Mgbakwụnye ihe dị mkpa: Ụdị, Ọrụ, na Ngwa

Okwu mmalite

Concrete bụ ọkpụkpụ azụ nke akụrụngwa ọgbara ọhụrụ, na-eme ntọala ntọala nke ụlọ, okporo ụzọ, àkwà mmiri, ọwara mmiri, mmiri mmiri na ihe ndị ọzọ. A na-ekwu na iji ya eme ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe bụ n'ihi ike mkpakọ ya dị elu, ntụgharị na ọnụ ahịa ya. ihe ndị bụ isi nke kọnkịta-ciment, mmiri, na aggregates-na-achọkarị mgbanwe iji mezuo arụmọrụ kpọmkwem na ihe ndị chọrọ gburugburu ebe obibi. Nke a bụ ebeihe admixturesna-ekere òkè dị mkpa.

Concrete admixturesbụ eke ma ọ bụ arụpụtara kemịkalụ ma ọ bụ ihe mgbakwunye agbakwunyere na ngwakọta kọmpụta tupu ma ọ bụ n'oge agwakọta iji gbanwee ihe onwunwe ya na steeti ọhụrụ ma ọ bụ sie ike. A na-eji ha kwalite arụmọrụ, ịtọ oge, ike, ịdịte aka, iguzogide ikpughe gburugburu ebe obibi, na ọbụna aesthetics. Edemede a na-enyocha nhazi, usoro, uru na ngwa nke ngwa mgbakwunye, na-enye nkọwa zuru ezu na ọrụ dị mkpa ha na-arụ n'oge a.

Nhazi nkeConcrete Admixtures

A na-ekewakarị admixtures n'ime isi ụzọ abụọ:

1. Chemical Admixtures

Ndị a bụ kemịkalụ mmiri na-agbaze na-agbanwe omume nke sink. Ụdị nkịtị gụnyere:

• Admixtures na-ebelata mmiri

• Admixtures na-eweghachi azụ

• Na-eme ngwa ngwa admixtures

• Superplasticizers (ndị na-ebelata mmiri dị elu)

• ikuku-entrainingndị ọrụ

• Ihe mgbochi corrosion

• Ngwakọta na-ebelata mbelata

• Ndị na-egbochi mmeghachi omume Alkali-silica

2. Mineral (ma ọ bụ mgbakwunye cementitious) Admixtures

Ndị a bụ ihe dị mma, na-abụkarị ngwaahịa sitere na ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, na-edochi akụkụ nke simenti Portland:

• Ife uyi

• Ground granulated mgbawa ọkụ slag (GGBFS)

• Silica uzuoku

• Metakaolin

• ntụ ọka osikapa

Ngwakọta kemịkalụ na ọrụ ha

1. Mgbakwụnye na-ebelata mmiri

Ebumnuche: Iji belata ọdịnaya mmiri na ngwakọta ihe na-enweghị emetụta ọrụ.

Ụdị:

• Nkịtị: Belata mmiri site na 5-10%

• N'etiti etiti: Welata mmiri site na 6-12%

• Oke oke (Superplasticizers): Belata mmiri ruo 30%

Ngwakọta ndị nkịtị:

• Lignosulfonates

• Naphthalene sulfonates

• Polycarboxylate ethers (PCEs)

Ngwa:

• Njikere-ngwakọta ihe

• Ihe ebugoro ebugo

• Ihe nrụpụta dị elu

Uru:

• Ike abawanyela

• Obere permeability

• Ọdịnaya emelitere

2. Ngwakọta azụ azụ azụ

Ebumnuche: Iji belata oge nhazi nke ihe.

Eji ya:

• Na-ekpo ọkụ ihu igwe na-emekọ ihe

• Nnukwu wụsa

• Mgbagwoju anya formworks

Ihe atụ:

• Sugars

• Phosphonates

• Hydroxycarboxylic acid

Uru:

• Na-egbochi nkwonkwo oyi

• Na-eme ka ike gwụ ya

• Na-enye ohere maka njem ogologo

3. Accelerating Admixtures

Ọrụ: Mee ka mmepe ike mmalite dị ngwa.

Ihe atụ:

• Calcium chloride (ọ bụ ezie na a na-ejikarị ya eme ihe n'ihi ihe ize ndụ corrosion)

• Calcium nitrate

• Sodium thiocyanate

Na-eji:

• Oyi ihu igwe na-akpakọrịta

• Ọrụ nrụzi ngwa ngwa

• Precast ihe n'ichepụta

Rịba ama: A na-ahọrọ ngwa ngwa ngwa ngwa na-enweghị chloride na kọmpụta gbasiri ike iji gbochie nchara nchara.

