsidwa Ntchito:

• Vinsol utomoni

• Mafuta acids

• Sulfonated hydrocarbons

6. Corrosion Inhibitors

Ntchito: Tetezani zitsulo zomangika zitsulo ku dzimbiri.

Mitundu Yodziwika:

• Calcium nitrite

• Zinc-based inhibitors

• Organic corrosion inhibitors

Mapulogalamu:

• Zomanga m'madzi

• Milatho yamsewu

• Magalasi oimikapo magalimoto

7. Zosakaniza Zochepetsa Kuchepetsa (SRAs)

Ntchito: Chepetsani kuyanika kowuma komanso kusweka kogwirizana.

Njira: Kutsika kwamphamvu kwamadzi m'ma capillaries.

Mapulogalamu:

• Ma slabs pa giredi

• Zokongoletsera

• Mamembala amawunidwe akukumana ndi kuyanika

8. Alkali-Silica Reaction (ASR) Inhibitors

Cholinga: Chepetsani kukula chifukwa cha zomwe zimachitika pakati pa alkalis mu simenti ndi silika yotakasuka pophatikiza.

Zosakaniza:

• Lithium nitrate

• Zida za Pozzolanic zomwe zimamanga alkalis

Mineral Admixtures (SCMs)

1. Flying Phulusa

Chiyambi: Zomwe zimapangidwa ndi kuyaka kwa malasha m'mafakitale amagetsi.

Maphunziro:

• Kalasi F: Kashiamu yochepa

• Kalasi C: Kashiamu wambiri

Ubwino:

• Imawongolera magwiridwe antchito

• Imakulitsa kukhazikika

• Amachepetsa kutentha kwa hydration

2. Silika Fume

Gwero: Zomwe zimapangidwa ndi chitsulo cha silicon kapena ferrosilicon alloy alloy.

Katundu:

• Zabwino kwambiri (100x zabwino kwambiri kuposa simenti)

• High pozzolanic ntchito

Ntchito:

• Konkire yamphamvu kwambiri

• Zipinda za Bridge

• Zomanga m'madzi

3. Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBFS)

Chiyambi: Kupanga kwachitsulo.

Ubwino wake:

• High sulfate kukana

• Amawonjezera mphamvu za nthawi yayitali

• Imayatsa mtundu wa konkriti (yothandiza pazamangidwe)

4. Metakaolin

Zopangidwa ndi: Kutentha dongo la kaolin.

Ubwino:

• High reactivity

• Amawonjezera mphamvu ndi kumaliza

• Amachepetsa efflorescence

5. Phulusa la Mankhusu a Mpunga

Gwero: Zinyalala zaulimi

Gwiritsani ntchito:

• Eco-wochezeka konkriti

• Kumawonjezera kusakwanira

• Amachepetsa magazi

Njira Zochita

1. Pozzolanic Reaction: Silika mu mineral admixtures imakhudzidwa ndi calcium hydroxide kupanga CSH yowonjezera (calcium silicate hydrate), chigawo chachikulu chopatsa mphamvu.

2. Kubalalika kwa Tinthu ta Cement: Superplasticizers kuchepetsa flocculation, kuonjezera malo ndi hydration.

3. Ma Pocket Air Ophunzitsidwa: Pangani timizere tating'ono tomwe timayamwa kuthamanga kwa madzi ozizira.

4. Kusokoneza kwa Chemical: Zosakaniza zina zimasokoneza kapena kufulumizitsa machitidwe a hydration kuti asinthe machitidwe.