4. Superplasticizers

Nkọwa: Ndị na-ebelata mmiri dị elu nke na-enye mbelata mmiri dị ukwuu na-enweghị nkwụsị ọrụ.

Ngwakọta:

• Polycarboxylate ethers

• Admixtures dabeere na melamine

Ngwa:

• Ihe siri ike dị elu

• Ihe na-eme ka onwe ya (SCC)

• Ihe a gbagoro agbapụta

Uru:

• Mmụba nke mmiri na-enweghị nkewa

• Mmecha elu emelitere

• Kọnkịta dị oke ma na-adịgide adịgide

5. Mgbakwụnye ikuku

Ebumnuche: Webata microscopic ikuku afụ n'ime ihe.

Ọrụ:

• Melite nguzogide oyi-ịza

• Mee ka arụmọrụ rụọ ọrụ

• Belata ọbara ọgbụgba na nkewa

Ngwa:

• Oghere ụzọ

• Akwa akwa akwa

• Ihe ekpughere na mpaghara oyi

Ndị nnọchi anya ejiri:

• Vinsol resin

• Fatty acids

• Sulfonated hydrocarbons

6. Ihe mgbochi corrosion

Ọrụ: Chebe nkwado nchara agbakwunyere na corrosion.

Ụdị nkịtị:

• Calcium nitrite

• Ndị na-egbochi Zinc

• Organic corrosion inhibitors

Ngwa:

• Ọdịdị mmiri

• Akwa okporo ụzọ

• Ebe ndọba ụgbọala

7. Ngwakọta na-ebelata mbelata (SRAs)

Ọrụ: Belata ihicha shrinkage na jikọtara cracking.

Mechanism: ala ala esemokwu nke mmiri na capillaries.

Ngwa:

• Slabs na ọkwa

• Toppings

• Ndị otu ụlọ ekpughere ọnọdụ ihicha

8. Ndị na-egbochi Alkali-Silica Reaction (ASR).

Ebumnuche: Mbelata mgbasawanye nke mmeghachi omume n'etiti alkalis na ciment na reactive silica na nchịkọta.

Admixtures:

• Lithium nitrate

• Ihe pozzolanic na-ejikọta alkalis

Ngwakọta mineral (SCMs)

1. Fly Ash

Mmalite: Site-ngwaahịa nke coal combustion na ike osisi.

Klas:

• Klas F: obere calcium

• Klas C: Calcium dị elu

Uru:

• Na-eme ka arụ ọrụ dịkwuo mma

• Na-akwalite ịdịte aka

• Na-ebelata okpomọkụ nke hydration

2. Silica fume

Isi mmalite: Site-ngwaahịa nke silicon metal ma ọ bụ ferrosilicon alloy mmepụta.

Njirimara:

• Ọ dị oke mma (100x dị mma karịa ciment)

• Ọrụ pozzolanic dị elu

Na-eji:

• Ihe siri ike dị elu

• Akwa akwa akwa

• Ọdịdị mmiri

3. Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBFS)

Mmalite: Site na-emepụta ígwè.

Uru:

• Nnukwu nguzogide sulfate

• Na-akwalite ike ogologo oge

• Na-eme ka ụcha ihe dị mfe (bara uru na ngwa ụlọ)

4. Metakaolin

Mepụtara ya: Calcining kaolin ụrọ.

Uru:

• Nnukwu mmeghachi omume

• Na-emewanye ike na imecha

• Na-ebelata efflorescence

5. Rice Husk Ash

Isi mmalite: Ngwaahịa mkpofu ugbo

Jiri:

• Eco-enyi na enyi ihe

• Na-akwalite enweghị ike

• Na-ebelata ọbara ọgbụgba

Usoro nke Omume

1. Mmeghachi omume Pozzolanic: Silica na ịnweta admixtures na-emeghachi omume na calcium hydroxide iji mepụta CSH ọzọ (calcium silicate hydrate), bụ isi ihe na-enye ike.

2. Mgbasa nke akụkụ ciment: Superplasticizers na-ebelata flocculation, na-abawanye ebe elu na hydration.

3. Akpa ikuku etinyere: Mepụta obere ọnụ ụlọ nke na-etinye nrụgide mgbasawanye site na mmiri oyi.

4. Mmanya kemịkalụ: Ụfọdụ admixtures na-akwụsị ma ọ bụ mee ka mmeghachi omume hydration dị ngwa maka ịgbanwe omume ntọala.