Ubwino Wogwiritsa Ntchito Zosakaniza

• Kuwongoleredwakutha ntchito

• Zabwinokukhazikikandikukanizakumadera ovuta

• Zachepetsedwachiŵerengero cha simenti ya madzi(amawonjezera mphamvu)

• Kuwongolera nthawi(kukhazikitsa ndi kuumitsa)

• Mtengo mwayekhakuchepetsa simenti

• Njira zina zosamalira zachilengedwe (yomanga yokhazikika)

Zovuta ndi Zolepheretsa

• Nkhani zogwirizanapakati pa zosakaniza ndi simenti

• Kuopsa kwa kumwa mopitirira muyeso(ikhoza kuchepetsa mphamvu kapena kuyambitsa kuchedwa kwa kukhazikitsa)

• Zotsatira zamitengo, makamaka ndi zosakaniza zapamwamba

• Nkhawa za chilengedwendi zinthu zina zopangira

• Kuwongolera khalidwendi kufunikira kophatikizana koyenera

Mapulogalamu mu Kuchita

1. Ntchito Zomangamanga

• Madamu, ngalande, misewu yayikulu, ndi mabwalo a ndege amagwiritsa ntchito zosakaniza kuti zikhale zolimba, zowongolera ming'alu, komanso moyo wautali.

2. Nyumba Zokwera Kwambiri

• Superplasticizers ndi retarders amathandizira kuyika konkriti pamalo okwera kwambiri ndikuchepetsa kuzizira.

3. Kapangidwe ka M'nyanja ndi M'mphepete mwa nyanja

• Corrosion inhibitors ndi air-entraining agents amathandizira kuthana ndi madera omwe ali ndi chloride.

4. Precast Concrete

• Ma Accelerator ndi zochepetsera madzi zimafulumizitsa kayendetsedwe kake ndikuwonjezera kukongola kwapamwamba.

5. Misa Konkire Kuthira

• Ma retarders ndi mineral admixtures amachepetsa kutentha kwa kutentha ndi ming'alu yomwe imayambitsa kuchepa.

Sustainability ndi Green Construction

Zosakaniza za konkriti zimathandizira kwambiriyomanga yokhazikika:

• Chepetsanikugwiritsa ntchito simenti, kuchepetsa mpweya wa carbon.

• Sinthaniutali wamoyo, kuchepetsa kufunika kokonzanso.

• Lolani kugwiritsa ntchitozopangidwa ndi mafakitale(mwachitsanzo, phulusa louluka, slag).

• Thandizo la chitukuko chakonkire ya carbon yochepa.

Admixtures agwirizane ndi zobiriwira nyumba certification ngatiLEEDndiKHALANI.

Zochitika Zamtsogolo ndi Zatsopano

1. Zosakaniza Zodzichiritsa

• Phatikizani ma microcapsules kapena mabakiteriya omwe amakhudzidwa ndi ming'alu ndikumasindikiza okha.

2. Nano-Admixtures

• Gwiritsani ntchito ma nanoparticles ngati nano-silica kuti musinthe mawonekedwe a microstructure ndi makina.

3. Zosakaniza Zanzeru

• Zomverera zophatikizidwa mkati mwa zosakaniza zomwe zimatha kufotokoza zenizeni zenizeni za kupsinjika, kupsinjika, ndi kutentha.

4. Konkire Yosindikizira ya 3D

• Imafunika ma admixtures othamanga kwambiri komanso okhazikika mwachangu kuti musanjike bwino.

5. Zosakaniza za Carbon-Capturing

• Kupititsa patsogolo kukuchitika kuti atseke CO₂ mkati mwa konkire panthawi yochiritsa, kuchepetsa mpweya.

Zosakaniza za konkritiasintha zomangamanga zamakono pothandiza kupanga konkire yamphamvu, yolimba, komanso yokhazikika. Kuchokera pakusintha kofunikira kogwirira ntchito kupita ku luso lapamwamba lodzichiritsa, ma admixtures amakonza konkire kuti akwaniritse zofunikira zamakonzedwe ndi chilengedwe. Pamene kukula kwa mizinda kukuchulukirachulukira ndipo kuyitanidwa kwa zomangamanga zokhazikika kukukulirakulira, gawo la zosakaniza pakupanga konkriti yogwira ntchito kwambiri, yokongoletsedwa ndi zachilengedwe ikhala yovuta kwambiri.

Mainjiniya, amisiri a zomangamanga, ndi akatswiri omanga ayenera kukhala akudziwa zaukadaulo wa admixture, kusankha ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zidazi mwanzeru kuti atsegule konkriti yokwanira m'zaka za zana la 21.