Uru nke Iji Admixtures

• Emeliterearụ ọrụ

• Mmainogidenaiguzogidena gburugburu ebe obibi siri ike

• E belatarammiri-ciment ruru(na-eme ka ike dịkwuo mma)

• Njikwa oge(ntọala na hardening)

• Ọnụ arụmọrụ site nambelata ciment

• Nhọrọ maka gburugburu ebe obibi (na-adigide ewu)

Ihe ịma aka na oke

• Okwu ndakọrịtan'etiti admixtures na ciment

• Ihe ize ndụ ịṅụbiga mmanya ókè(nwere ike ibelata ike ma ọ bụ bute igbu oge ntọala)

• Ihe ọ pụtara, karịsịa na admixtures dị elu

• Nchegbu gburugburu ebe obibiya na ụfọdụ ogige sịntetik

• njikwa mmana mkpa maka nhazi ngwakọta kwesịrị ekwesị

Ngwa na Omume

1. Akụrụngwa akụrụngwa

• Dams, ọwara, okporo ụzọ, na ọdụ ụgbọ elu na-eji admixtures maka ịdịte aka, njikwa mgbawa, na ogologo ndụ ọrụ.

2. Ụlọ ndị dị elu

• Superplasticizers na retarders na-akwado ntinye nke kọnkịta n'ebe dị elu ma belata nkwonkwo oyi.

3. Ọdịdị mmiri na osimiri

• Ndị na-egbochi corrosion na ihe na-eme ka ikuku na-enyere aka ịlụso gburugburu chloride ọgụ ọgụ.

4. Precast Concrete

• Ndị na-eme ngwa ngwa na ndị na-ebelata mmiri na-eme ka usoro mmepụta ihe na-eme ngwa ngwa ma kwalite ịdị mma elu.

5. Mass Concrete Awụsa

• Nkwụghachi azụ na ihe mgbakwunye ịnweta na-ebelata gradients thermal na mgbawa na-akpata mbelata.

Nkwado na ihe owuwu ahịhịa ndụ

Concrete admixtures na-enye aka nke ukwuuna-adigide ewu:

• Belataeji ciment eme ihe, na-ebelata ikuku carbon.

• Meliteogologo ndụ, na-ebelata mkpa nrụzi.

• Kwe ka ojiji nkeụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe(dịka ọmụmaatụ, utu ofufe, slag).

• Nkwado mmepe nkeobere carbon ihe.

Admixtures kwekọọ na akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ ụlọ asambodo dị kaLEEDnaUWU.

Ọdịnihu na ihe ọhụrụ

1. Admixtures na-agwọ onwe ya

• Tinye microcapsules ma ọ bụ nje bacteria na-emeghachi omume na mgbawa ma mechie ha nke ọma.

2. Nano-Admixtures

• Jiri nanoparticles dị ka nano-silica iji melite microstructure na nrụ ọrụ.

3. Smart Admixtures

• Ihe mmetụta agbakwunyere n'ime admixtures nwere ike ịkọ data ozugbo gbasara nrụgide, nsogbu, na okpomọkụ.

4. 3D Printing Concrete

• Na-achọ ihe nrụnye nke nwere ike ịgba ọsọ na ngwa ngwa maka nhazi nkenke.

5. Ngwakọta ihe na-ebu carbon

• A na-emepe emepe iji jide CO₂ n'ime ihe n'oge ọgwụgwọ, na-ebelata ihe ọkụkụ.

Concrete admixturesagbanweela ihe owuwu ọgbara ọhụrụ site n'ịkwalite mmepụta nke kọmpụta siri ike, nke na-adịgide adịgide na nke na-adịgide adịgide. Site na nkwalite ọrụ nkiti ruo n'ikike ọgwụgwọ onwe onye dị elu, admixtures na-akwakọ ihe iji gboo mkpa nhazi na gburugburu ebe obibi. Ka mmepe obodo na-abawanye na oku maka akụrụngwa na-adigide na-etowanye, ọrụ nke admixtures n'ịmepụta arụmọrụ dị elu, ihe omume gburugburu ebe obibi ga-adịkwa mkpa karị.

Ndị injinia, ndị na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ, na ndị ọkachamara na-ewu ụlọ ga-anọgiderịrị na-ahụ maka teknụzụ admixture, na-ahọrọ na itinye ihe ndị a n'ụzọ amamihe dị na ya iji kpọghee ikike kọmpụta zuru oke na narị afọ 21st.